Typed and spellchecked by SIDEWINDER of LSD. (with help from AMAZON).
Manual supplied by SCOOTER.
INTRODUCTION
Once upon a time, there was a grey wolf sent down from heaven. He and
his empress, a white doe, came across a great lake. This is an ancient
legend passed down from generation among the Mongols, the people who
ruled most of the Eurasian Continent in the middle of the 12th century.
The legend describes how Genghis Khan, although abandoned and impoverish
in childhood, succeeded in building the greatest Empire that has ever
existed.
With GENGHIS KHAN, the latest in a trilogy of historical simulations,
Infogrames gives you the chance to make legend reality. Take the part of
King Richard, the Lion-Hearted, Emperor Alexious III, Shogun Minamoto
Yoritomo, or even that of the Great Khan himself, Genghis Khan. Lead
your armies across the vast Eurasian of the Middle East. Build your
empire with wisdom and tenacity, but beware of others whose ambition may
be greater than yours. Conquer, or be conquered.
Now, KOEI and INFOGRAMES are proud to present GENGHIS KHAN. We believe
the game's unique emphasis on human interaction (personal commands,
selection or removal of governors and successors, Rendezvous command to
create an heir and many more), will provide the player many hours of
enjoyment, challenge and learning.
1. GAME OVERVIEW
You achieve your goal in MONGOL CONQUEST in the role of Genghis Khan; in
WORLD CONQUEST as any one of the four kings who ruled the world at that
time.
A. SCENARIOS
You will be offered a choice of two scenarios: MONGOL CONQUEST and WORLD
CONQUEST.
1) MONGOL CONQUEST
Start: Spring 1175
Setup: The game puts you in the role of Temujin, the Mongol chief who in
real life was to become Genghis Khan.
Winning the Game: The objective of the game is the unification of
Mongolia.
Note: Only one person may play in Mongol Conquest.
In Mongol Conquest, when you have succeeded in unifying the 14 tribes,
the game will automatically change to World Conquest after showing the
end display of the Mongolian Unification. You can also select World
Conquest in Preliminaries for single play.
* The Mongol chief (Temujin) in Mongol Conquest will change to Genghis
Khan of the Mongol Empire in World Conquest.
2) WORLD CONQUEST
Start: Spring 1206
Setup: You may select any of the four countries: the Mongol Empire
(Genghis Khan), England (Richard I), the Byzantine Empire (Alexious III)
or Japan (Mimamoto Yoritomo). Twenty-seven countries in all are
displayed.
Winning the Game: The objective of the game is the unification of the
Eurasian Continent.
Note: One to four may play.
B. HOW TO PLAY
There are two displays, main and hex. The Main display provides
information relevant to domestic policy. While battle is carried out on
the HEX display. Both of these have a different set of keyboard
commands.
1) MAIN DISPLAY
This basic display shows data about your country, and a map on which each
country is distinctively coloured. Data on domestic policy will be
displayed on the screen.
DOMESTIC POLICY COMMANDS
Your turn comes four times a year: in spring, summer, fall and winter.
In your base, you are allowed to issue three commands per turn.
You are not allowed to issue a command to a vassal state, which is ruled
by a Governor under you.
In an area under direct control you can issue one command per turn.
2) BATTLE DISPLAY
When you attack another country or are attacked, war will begin.
When you Leader attacks another country, or when your base or an area
under your direct control is attacked, the screen will change to the
battle display.
During other battles, the display will only change from main to battle
display if you set the battle field ON, with command 15. When the war is
over, the screen will return to the main display.
COMBAT COMMANDS
A day is considered to have passed after both sides issued one set of
orders.
During wars that take place in your base, or in an area under your direct
control, you may issue one command to each of your units per turn.
During wars taking place in your vassal states, you must simply observe
the fighting and can issue no commands. You acquire a country when you
attack and conquer it. You must select a method of ruling all the
countries you acquire (except the base, which belongs to your Leader).
If you select 'vassal state' these areas will be ruled by Governors.
If you select to rule under 'direct control', you are limited to only one
command per turn; however, you rule the country directly.
Three types of countries are set in GENGHIS KHAN:
1) BASE
A country that belongs to a leader.
It is directly ruled by a leader. Three commands may be issued per
season.
2) SEND POLICY
A country ruled by a Governor.
A leader can send government policy but cannot actually rule this
country.
Send Policy decisions are made by the computer.
3) AREA UNDER DIRECT CONTROL
A country ruled by a leader.
Some orders (e.g. Rendezvous, Diplomacy) may not be given because the
leader is not residing in the state.
Only one command may be issued per season.
C. WINNING THE GAME
The objective of the game is the unification of the world. If your
leader dies before he has accomplished this goal, a successor can be
selected from among his children, but only if his base has not been
destroyed by an enemy. This selection of a successor, however, is only
allowed in World Conquest. A successor can only be selected when the
following conditions are met:
a. It must be the game of World Conquest.
b. The base must not have been invaded and occupied by an enemy.
c. Your king must have a son more than 10 years old (a Candidate for
Governor cannot become a successor).
Note: In the spring of 1206, Mimamoto Yoritomo starts at 59 years old, an
advanced age. You should not make either Yoriie or Sanetomo a candidate
for Governor, because it is possible Yoritomo may die soon, since he is
at the end of his life span.
