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S K Y G L O B E 1.1 A Shareware Product of Klassm Software Copyright (c) 1989 Mark A. Haney Congratulations! You have a copy of Skyglobe, the fun and easy educational astronomy program. Skyglobe is distributed as Shareware to reach the widest possible audience, so let's take care of the legalities first. Skyglobe is copyrighted material. You are granted permission to try out Skyglobe to see if it merits inclusion in your software library. If you decide to keep Skyglobe, you should register your copy by sending either $10 or $15 to: Klassm Software 5772 Blaze Trail Roscommon, MI 48653 The $10 registration fee entitles you to: 1) A certificate with your registration number. 2) Instructions for bypassing the Shareware message. 3) A clear conscience. The $15 fee includes the above PLUS: 4) The newest release of Skyglobe with YOUR location on the location menu. 5) A handy Skyglobe reference card. Michigan residents must include sales tax. You are encouraged to distribute copies of Skyglobe, subject to the following conditions: 1) All files are distributed together and unaltered. 2) No charge is made for the software. (A small fee for media and handling is permissible.) Skyglobe was developed with registered Shareware. Please support the Shareware concept by registering your copy of S K Y G L O B E ! ! ! SKYGLOBE ORDER FORM You can use this form to register your copy of Skyglobe. Type of Registration: Registration Only $10 Full Registration $15 (circle one) Certificate Certificate Handy Reference Card Skyglobe program w/Your Home Town Shipping Address: Name: ........................................ Street: ...................................... City, ST, ZIP ................................ Home Town: ............................................. Disk Type: 5 1/4" 3 1/2" (circle one) Default Video Mode: Mono Color (circle one each) Hercules CGA EGA EGA Make checks payable to Klassm Software. Michigan residents add 4% sales tax. Mail to: Klassm Software 5772 Blaze Trail Roscommon, MI 48653 Thanks, and I hope you enjoy Skyglobe! -3- Quick Starting Instructions These instructions will enable you to get Skyglobe up and running as quickly as possible. Then you can return to the doc- umentation to learn about Skyglobe's advanced features. SKYGLOBE.COM is the only file that is absolutely necessary to run Skyglobe. If you wish to view the sky as it appears from any location other than Roscommon, you will need to have the file SKYGLOBE.DAT as well. Make certain these files are in the currently active directory, type SKYGLOBE, and press the Enter key. You will see a screen containing Shareware registration infor- mation similar to the first page of this documentation. At the bottom of screen you will see a menu that asks you to select a video adapter. If you have a color system you may choose between CGA or 16-color EGA graphics modes. If you use a monochrome monitor you will decide between Hercules compatible or EGA mono- chrome graphics modes. Some sort of graphics adapter is necessary in order to run Skyglobe. Now that we have chosen the video mode we will select the view- ing location. For simplicity's sake I suggest you simply press Enter and choose Roscommon. Go ahead and use the menus to choose the city nearest to your home town if you prefer. (If you register your copy of Skyglobe, your home town will appear as the default option instead of Roscommon.) Another Shareware message will appear. Read this carefully, then press any key. Almost instantly the screen will show the sky as it appears right now in the southeast. Watch for a moment, and you can see the stars that are rising this minute. The curved line near the bottom of the screen represents the Horizon, while the cross near the top stands