AMIGA REFERENCE CARD
HARDWARE REQUIRED
Amiga 500, 1000, 2000 or 2500
1 Mega RAM, 1 disk drive
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
GENGHIS KHAN Disks A and B
LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Booting from the Game Disk:
-Boot your Amiga from GENGHIS KHAN disk A.
-Double click on the Genghis_A icon.
-Double click on the Genghis-Khan icon.
Booting from the Workbench screen:
-Place GENGHIS KHAN Disk A in a disk drive.
-Double click on the Genghis _A icon.
-Double click on the Genghis-Khan icon.
HARD DISK INSTALLATION
You will need 1.7 magabytes of free space on your hard drive to install GENGHIS KHAN.
-Create a drawer on your hard drive and name it Genghis.
-Insert Disk A in a disk drive.
-Double click on the Genghis_A icon.
-Drag copy each icon (Data A and Genghis Khan) into the Genghis drawer.
-When finished, remove Disk A and insert Disk B in a disk drive.
-Double click on the Genghis_B icon.
-Drag copy Data B into the Genghis drawer.
-When finished, remove all Genghis disks from disk drives, then run the
game off the hard drive by double clicking on the Genghis-Khan icon.
AMIGA MOUSE OPERATION
GENERAL
The AMIGA version of GENGHIS KHAN has been designed with complete mouse support. Except ot Keys, there is absolutely no occasion to use the keyboard. Therefore, all references to keyboard operation in the manual should be ignored. While almost all of the gadgets used in this version are self-explanitory, the following explanations are included to help you get started.
USING THE MOUSE
Remember these two points:
The SELECT button is the LEFT mouse Button. You can also use this button to move the blue panels which prompt you to confirm (Yes or No) or display information and statistics. To do this, place the cursor on top of the panel, press the left mouse button and hold it down, and drag the panel where you want to.
The Menu Button is the RIGHT mouse Button.
SELECTING AN ITEM FROM A LIST
When you are prompted to select a governor to train, ability to increase, goods to sell, or other item from the list, simply move the cursor to the desired item. A highlighted bar will appear over what you point to. Press the select button when the highlighted bar is over the desired item.
SELECTING COUNTRIES
Certain commands ask the player to select a country. Move the cursor over the desired country or the country's number and press the select button.
COMMANDS
All commands have been put into menus. To execute a command, move your cursor to the top of the screen, press the menu button and hold it down. You can search through the menues and sub-menus opening under your cursor with your mouse button pressed.
NOTE: Some commands have hot keys as well.
MAIN COMMANDS
COMMAND MENU <NEW COMMAND NAME> HOT KEY
1. TAX
Change Tax Rate Economic
Collect Special Tax Economic
2. DISTRIBUTE
Pop. Distribution Economic A - P
Soldier Distribution Military A - D
3. GIVE Economic
4. TRAIN
Soldiers Military
Governor Candidates Personnel <Governor> A - ;
Self Personnel
Noncombatants Military
5. MERCHANT
of China Economic A - 1
of Islam Economic A - 2
of Uighur Economic A - 3
6. PERSONNEL
Transfer Personnel <Reassign>
Change de Governor Personnel <Reassign>
Send Governor Personnel <Reassign>
Control Vassal State Administrative
Select Personnel <Governor>
Remove Personnel <Governor>
Nominate Personnel <Governor>
Marry Personnel <Arrange Marriage>
Recruit Military
7. RENDEZVOUS Personnel A - Z
8. VIEW Administrative A - V
9. MOVE Administrative
10. SEND POLICY Administrative A - L
11. DIPLOMACY Administrative
12. ESPIONAGE Military
13. WAR Military <Go to War> A - W
14. PASS Administrative
15. OTHER
Save Game File A - S
Wait Delay Other
Music Other
Sound Effects Other
Animation Other
Battlefield Other
End File <Quit Game> A - Q
also:
Quit Player File
Restart Game File A - R
Screen to Back Other
Current Country Administrative
(Restores the data
of the country you
currently are in.)
COMBAT COMMANDS
1. MOVE
Entire Unit Move A - M
Divide & Move Move A - D
2. ATTACK
Normal Attack A - N
Long Range Attack A - L
1-on-1 Combat Attack A - O
Ambush Attack A - A
3. STANDBY General
4. SPECIAL ORDERS
Demand Surrender General A - X
Request Reinforcement General <Reinforce> A - R
Plunder Attack A - A
Hunt General <Hunt> A - H
5. WITHDRAWAL General A - W
6. INTELLIGENCE
Unit Status Intelligence A - U
Commander Status Intelligence A - C
Military Intelligence Intelligence A - I
ON THE BATTLE MAP
To deploy units, move the cursor to a numbered hex and press select to place a unit there. Remember, you can only deploy your troops on numbered hexes. Don't try to click elsewhere. It won't work.
MOVEMENT ON THE BATTLE MAP
1) Click on the unit you wish to move with the select button.
2) Drag out desired path of movement. (If you drag a wrong path, go
backwards over the wrong path, then drag out the correct path while
still pressing the select button.
3) Release select button.
(You can also use the command <Entire Unit> from the MOVE menu, and follow steps 1, 2, and 3 above.)
ATTACKING ANOTHER UNIT
1) Select type of attack from the ATTACK menu.
2) Point to the unit you wish to attack and press select. (This also
applies to long-range archery attacks.)
TIP: When you want to move a unit or decide to attack an enemy, we recommend you use the Hot-Keys, in order to gain time.
NEW FEATURES
SETTING ABILITIES
In the AMIGA version of Genghis Khan, all parameters that define each character's abilities will be set automatically. If you are not satisfied with the values the computer has selected, have it reset the values by answering 'No' to the question, 'Is this OK?' Repeat this as many times as you like until you are satisfied with the values.
ZERO-PLAY MODE
To watch the computer play itself, select the 'World Conquest' scenario and choose 0 players. The computer will continue to play until the year 1605 A.D. To exit from zero-play mode, move the cursor to the very top of the screen when the main map is shown and press the select button. If a player wants to quit, but you do not want to end the game, choose <Quit Player> under the FILE menu and the computer will take over for the retiring player. When no human players remain, the game will end.
MULTI-TASKING
The AMIGA version of GENGHIS KHAN is fully MULTI-TASKING. You can access the <Screen to Back> function by selecting it under the OTHER menu.
SAVING GAMES
We recommend you to format an AMIGA floppy disk before playing. In order to be able to save a game to disk.
HOW TO FORMAT THE SAVE DISK:
Insert the AMIGA-DOS disk in your disk drive and switch on the computer. Type FORMAT DRIVE DF2: (or DF0 or DF1) NAME 'diskname'. The name of the floppy disk must not exceed 8 characters. For example, type GENGHIS. The program will ask you to insert the disk to be formatted. Once this operation achieved, switch off your computer and load GENGHIS KHAN.
THE SAVE COMMAND:
In the FILE menu, place the cursor on the SAVE option, then release the select button. The SAVE window appears.
First, insert the formatted disk in one of your floppy drives. In the window on the right of the screen, click on the corresponding drive name, that is DF0:, DF1:, or DF2:. Then a small white square will appear in the FILE line to prompt you to type in your file name. Type in the name or just the number of the file that you want. To confirm, click on the item OK! The game will then be saved to disk. To return to play, you must either click on the item FORGET IT! or on the red dot in the upper left of the SAVE screen.
NOTE: To save to your hard disk, just select in the window on the right, the name of your hard drive.
D. KEYBOARD OPERATION
The keys you use in the game GENGHIS KHAN are basically the number keys 0
to 9, and Y,N and RETURN. Hit RETURN after giving an order by entering
the appropriate numbers.
Questions requiring a yes/no answer can be answered on the main keyboard
by using the Y key for yes, or the N key for no, or by using the key
pad's 0 key for yes and Carriage Return key for no. All operation can
thus be made by using only the key pad. Most orders can be cancelled by
hitting RETURN once. For keyboard operation using other keys, please
follow the displayed message.
Note: The opening sequence will repeat itself until the Space Bar is
pressed, after pressing the Space Bar the first options screen will be
displayed.
3. END OF GAME
A. WHEN YOUR LEADER DIES
The Mongol Conquest game puts you in the role of Temujin, a Mongol chief.
When Temujin dies, having reached the end of his life or having been
killed by an enemy during a war, the game is over.
In World Conquest, even if your king dies a natural death or is killed,
you can continue the game by selecting a successor. If your base has
been invaded, or if you have no male children more than 10 years old, you
cannot select a successor, and the game is over.
B. DISCONTINUING PLAY DURING GAME
If you wish to save a game so you can come back to it later, enter
command 15., and select option SAVE to save the data. After saving the
data, select option END to end the game. If you wish to end the game
without saving it, enter command 15., here and select END.
4. PRELIMINARIES
A. PREPARING DISK FOR SAVE
At the opening menu, the player will be asked to select one of two
options: 1: Start Game, 2: Prepare Save Disk.
First time players should select option 2 and create a save disk for
future games. If a save disk has already been made, players will want to
select option 1 and go directly to the Scenario selection.
B. START GAME
Proceed to the Scenario selection (see C.) procedure described below.
C. SELECTING SCENARIO
You will be offered a choice of two scenarios, Mongol Conquest or World
Conquest. You may also select Load data and continue a previously-saved
game. A saved game will commence from the point at which it was last
stopped.
D. MONGOL CONQUEST
If you select Mongol Conquest, you will proceed to I. Setting Abilities.
E. WORLD CONQUEST
If you select World Conquest, follow the message displayed on the screen.
F. LOAD DATA
When you select 'Load Data', change A disk to D disk, and hit RETURN.
When asked, 'Which saved game will you load? (1-10)', enter the file
number you wish to load and hit RETURN.
Then change disks again, following the displayed message, hit RETURN, and
the game will begin. A saved game will commence from the point at which
it was stopped.
* If you erroneously enter 'Load Data', you may return to the Select
Scenario stage by hitting ESC.
G. SELECTING THE NUMBER OF PLAYERS
'(HOW MANY PLAYERS? (1-4))'
The number of players can be selected only on the World Conquest game.
One to four may play in World Conquest. Enter the desired number of
players.
H. CHOOSING CHARACTERS
('PLAYER 1, WHICH CHARACTER DO YOU CHOOSE?')
Characters can only by chosen in the World Conquest game.
Each player will be asked which country he/she would like to rule. When
you select a country, you take control of that country's king.