for the Zenith. The view is changing in increments of one minute, with the actual speed of change depending on the speed of your computer. The left-hand side of the display shows the Date and Time, along with other useful information. The right-hand side will remind you of some common Skyglobe commands. Let's try a few of these commands. First press 'A' to stop the Automatic increment of time. Press 'B' for Brightness a few times and watch more stars appear. Also notice the Brightness Index change. Most actions in Skyglobe are reversed by using the Shift key. Press 'Shift-B', and watch the dimmest stars vanish. Try 'Z' and 'Shift-Z' to Zoom in and out. Want to change the time? Try 'M', 'H', 'D' and 'T' for Month, Hour, Day and Time (in minutes). Change the number of Constellation Lines displayed by using the Space bar. (Make sure to hold down the Shift key for this until you're done deleting lines.) Use the cursor keys to change the Viewing Direction and Elevation. And if you ever need to your use computer for something besides Skyglobe, press 'Q' to return to DOS. I hope this quick introduction has gotten you started with Sky- globe. More detailed descriptions of the commands appear in the fol- lowing pages. Have fun! -4- Skyglobe Command Descriptions A 1-page summary of Skyglobe commands is the final page of this documentation. Registered users will receive this summary on a refer- ence card that also includes star and constellation indexes. Time and Date Commands Skyglobe provides many ways to change the Time or Date of the displayed sky view. You can change the Time forward or backward by a minute, an hour, or half an hour. The Date can be changed forward or backward by a day, a month, or half a month. Use the table below: Forward Backward 1 Minute Press 'T' Press 'Shift-T' 1 Hour 'H' 'Shift-H' 1/2 Hour 'Alt-H' 'Alt-Shift-H' 1 Day 'D' 'Shift-D' 1 Month (30 days) 'M' 'Shift-M' 1/2 Month (15 days) 'Alt-M' 'Alt-Shift-M' One of Skyglobe's most useful features is the Auto-Increment mode. This gives you the ability to simulate the passage of time on your com- puter. To enter or exit this mode, press 'A'. The sky view will begin to change in a manner that depends on the Auto-Increment parameters. To see these parameters press 'F2' until they are visible on the left-hand display. Use 'Alt-A' to change the increment type from Time to Date and back. Use 'Shift-A' to change the direction of increment from Forward to Backward and back. You can also change the speed of increment. The Time increment speed is changed by using 'Alt-T' and 'Alt-Shift-T'. 'Alt-D' and 'Alt-Shift-D' are used to change the Date increment speed. Where Are We Looking? Now let's learn about how Skyglobe interprets directions. The program assumes you are standing outside and that your eyes are facing the direction your feet are pointing. This is the View Dir- ection. The display shows this direction in degrees, ranging from 0 for due north, through 180 degrees for due south, to 350 degrees for 10 degrees west of north. The View Direction is also indicated along the Horizon line by initials. The View Elevation ranges from 0 degrees to 180. The Horizon ap- pears as a straight line at the 0 degree setting. It might help to imagine that you are extremely short for this one, so that the ground covers the lower half of your eyes, but is transparent. The 90 degree setting is like looking straight overhead at the Zenith. Skyglobe also permits you to bend over backwards, figuratively speaking, and pretend that you are viewing the sky behind you. Since the View Direction still stands for your feet, moving around might be little confusing when you view the sky this way. -5- Moving Around Skyglobe provides many convenient methods for rapidly changing the sky view. The up and down arrow keys