Enter the appropriate number. You may select your country and ruler from
the following four countries/rulers:
1. The Mongol Empire (Genghis Khan)
2. England (Richard I)
3. The Byzantine Empire (Alexious III)
4. Japan (Minamoto Yoritomo)
When more than one person is playing, each player chooses his/her own
country in turn.
I. SETTING ABILITIES
Setting Abilities determines the parameters that define each character's
abilities. Each selection will be a significant factor in the course of
the game, so all choices should be made carefully.
When you are first asked 'Set parameters automatically? (Y/N)' select 'Y'
or '0' for Yes, and 'N' or hit RETURN for No. If you select Yes, the
parameters for the five characters are displayed at once. If you are
satisfied with these parameters, answer 'Yes' to the question, 'Is this
OK? (Y/N)'. You may repeat this as many times as you like until you are
satisfied with the value of each parameter.
If you wish to select the parameters manually, select 'No' and set the
parameters for each character. Set the numerical value of all the
parameters, you will be asked 'Is this OK? (Y/N)'. Please answer 'Yes'
or 'No'. You may select the parameters as many times as you like.
If you select 'Yes', the message 'Distribute 100 points among the
parameters' will be displayed on the screen. When you hit the SPACE BAR,
points will be added to the parameter in the violet coloured space on the
screen. Make sure not to continue hitting the SPACE BAR. If you do,
points will continue being added. Hit RETURN when you are ready to go to
the next parameter. When you have distributed all 100 points, the
message 'Is this OK? (Y/N)' will be displayed. Answer with 'Yes' or
'No'. If you select 'Yes', you will go to the step for setting the
abilities of the next character. If 'No', you will go back to the step
for setting the numerical values of each parameter. After you repeat
this operation five times, and complete the dividing of 100 points among
the parameters of the five characters, the message 'All parameters OK?
(Y/N)' will be displayed. Please answer 'Yes' or 'No'. If 'Yes' is
selected, you will proceed to J. Selecting Skill Level. If 'No', you
will return to the stage of setting the parameters of your Leader.
When more than one person is playing, the above operations for setting
abilities should be repeated as many times as there are players.
There are six parameters which you can set when setting abilities. Each
parameter has the following meaning:
LEADERSHIP ABILITY
The basic ability for a leader. It is needed for almost all the commands
Use this command to move a unit to another hexagon.
Each unit has a fixed value for Mobility, and everytime you make one
move, the Mobility level for one move on the topographical map will be
reduced. You can move until Mobility runs out. However, if you attempt
to pass by an enemy unit, you may move only one space and will
automatically stop in that hexagon even if Mobility is remaining. If you
have four or more times the number of soldiers of the neighbouring enemy,
this restriction will not be imposed upon you. The number of soldiers
will some times decrease during movement according to the topography of
the hexagon.
1. ENTIRE UNIT MOVE
The entire unit moves, and can do so until its Mobility is used up. You
cannot share a hexagon already occupied by an enemy unit, or by units of
your own forces when the unit is of a different type. However, units may
join when both units are the same type. It is impossible to share a
hexagon with a unit lying in ambush or hunting. To use the Entire Unit
Move command use the key pad to enter the direction of movement. It is
not necessary to hit RETURN after entering these directions. When you
wish to stop before using up Mobility, hit RETURN.
2. DIVIDE UNIT AND MOVE
This means dividing one unit multiple units. Cavalry with a Mobility
value of more than 13, or infantry and archers with a Mobility value of
more than 11 can execute this command. Upon division units may only move
into adjacent hexagons, regardless of Mobility value. In this command, a
unit may not move into a hexagon occupied by any other unit, even if they
are both of the same type of unit. Each new unit created by this command
is from then on considered as an independent unit, and all the combat
commands will be issued separately from the other units.
To use this command, first enter the number of soldiers you wish to
divide and hit RETURN. Next, enter the direction of movement (1, 2, 3,
7, 8, 9) and hit RETURN. Repeat the same operation as many times as the
number of divisions to be made. Since only ten units are allowed to
fight on the battle display, however, you cannot create more than ten
units. This command can be cancelled by hitting RETURN.
* B. ATTACK
Use this command to attack an enemy unit in a bordering hexagon. Only
archers can make a longe range attack and fire upon an enemy one hexagon
away from them.
1. NORMAL ATTACK
Cavalry is the most powerful unit in a normal attack. Indicate the
direction in which you wish to attack with the key pad.
2. LONG-RANGE ATTACK
Only archers can make this attack. The number of times they can attack
will be limited to the level of offensive strength. Whether the arrows
hit the target or not depends on the degree of training. Enter the
direction in which you wish to attack with the key pad.
The command will be executed and counted, so be careful in issuing this
command and setting direction.
3. ONE-TO-ONE COMBAT
When both side's command units are on neighbouring hexagons, the command
for one-to-one combat can be made, but only once per war.
A command unit in an area under direct control cannot issue this command.
Since victory depends on the ability of the leader or Governor, there are
some cases in which you cannot make one-to-one combat; for example, if
the ability of the opposing leader is very low, in which the opposing
side doesn't take up the challenge, even if you want to. If this
happens, the Leadership ability and Military ability of the leader or
Governor, who has refused to take up the challenge will be reduced by
half. If you win in one-to-one combat, you can take the enemy commander
prisoner. Even if you cannot take him prisoner, 20% of the enemy
soldiers will come to fight for you.
4. AMBUSH
Ambush is a method of attack only available to the infantry. The unit is temporarily hidden while it waits for the enemy to invade any one of the six surrounding hexagons at which point it will attack. A command unit, however, cannot use the Ambush command, even if it is assigned to infantry. If successful, an Ambush can cause major damage to the enemy unit.
The number of times you can execute this command within each war depends on the Training value. Indicate the hexagon in which the unit is to be hidden with the key pad.
If a full turn passes without an ambush taking place you will be asked whether you wish to stand by or cancel the Ambush.
* C. STAND BY
The unit simply waits on the current hexagon when you stand by, and your mobility level is increased. The maximum level is 15 for cavalry and 13 for all others.
* D. SPECIAL ORDERS
1. DEMAND SURRENDER
When the command unit of both sides are at war and one seems about to lose, the stronger leader can demand surrender.
2. REQUEST REINFORCEMENTS
If there is sufficient gold and soldiers in your own country bordering on a warring country, the command unit can request reinforcements, but only once per country per war. It is necessary for a command unit to be positioned on an appearance-and-withdrawal point of the country from which you wish to request reinforcements. Reinforcements will arrive three days after being requested, but will arrive without provisions. Therefore, pay attention to the amount of remaining provisions. Also, the number of soldiers requested is not always provided.
3. PLUNDER
Only the command unit can plunder an enemy town when it invades. Through plunder, additional provisions can be obtained. The defensive side's units may not plunder a town in its own country. If special taxes are collected in a town on the main display, that town cannot be plundered until the next fall season.
4. HUNTING
Any unit can hunt, providing that it is the forest, and not bordering on an enemy unit. Since the unit engaged in this activity spends the next day hunting, the message 'The unit is hunting' is displayed, and no commands can be given during the turn. Provisions can be obtained by hunting.
* E. WITHDRAWAL
When your country is bordering on a warring country, the unit can retreat to your country. This can be done only under the condition that the unit is on an appearance-and-withdrawal point in the country from which it is to retreat.
If a leader who has the maximum five Candidates for Governor retreats to his vassal state, the Governor of the vassal state will automatically give up his post.
* F. INTELLIGENCE
1. UNIT STATUS
This displays the exact number of soldiers of each unit, both on the attacking and defending sides.
2. COMMANDER STATUS
This command enables you to see the abilities of the leaders of both the defending and attacking sides.
3. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
This is the command used to observe the appearance-and-withdrawal points, defensive strength, Morale, offensive strength, and training of the defensive country. The number displayed on every appearance-and-withdrawal point is the number for the country owning the appearance-and-withdrawal point.
A SECRET HISTORY: THE GREY WOLF AND THE WHITE DOE
(A grey wolf came down from the heavens, his wife was a white doe. They came across a large lake.)
1. THE MONGOL CONQUEST
TEMUJIN
On the northern edge of the northern part of China - to the north of the Great Walls of China, lies a large desert called the Gobi Desert.
It is an immense expanse of sand and rock mountains. It is no place for human beings to live in. In the central part of Outer Mongolia which surrounds the desert, however, are fertile plains where three rivers - the Oluon River, the Tora River and the Serenga River - join. Nomadic tribes vied for supremacy on the plains
In and around the Gobi Desert there had long been many revolutions aimed at supremacy on the plains.
Only those tribes which had tremendous military power could attempt to control the plains.
And the tribe which could conquer them was to be called the supreme ruler on the plains and give orders to other small and weak tribes.
The nomadic tribes vied on the grasslands. Horses were their most valuable assets, their staple food was horsemeat and their favourite drink horse milk.
All things that horses provide was valuable to them. Their land had no orchards or buildings. Their only pleasure was choosing the best horses, cows and sheep from among large herds.
It is said that the name Mongolia, which now refers to a large grasslands with a total land area of 3,340,000 square meters and a population of 3,000,000, was originally the name of a small nomadic tribe living in a small area located to the northeast of the Gobi Desert or in the catchment area of the Amur River in Manchuria. However, at that time the Mongol tribe was also seeking an opportunity to make inroads into the plains, using Mount Burghan as their base. They had no pastureland large enough to feed cattle, and therefore they had no choice but to live by hunting.
In 1155, a baby boy was born to the head of the tribe. He was born with a clot of blood in one of his hands. He was named Temujin. A grey wolf came down from the heavens. His wife was a white doe. They came across a large lake. Baschi Khan who was born in Mount Burghan, the catchment area of the River Onon...
This passage from an old legend describes the origin of the Mongol tribe: a strong wolf sent to this planet by the Gods married a tender and beautiful doe.
From his childhood, Temujin heard this legend told repeatedly and was enchanted by the story.
He used to fall asleep picturing to himself the grey wolf with muscles as soft and nimble as springs, bronze hair and coldly staring eyes.
Temujin's father was the head of the Bordighin tribe and respected by all members of the tribe. Temujin played with his brothers and sisters - Qasar, Qchiun, Temuge and Temulun, and also with his half brothers - Pekuter and Belugutei. He enjoyed a very happy and peaceful boyhood. On the other hand, his father was always busy. His tribe was at odds with the Taichid, another Mongol tribe, and furthermore, it was in conflict with the Tartar tribe, the largest and strongest tribe in the area.