change the View Elevation by 5 degrees. The right and left arrow keys work with the View Direction. When the View Elevation is near the Horizon these keys work about as you expect, but nearer to the Zenith they rotate the view more than they move it. This is correct when you remember that the View Direction stands for where your feet are pointing. PgUp and PgDn change Elevation in multiple jumps, while Ctrl-Left and Ctrl- Right do the same for Direction. The End key jumps you directly to the Horizon, and the Home key goes to the Zenith. Finally, you can change the View Direction instantly to compass points by pressing 'N', 'S', 'E' or 'W'. What Do We See? Lots and lots of stars! You can change the number of stars displayed by pressing 'B' for Brightness to increase the number, or 'Shift-B' to decrease it. The table below shows the correspondence between the Brightness Index and the number displayed. 1-192 5-384 9-640 13-1280 2-224 6-448 10-768 14-1536 3-256 7-512 11-896 15-2048 4-320 8-576 12-1024 16-3250 Skyglobe allows you to adjust the magnification of your sky view. At a nominal magnification of 1, half of the celestial sphere is visible. Since the eye can focus on far less area than this, a certain amount of distortion is evident at low magnifications. Still, you can use these views to quickly find areas of interest. The center of the screen is always the most accurate portion. Use 'Z' to increase the magnification and 'Shift-Z' to decrease it. The table shows the correspondence between the Zoom Index and the magnification. 1-1.00 5-1.20 9-1.60 13-2.25 2-1.05 6-1.30 10-1.70 14-2.50 3-1.10 7-1.40 11-1.80 15-3.00 4-1.15 8-1.50 12-2.00 16-3.50 Lines And Labels One of the most useful features of Skyglobe is its ability to quickly and easily change the lines and labels that help our eyes and minds make sense of the vastness of the sky. This can be very helpful to the novice just learning the stars. Use the Space bar to increase the number of Constellation Lines displayed. As always, use the Shift key to reduce the number of lines. The Constellation Lines have been grouped by importance, with some constellations having several classes of lines. The constellations also have abbreviations available for display. Use 'C' to display more of these, 'Shift-C' for fewer. The abbreviations are in the same groupings as the lines. The 300 brightest stars can be labelled by using 'L' and 'Shift-L' to see more or fewer labels. -6- What Is A Toggle? Many of the display features in Skyglobe can be instantly turned off or turned back on by pressing a single function key. A list follows. F1-Help Menu F7-Ecliptic line dots F3-Horizon Line F8-Star Labels F4-Hash-Mark and Zenith F9-Constellation Labels F5-Latitude line dots F10-Constellation Lines F6-Longitude line dots The F2 key is used to change the left-hand parameter display. Use the Shift key to reduce the visible parameters. The Date and Time are always displayed. Skyglobe allows you to artificially brighten the stars that make up the constellation lines by pressing Alt-F10. This conforms to the same groupings as the lines themselves, so you may need to press the key enough times to pass the number of lines displayed. Use Alt-Shift-F10 to reduce this Cheat Index. We haven't yet discussed a few features mentioned in the above function key list. Skyglobe can display Latitude, Longitude and Ecliptic lines to help you orient yourself on the celestial sphere. Notice how the Ecliptic passes through the constellations of the Zodiac, and how Orion lies right across the celestial equator. Try looking north with Auto-Increment mode on. Watch how the sphere appears to rotate, and how Polaris, very near the celestial pole, seems almost motionless. Finding Stars And Constellations The 'F' and number keys provide a useful feature. Pressing 'F' enters the Find mode. The top line of the display tells us that we can ask Skyglobe to find either Sirius or Andromeda. We choose Sirius by pressing 'S', 'Shift-S', 'Alt-S' or simply Enter. In all cases the program will attempt to place Sirius at the center of the display. The different choices tell Skyglobe to look for the best Spot, Time or Date, respectively, to display the star. If we wish instead to choose the constellation, we press 'C', 'Shift-C' or 'Alt-C' to use the same method to find it. To find different stars or constellations, use the cursor keys to move through the list. Try PgDn, PgUp, End and Home to speed up the process. Alternatively, you could enter the number directly. The proper numbers for the stars and constellations can be found near the end of this documentation, or on the handy Skyglobe Reference Card. It is often best to change the View Direction to south before searching for the best Time or Date to view objects. If an object is not visible, try changing the Time or Date if searching by Spot, or changing the View Direction or Elevation if by Time or Date. -7- Changing Viewing Locations One of the most popular pastimes for new astronomers is seeing what the sky looks like from other places. Perhaps you're thinking of moving, and want to make sure the stars will still be interesting to view from your prospective new home. (They will be!) Rather than quitting the program and choosing a different location from the menu, simply press 'G'. Once you make your new choice you will return to the program with all your other parameters just the way you left them. If you wish to move a small amount in a compass direction, try 'Alt-N', 'Alt-S', 'Alt-E' or 'Alt-W'. Then you can change locations without ever taking your eyes off the current display. The east and west moves simply have the effect of changing the local time by 1 minute. The north-south changes are usually 1/4 degree, about 17 miles. The increment increases near the poles and the equator. You may instantly change your location between the North and South Hemispheres by pressing 'Alt-F' to Flip between the two. What Else Is There? Only a few miscellaneous tidbits remain. Those of you with Epson compatible printers can obtain printouts of the screen by using 'P', 'Shift-P' and 'Alt-P'. The first two of these are land- scape views, the last is a portrait display. If there are problems with printing, such as double-spacing, you may need to change the Print Parameters. Use F2 to view the current settings, then use 'Alt-Shift-P' to roll through the different combinations until you get one that works for you. Pressing any key while printing stops the process, although most printers have buffers that will hold several lines. Skyglobe uses Daylight Savings Time where and when it thinks it is appropriate. This is denoted by an upper-case 'A' or 'P' in the Time display. You can defeat or reinstate this feature by pressing 'V'. Finally, press 'Q' to return to DOS. Thanks For Your Support! I hope you enjoy Skyglobe! Even if you decide not to register your copy of Skyglobe, please pass it on to anyone who may find it interesting. Thanks, and have fun learning about the stars! -8- Skyglobe and the Stars - Some Background Information Why do we see different stars at different times? The Earth makes one complete rotation every day. If there were no Sun we could see that the stars appear to make one complete revolution at the same time. The North Star, Polaris (#51), is almost directly above the North Pole on the Earth's axis of rotation. So the stars near the North Star (about halfway up the northern sky in mid-northern latitudes) make tiny little circles every day. Farther away from the North Star the stars and the constellations they form wheel across