When Temujin was nine years old, his father decided to find a girl to marry Temujin. One day, his father took Temujin to the tent of a member of the Ongirat tribe, where Temujin met a beautiful girl, who was to become his wife later. Her name was Borte.
BORTE
One day, however, his boyhood ceased to be a peaceful one. His father was killed with poison in a plot laid by the Tartar tribe.
All other members of his father's tribe, who had respected and obeyed his father, ran away with their cows, horses, sheep, tents, and all other possessions. Immediately after the funeral service for him, leaving his wife and children behind. It was next to impossible for a woman and her little children to live on the Mongol plains alone.
His wife chased the tribe on horseback and holding a banner, overtook them and tried to persuade them to remain. She punished severely those who resisted her persuasion. As a result, about half of the tribe changed their minds and decided to remain. Later on, however, they also ran away. Temujin and his brothers and sisters pledged to revenge themselves on the other members of his father's tribe for their treachery.
The bereaved family now had to provide for themselves. They had to walk up the Onon River to gather wild grass, wander about in forests to find and pick up nuts. They ploughed a field in front of their tent, took care of their sheep, and went fishing whenever they had time to spare. They were reduced to extreme poverty, but this poverty made them as persevering, defiant, brave and militant as wild animals.
Temujin, with the help of his younger brother Qasar, killed Pekuter who had never obeyed him. This saddened their mother.
It appeared Temujin himself had become beastly. However, before long he grew to be a man or power competent enough to lead his family and decide on all matters relating to his family. Even his mother was not permitted to object his decisions.
He managed to increase the number of his family's cows and horses. It seemed as if his family were at long last becoming prosperous.
On the other hand, people of the Bordighin tribe who had deserted them were now under the control of Targhutai of the Taichiud tribe and their lives were not happy. Many members of the tribe were heard to talk in whispers: 'Temujin, who was once a mere chick, seems to have grown to be able to fly on his own.'
'Now is the time to put an end to those kids' lives.' 'If we do not pluck those chicks now, we may face difficulties in the future.' And they did what they had said.
Taraghutai, the leader of the Taichiud tribe, made a surprise attack on Temujin's tent, directing 300 of his men on a summer night.
But Temujin and his family reacted to this promptly. Being as watchful as wild animals, they had long anticipated such a surprise attack.
After ordering all his family members to hide themselves, he hid himself in a wood and stayed there for seven days. He was about to die of hunger when he was captured. He was then tied to a log with ropes, but he hit the watchman over the head with the log and ran away. He gave his pursuers the slip by hiding himself in a bog, covering his face and breathing with a reed. He managed to meet his family again.
Thus he was able to save the lives of all his family, but after this incident they had to leave their native place and begin a new life in a new place. Almost every day Temujin and Belgutei caught and ate field mice. They also bartered the mice skins for sheep.
Temujin was now 17 years old. His mother began to insist that Borte, Temujin's fiancee, should live with them. It seemed to Temujin that an increase in the number of family members was indispensable to his family's return to prosperity.
He headed for the tent of the Ongirat tribe to receive Borte as his bride. Borte had grown up to be a dazzlingly beautiful woman. Seeing her Temujin felt he was having a dream.
Deicetin, Borte's father, said to him, 'The son of the Khan of Mongol has come to us to receive my daughter, as promised, as a man who has overcome unbelievably many difficulties and has become as strong as the legendary wolf. I, for my part, have to be as good as my word. I will give my daughter Borte to this tough youth.'
With Borte added to his family as his bride, Temujin's tent became more and more lively and prosperous. Temujin made a special tent called an ordo in which to live with Borte and had tents for Borte's attendants built around it.
At that time, Temujin met a strange boy named Porutie. He was very nimble and proficient in horse riding. Temujin was completely enchanted by this little boy. He had the boy join his tribe, together with Jerme, who was Temujin's industrious childhood friend. In this way, he gradually expanded his tribe.
TARUGHUTAI
Temujin left his family so they could hide themselves in a wood. His half brother Beruku felled trees and made a fence to defend his brothers and sister while Qasar, who was a master archer, stood ready to use his skills. However, the Taichiud tribe set out with all its might to capture Temujin. They found him alone and unprotected. Tarughutai, the head of the Taichiud tribe, had Temujin fettered and handcuffed. Tarughutai and his men had a drunken feast on the bank of the Onon river. After the red sun had sunk beyond the tops of the trees, they all went back to their tent, leaving a watchman behind.
Temujin suddenly found himself with all the strength of a wild animal. He overpowered the watchman and ran away.
Borte, Temujin's wife, was one year older than Temujin. It is said that from old times there were many beautiful women in Ongirato, her native place. Borte was in this tradition.
Temujin was named after the head of a group of enemies who Temujin's father brought to his tent as a captive after conquering the Tartar tribe. When his father arrived at the tent, he was told that a baby boy had been born and he named the baby boy the name of the enemy leader.
TOORIL KHAN
It was about this time that Temujin became aware of the presence of Tooril Khan, who was considered the most influential ruler on the plains of Mongol. Tooril was the head of the Kerait tribe, a tribe rumoured to have tremendous military power.
Temujin met Tooril with many gifts to offer him because he thought getting acquainted with the Khan would do good to him in the future.
Tooril was one of his father's brothers-in-law.
The Kerait tribe was stationed in the 'Black Wood' near the bank of the River Tora.