the sky in huge arcs before they disappear below the horizon. Why do we see different stars at different dates? Imagine midnight in April. The Sun is behind the Earth, and you are facing away from it if you face due south. Now imagine midnight in October, six months later. You are still facing away from the Sun. But because the Earth has moved halfway around the Sun in its yearly orbit, you are looking in exactly the opposite direction to the one you were in April. So different stars are visible at midnight, and the ones near the North Star have made half a revolution. If there were no Sun, you could see that at noon the October sky is the same as the midnight sky in April. Before Standard Time Zones were instituted, the Sun was due south at noon everywhere. That was what noon meant. Now that is true only if you happen to live near the center of the time zone. If you live in Michigan, the Sun is due south around 12:30 or so. In New York City, which is in the same time zone, the Sun reaches due south a few minutes before noon, over a half hour earlier than in Michigan. The Sun reaches due south somewhat later in Chicago than in Michigan, but be- cause Chicago is in the Central time zone this occurs before 12:00PM. This has to be allowed for to make the display correct, and is unique to each location. Daylight Saving Time is handled in a similar manner, and is indicated on the Time Display by an upper case 'A' or 'P'. The sky can be viewed as a sphere with the Earth at the center, and the stars as fixed points on the sphere. Any attempt to represent this 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimen- sional surface inevitably introduces some distortion. Skyglobe uses a stereographic projection that can be calculated very rapidly and is quite accurate at the center of the screen. Al- though the edges of the screen suffer significant distortion, Skyglobe is so fast that any desired view can be located almost instantly. The illusion that the stars form a sphere with the viewer on the outside is a result of the projection, and it is just that, an illusion. -9- Background Continued Another issue that must be dealt with is double stars. Perhaps as many as half of all stars are actually multiple star systems. The naked eye frequently interprets two dim stars close together as one brighter star. Many 'stars' that serve as end-points on constellation lines fit into this category. If these stars were left dim and separate they would appear 'invisible' at low brightnesses and make constellation shapes unrecognizable. At higher brightnesses and low magnif- ications these stars would be plotted on top of one another as points, still artificially dim. The solution is to combine magnitudes for these stars. The ordering of stars in Skyglobe reflects this combination, so at medium brightnesses and magnifications the display is as realistic as possible. The dimmer star is retained at its actual brightness, so at very high magnifications and brightnesses you will see one artificially bright star and one accurate dim star. Skyglobe contains coordinates for 3250 stars, the most that could be included in a .COM file. The coordinates were obtained from Sky Catalogue 2000.0 by Sky Publishing Co., whose permission to use the data is gratefully acknowledged. About 6000 stars down to magnitude 6.5 or so can be seen by the naked eye under perfect conditions. Skyglobe contains all stars down to about magnitude 5.0, plus all stars dimmer than this that have Greek-letter or numerical constellation designations in Sky Catalogue 2000.0. Skyglobe was programmed entirely in assembly language for maximum speed. As much processing as possible was done before- hand and the results placed in tables. Since there is necessarily a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, the precision of the star coordinates was carefully matched to the resolution of the graph- ics display and the projection algorithm chosen. The code was hand-optimized for speed, without regard for size or ugliness. Of course, no program is perfect. Any suggestions or bug reports would be greatly appreciated. Future releases of Skyglobe will contain some of the following enhancements: More Stars The Planets The Sun and The Moon Messier Objects Mouse Support Constellation Boundary Lines More Use of Color Enhanced VGA modes Apple and Commodore versions of Skyglobe may also be made available at a later date. -10- Some Frequently Asked Questions How can I speed up Skyglobe? There are really two answers to this question. Skyglobe always does what you ask it to do as fast as it can. (We think it's pretty fast!) The trick is to ask it to do things in a way that seems faster. The first method involves asking Skyglobe to do less work. The easiest way is to turn off the Help Menu by pressing F1. Then turn off everything else you can do without: ecliptic, latitude and longitude lines; extra constellation lines; dim stars. The second method applies only to Auto-Increment mode. Skyglobe starts off changing the view one minute at a time. You can increase this rate by pressing Alt-T. Another way is to change the increment type to Date mode by pressing Alt-A, and increasing the Date increment rate by pressing Alt-D. Why doesn't Caps Lock have any effect? To avoid confusion it was decided to ignore Caps Lock. Why doesn't the Shift-key always work? This applies only to Shift-SPACE and Shift-Alt functions. For those keys the computer only checks the Shift condition when the SPACE or Alt-letter key is finally processed. If you let up on the Shift key before the computer is ready to process the SPACE or Alt-letter key, the Shift state you had intended goes un-noticed. So you end up adding constellation lines that you just deleted. Either hold the Shift key down for a while on multiple Shift-SPACES, or use F10 to kill all constellation lines at once. Why doesn't anything happen when I press 'V'? Either the date is not appropriate for Daylight Saving Time, or you chose a location that does not use it. Nothing happens when I try to print. Skyglobe assumes you have an Epson compatible printer powered on, selected and connected to LPT1. You can change the port by using F2 to see the print parameters and Alt-Sh-P to change them. Skyglobe does not currently support other printers. -11- There are blank lines when I try to print. Your printer adds line feeds when it receives a carriage return character. Use F2 to display the Print Parameters. Then press Alt-Sh-P to change to 'Do Not Add Line Feeds'. Nothing happens when I try to change locations. Skyglobe needs the file SKYGLOBE.DAT in the currently active directory in order to change locations. If you do not have the file SKYGLOBE.DAT, you can obtain a registered copy of the program by sending $15 to: Klassm Software 5772 Blaze Trail Roscommon, MI 48653 My location is not near a choice on the location menu. You can make your city or town the default choice on the location menu by obtaining a registered copy of Skyglobe. Follow the instructions above. List of Constellations 1 And Andromeda 31 Cyg Cygnus 61 Pav Pavo 2 Ant Antlia 32 Del Delphinus 62 Peg Pegasus 3 Aps Apus 33 Dor Dorado 63 Per Perseus 4 Aql Aquila 34 Dra Draco 64 Phe Phoenix 5 Aqr Aquarius 35 Equ Equuleus 65 Pic Pictor 6 Ara Ara 36 Eri Eridanus 66 PsA Piscis Austrinus 7 Ari Aries 37 For Fornax 67 Psc Pisces 8 Aur Auriga 38 Gem Gemini 68 Pup Puppis 9 Boo Bootes 39 Gru Grus 69 Pyx Pyxis 10 Cae Caelum 40 Her Hercules 70 Ret Reticulum 11 Cam Camelopardalis 41 Hor Horologium 71 Scl Sculptor 12 Cap Capricornus 42 Hya Hydra 72 Sco Scorpius 13 Car