Tooril Khan said to Temujin, staring at him coldly, 'In return for these gifts, I will help you some time in the future. I never lie. But you must be more mature. You are all still chicks.' He was not treated as a full man by Tooril, but he was satisfied with the way Tooril treated him. Now he had many men and the backing of Tooril Khan, the strongest Khan. He was emerging as the young head of a young tribe.
However, the time came earlier than expected when he had to face a crucial test to become the wolf. One morning a group of members of the Merukit tribe made a surprise attack on his tent.
Temujin thought it was impossible to defend against them with his tribe's present military power. So he ordered 'Spread out!'
His men ran away in all directions.
In the evening he was able to meet his men, but found that an important person was missing.
It was Borte. Temujin went about on horseback in search of his beloved Borte in vain. What's worse, he himself was captured by members of the Merkit tribe.
Temujin had to spend painful days after that. He could make a counterattack on the Merukito tribe, but there was little chance of his winning the battle. But it was impossible for him to abandon Borte.
Temujin decided to regain Borte from them. He was ready to die. After making preparations, he went to the Black Wood, where Tooril Khan's camp was, to borrow arms.
Tooril listened to what Temujin had to say, staring silently at Temujin. When Temujin looked up, his eyes met the horrible eyes of Tooril Khan.
'Do you remember I gave you my word?' said Tooril. 'I said that the time would certainly come when I would help you. All right. Now is the time to fulfil my promise, I will lead my army of 20,000 troops and kill them all. And I will regain Borte from them for you.'
Tooril had long been seeking an opportunity to destroy the Merukito tribe. Being a man as cunning as a tiger, Tooril had been looking for an excuse for destroying them.
If he attacked and killed without any justifiable reason, he would be criticized for it. Unaware of Tooril's deeply laid plan, Temujin stood rooted to the ground, too glad to move at the unexpected good luck.
Then he heard someone cry, 'Temujin!' Looking back, he saw a fat man approaching him with a gentle smile.
'Oh, Jamukha!' 'Yes, I am Jamukha. When young, you and I promised to be brothers by exchanging deer bones. I will lend you my army of 20,000 troops. Let's fight the Merkits together.'
Temujin felt himself trembling from inside his body. As many as 40,000 soldiers were going to fight for him!
The invasion into the Merukito plains by the allied forces led by Temujin, Jamukha and Tooril respectively began at the break of dawn. The battle was over before sunset. The 10,000 Merkit soldiers were destroyed as if they had been thrown into a flood.
'Borte! Borte!' Temujin ran about amid flames in search of his wife.
Borte, who had thought she would never see Temujin again, was surprised to see her husband coming toward her, and muttered, 'Temujin!'
The battle ended in the allied force's overwhelming victory. All men of the Merkit tribe were killed. Thousands of women and treasures were gathered in a plaza. Tooril asked Temujin to take his share of the trophy, but he refused to take it. It was his intention to take the Golbonak plains after Tooril and Jamukha have taken their share of the trophy.
Peace returned. Borte gave birth to a baby.
Tooril Khan, head of the Kerait tribe, was notorious for his cruelty and his ambition to be supreme ruler of the Mongol plains. His tribe, which had pastureland in the valleys or the River Orkon and the River Tora, was very large and powerful.
Its only rival was the Tartar tribe. About 30,000 adult Kerait men lived during peace broke out, they immediately prepared themselves for combat and joined their respective units. Since Tooril was a sworn friend of Temujin's father, it was quite natural that Temujin turned to him for help.
KHORCHIN
Contrary to Temujin's expectations, neither Tooril's troops nor Jamukha's troops seemed about to withdraw from the Gorganok plains soon.
Although they had joined forces to conquer the Merkits, the Keraits and the Jadarans, which were both influential tribes, they did not trust in each other. Only one of the two tribes was going to be the supreme tribe on the plains. If one began to withdraw from Golnak, the other might attack from behind.
Under such circumstances, soldiers of Jamukha's army entered Temujin's tent one after another. Golch, an old prophet of the Bakalin tribe was one of those who abandoned Jamukha.
The old man came to Temujin and said, 'I received a divine message that Temujin is the very man that is to be supreme ruler on the Mongol plains. I asked God, What should I do, then? 'God told me to abandon Jamukha and go over to Temujin. I did just as I was told by God. And so here am I.'
It appeared that Jamukha had begun to think that Temujin was a hindrance to him. In fact, he soon began to openly express his hostile feelings against Temujin. Under his gentle smiles, he had concealed terrifying cruelty.
Temujin's heart ached. He did not want to fight with Jamukha, who was his old friend. One night he had his tent dismantled, and his tribe began to move northward. Some soldiers of the Jadaran tribe joined them betraying Jamukha.
They moved on and on. When they where going to pass through a village, they shouted the name of Temujin. The shout meant that anyone who wanted to join them might follow them.
The name of Temujin, the new hero of Mongol who had won the battle with the Merukits, was now known to everyone. His tribe expanded rapidly, absorbing many small and weak tribes.
When they reached the bank of the River Kimurka and took a rest, the population of a nearly village exceeded 3,000.
They stayed there for a month and during that period several tribes joined them. Then they started to move toward a better place. It was vast pasture land stretching as far as the eye could reach.
Immediately after arriving at that place, Temujin declared himself to be the Khan of Mongol. His competent aides had told him to do so.