Carina 43 Hyi Hydrus 73 Sct Scutum 14 Cas Cassiopeia 44 Ind Indus 74 Ser Serpens Caput 15 Cen Centaurus 45 Lac Lacerta 75 Ser Serpens Cauda 16 Cep Cepheus 46 Leo Leo 76 Sex Sextans 17 Cet Cetus 47 Lep Lepus 77 Sge Sagitta 18 Cha Chamaeleon 48 Lib Libra 78 Sgr Sagittarius 19 Cir Circinus 49 LMi Leo Minor 79 Tau Taurus 20 CMa Canis Major 50 Lup Lupus 80 Tel Telescopium 21 CMi Canis Minor 51 Lyn Lynx 81 TrA Triangulum Australe 22 Cnc Cancer 52 Lyr Lyra 82 Tri Triangulum 23 Col Columba 53 Men Mensa 83 Tuc Tucana 24 Com Coma Berenices 54 Mic Microscopium 84 UMa Ursa Major 25 CrA Corona Australis 55 Mon Monoceros 85 UMi Ursa Minor 26 CrB Corona Borealis 56 Mus Musca 86 Vel Vela 27 Crt Crater 57 Nor Norma 87 Vir Virgo 28 Cru Crux 58 Oct Octans 88 Vol Volans 29 Crv Corvus 59 Oph Ophiucus 89 Vul Vulpecula 30 CVn Canes Venatici 60 Ori Orion -12- Star Names 1 Sirius 56 Saiph 111 Ruchbah 2 Canopus 57 Gamma Centauri 112 Muphrid 3 Arcturus 58 Mizar 113 Mu Velorum 4 Alpha Centauri 59 Kochab 114 Alpha Muscae 5 Vega 60 Rasalhague 115 Lesath 6 Capella 61 Almach 116 Iota Aurigae 7 Rigel 62 Beta Gruis 117 Kaus Media 8 Procyon 63 Algol 118 Pi Puppis 9 Achernar 64 Denebola 119 Tarazed 10 Betelgeuse 65 Sadr 120 Yed Prior 11 Hadar 66 Lambda Velorum 121 Porrima 12 Altair 67 Schedar 122 Iota Centauri 13 Aldebaran 68 Alphecca 123 Zubenelgenubi 14 Acrux 69 Eltanin 124 Iota Orionis 15 Antares 70 Mintaka 125 Kornepheros 16 Spica 71 Zeta Puppis 126 Cebalrai 17 Pollux 72 Aspidiske 127 Gamma Lupi 18 Fomalhaut 73 Caph 128 Rastaban 19 Mimosa 74 Epsilon Scorpii 129 Cursa 20 Deneb 75 Epsilon Centauri 130 Beta Hydri 21 Regulus 76 Alpha Lupi 131 Delta Crucis 22 Adhara 77 Eta Centauri 132 Cor Caroli 23 Castor 78 Delta Scorpii 133 Zeta Herculis 24 Gacrux 79 Merak 134 Kaus Borealis 25 Shaula 80 Izar 135 Rho Puppis 26 Bellatrix 81 Enif 136 Tau Scorpii 27 Elnath 82 Ankaa 137 Alcyone 28 Gamma Velorum 83 Delta Centauri 138 Algenib 29 Miaplacidus 84 Kappa Scorpii 139 Vindemiatrix 30 Alnilam 85 Scheat 140 Iota Scorpii 31 Al Nair 86 Sabik 141 Nihal 32 Alioth 87 Phecda 142 Beta Triangulum Australis 33 Alnitak 88 Alderamin 143 Beta Arae 34 Dubhe 89 Aludra 144 Atik 35 Mirfak 90 Epsilon Cygni 145 Alpha Hydri 36 Theta Scorpii 91 Gamma Cassiopeiae 146 Alpha Tucanae 37 Kaus Australis 92 Menkar 147 Theta Tauri 38 Alkaid 93 Markab 148 Delta Cygni 39 Delta Canis Majoris 94 Zeta Centauri 149 Deneb Algedi 40 Avior 95 Kappa Velorum 150 Mu Geminorum 41 Algieba 96 Graffias 151 Gamma Triangulum Australis 42 Menkalinam 97 Zosma 152 Pherkad 43 Atria 98 Zeta Ophiuci 153 Pi Scorpii 44 Alhena 99 Arneb 154 Sigma Scorpii 45 Peacock 100 Gienah 155 Pi Sagittarii 46 Delta Velorum 101 Ascella 156 Epsilon Persei 47 Mirzam 102 Theta Carinae 157 Acamar 48 Alphard 103 Zubeneschamali 158 Gomeisa 49 Hamal 104 Theta Aurigae 159 Sadalsuud 50 Nunki 105 Beta Lupi 160 Albireo 51 Polaris 106 Sheratan 161 Gamma Persei 52 Deneb Kaitos 107 Phact 162 Tau Puppis 53 Alpheratz 108 Beta Corvi 163 Matar 54 Mirach 109 Unukalhai 164 Algorab 55 Menkent 110 Eta Draconis 165 Alpha Arae -13- 166 Zaurak 211 Theta Ursa Majoris 256 Zeta Virginis 167 Sadalmelik 212 Alpha Circini 257 Epsilon Lupi 168 Upsilon Carinae 213 Pi-3 Orionis 258 Omega Scorpii 169 Mebsuta 214 Epsilon Leporis 259 Atlas 170 Epsilon Leonis 215 Kappa Ophiuci 260 Delta Virginis 171 Alnasl 216 Zeta Cygni 261 Epsilon Cassiopeiae 172 Zeta Aquilae 217 Alpha Reticuli 262 Epsilon Hydrae 173 Epsilon Aurigae 218 G Scorpii 263 Rho Persei 174 Epsilon Corvi 219 Errai 264 q Carinae 175 Gamma Hydrae 220 Adhafera 265 Homam 176 Beta Trianguli 221 Theta Aquilae 266 Gamma Phoenicis 177 Zeta Tauri 222 Alfirk 267 Nu Centauri 178 Psi Ursa Majoris 223 Yed Posterior 268 Zeta Lupi 179 Gamma Gruis 224 Sulafat 269 Alpha Trianguli 180 Delta Perseii 225 Gamma Hydri 270 Eta Lupi 181 Dabih 226 Meissa 271 Mu Herculis 182 Furud 227 Sigma Puppis 272 Beta Pavonis 183 Segihus 228 Eta Serpentis 273 Beta Tucanae 184 Omicron Canis Majoris 229 Zeta Sagittarii 274 Eta Cephei 185 Mu Centauri 230 Delta Andromedae 275 Eta Cassiopeiae 186 Mu Scorpii 231 Pi Hydrae 276 Lambda Aquilae 187 Mira 232 Theta Ophiuci 277 Omicron Cygni 188 Tania Australis 233 Skat 278 a Carinae 189 Beta Muscae 234 Alpha Doradus 279 Tania Borealis 190 Rasalgethi 235 Alpha Pictoris 280 Eta Ceti 191 Altais 236 Propus 281 Sheliak 192 Algedi 237 Sigma Librae 282 Sigma Canis Majoris 193 Nu Hydrae 238 Edasich 283 Delta Bootis 194 Eta Sagittarii 239 Delta Gruis 284 Gamma Sagittae 195 Alpha Indi 240 Psi Geminorum 285 Psi Aquarii 196 Zeta Hydrae 241 Beta Phoenicis 286 Gamma Ceti 197 Wazn 242 Megrez 287 Gamma Tauri 198 Lambda Centauri 243 Mu Leporis 288 Chi Carinae 199 Kappa Centauri 244 Omega Carinae 289 Alula Borealis 200 Zeta Arae 245 p Carinae 290 Sadalbari 201 Alpha Lyncis 246 Tau Sagittarii 291 Upsilon Librae 202 N Velorum 247 Eta Scorpii 292 Delta Pavonis 203 Delta Herculis 248 Chertan 293 Epsilon Gruis 204 Talitha 249 Gamma Arae 294 Tau Ceti 205 Delta Lupi 250 Nu Ophiuci 295 Nekkar 206 Pi Herculis 251 Psi Puppis 296 Pi-5 Orionis 207 Zeta Draconis 252 Zeta Cephei 297 Theta Ceti 208 Phi Sagittarii 253 Delta Aquilae 298 Delta Muscae 209 Eta Aurigae 254 Eta Orionis 299 Alpha Telescopii 210 Nu Puppis 255 Muscida 300 Eta Leonis -14- Alphabetical Command Summary A Toggle Auto-Increment Mode On/Off Sh-A Toggle Auto-Increment Direction Forward/Backward Alt-A Toggle Auto-Increment Type Time/Date B/Sh-B Increase/Decrease Brightness (Number of stars shown.) C/Sh-C Increase/Decrease Constellation Label Display Index D/Sh-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date Alt-D/Sh-Alt-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date speed E Change View Direction to EAST Alt-E Move location 1 minute east F Enter Find Star or Constellation Menu Typing a number (0-9) also enters this menu, and this menu also accepts numbers and cursor commands. S,Sh-S,Alt-S find Stars based on best Spot, Time or Date C,Sh-C,Alt-C find Constellations (Enter=S) Alt-F Flip between North and South hemispheres G Goto New Location Menu H/Sh-H Add/Subtract 1 Hour from Time Alt-H/Sh-Alt-H Add/Subtract 1/2 Hour from Time L/Sh-L Increment/Decrement Star Label Display Index M/Sh-M Add/Subtract 1 Month from Date Alt-M/Sh-Alt-M Add/Subtract 1/2 Month from Date N Change View Direction to NORTH Alt-N Move location 1 unit north (usually 1/4 degree) P/Sh-P/Alt-P Print screen by 3 different methods to Epson compatible printer Sh-Alt-P Change print parameters (use F2 to see) Q Quit Exit to DOS S Change View Direction to SOUTH Alt-S Move location 1 unit south (usually 1/4 degree) T/Sh-T Add/Subtract 1 minute from Time Alt-T/Sh-Alt-T Increment/Decrement Auto-Increment Time Speed V Toggle Daylight SaVings Time flag In Summer/Never W Change View Direction to WEST Alt-W Move Location 1 minute west Z/Sh-Z Zoom In/Zoom Out SPACE/Sh-SPACE Add/Delete Constellation Lines Cursor Right/Left Change View Direction 10 degrees Right/Left Cursor Up/Down Change View Elevation 5 degrees Up/Down Home Change View Elevation to zenith (90 degrees) End Change View Elevation to horizon (0 degrees) Ctrl-Right/Ctrl-Left Change View Direction 30 degrees Right/Left PgUp/PgDn Change View Elevation 15 degrees Up/Down F1 Toggle Help display On/Off F2/Sh-F2 Increase/Decrease Parameter display index F3 Toggle Horizon display flag F4 Toggle Hash-mark and Zenith cross display flag F5 Toggle Latitude display flag F6 Toggle Longitude display flag F7 Toggle Ecliptic display flag F8 Toggle Star Label display flag F9 Toggle Constellation Label display flag F10 Toggle Constellation Line display flag Alt-F10/Sh-Alt-F10 Increment/Decrement Constellation Cheat Index