They had said to him, 'We will make you the Khan of Mongol. When you become the Khan of Mongol, we will forestall all our enemies for you. We will plunder beautiful women and bring them to you. We will present you the meat of the belly of a wild animal living on the plains and the meat of the chest of a wild animal standing on the cliff.'
'If we betray you in a battle, you may force us to be separated from our men, wives and children and throw our heads away onto the ground. If we betray you in peacetime, you may separate us from our men, wives and children and throw our bodies on wasteland.'
In 1189, Temujin was 34 years old.
Four years passed.
JAMUKHA
At long last Jamukha began an attack on Temujin. Jamukha's army of 30,000 soldiers was overwhelmingly strong as expected. It was the first battle Temujin had fought as the Khan of Mongol.
His army's only, and most serious, weakness was that while they were as strong as a fierce god when they took the offensive, they became extremely weak when they were put on the defensive. In this battle, his army was put on the defensive and Jamukha's army trampled them underfoot.
Temujin lost hundreds of men in this battle. Judging from the scale of the battle, this damage was relatively small. Bobhorchu, Jerme, Qasar and Perukutai were all safe. On the other hand, Jamukha's army appeared not completely satisfied with their victory in the battle. The balance of power on the plains remained unchanged, with Tooril Khan, Jamukha, Temujin and the Tartars still vying for supremacy on the plains. Four years passed. Temujin's military aides had become irritated: Who would be their next enemy? Jamukha or Tooril? If it was Tooril to whom Temujin owed much and who was indeed a great khan, they had to fight with him.
However, Temujin had decided on his next target. It was the Tartars who wielded stable power in the northeastern part of the plains.
At that time, the Tartars were under attack from the big army of the Chin Empire which came all the way from beyond the Great Wall of China. He thought this was the best time for his army to make an assault on them. Many of his men had been injured and killed in battles with them. Furthermore, his father had been killed by them.
Temujin got in touch with Tooril again. As in his conquer of the Merukits ten years ago, he wanted to join forces with Tooril this time again.
Now Temujin's army was large and strong. It was considered large and strong enough to destroy the Tartars without Tooril's help. However, Temujin was aware of the difficulty Tooril had felt ten years ago: it would be easy to destroy the Tartar tribe, but it was a branch of the Mongol tribe. If he destroyed them, all other tribes would accuse him of treachery. This had to be avoided if he was to attain his ultimate goal of unifying all the tribes on the plain.
Tooril immediately started from his tent, leading the entire army. The Tartars were a hindrance to him, too. Temujin's army of 30,000 soldiers joined Tooril's ten days after Tooril's departure from his tent.
Strong as they were the Tartars now stood helpless, being attacked on three sides by the armies of the Chin Empire, the Mongol and Kuriets. After seven days of deadly battles, they were completely destroyed. All male members of the Tartar tribe were killed, with their heads cut in two. Temujin and Tooril equally shared females and other treasures of the affluent tribe.
The head of the army of the Chin Empire thanked Tooril Khan and Temujin for their cooperation. But Temujin had mixed feelings. From his childhood, he had always thought that after he had conquered the Mongol plains, his next target would be the Chin Empire, which lay flourishing beyond the Great Wall of China.
He would have to make an attack on the army of the Chin Empire in return for its head's gratitude to him. But now he was not in a position to attempt this ultimate goal. Unification of all tribes on the Mongol plains was his immediate challenge.
Thus a significant change was made in the balance of power on the Mongol plains. The Tartars had disappeared.
It was four years after the collapse of the Tartar tribe that Jamukha started on a massive invasion into the plains. His tribe had become very large, conquering the tribes of the Ongirat, Borte's native place, Kirghiz and Taiorat, and absorbing the remnants of such destroyed tribes as the Tartars and the Merkits.
Tooril and Temujin joined forces for the third time. Their battle with Jamukha was terrific. The flames of war spread over the Mongol plains.
Both armies were locked in mortal combat on the Serenga River, the Orkon River, the Keruren River and many other rivers. Deadlocks were reported one after another.
Temujin sent out Bobhorchu's units, Qasar's units and then Perktai's units. Tooril was also sending out his entire army.
Tooril Khan's army was headed for the lower reaches of the River Keruren, and Temujin's army for the middle reaches of the River Onon.
During his battle with the Taichiuds, Temujin obtained another competent aide. An expert archer shot an arrow at Temujin's artery and he narrowly escaped death.
The next day the archer was captured and confessed that he had shot the arrow at Temujin. Moved by his manly attitude, Temujin forgave him and named him 'Arrow'.
Temujin had an unforgettable grudge against the Taichiuds. Long ago, when Temujin's tent was occupied only by himself, his mother and his brothers, they attacked the tent mercilessly and drove Temujin and his family out of their native place.
Temujin ordered his army to kill all members of the Taichiud tribe. Although some of his childhood friends were now among the Taichiud, he could not afford to mind that. How could he forgive them? They had deserted him and his family.
Although he had failed to catch Jamukha, he received Tooril's message that the army of the Jadarans had been completely destroyed. The battle had ended in a big victory for him.
Temujin and Tooril divided equally the right to own tribes which had sided with Jamukha. Thus the Mongol plains were now divided into two. The only remaining target was the Naimans.
The Naimans, who were of Turkish descent, controlled West Asia and were based at the foot of the Altai. In the last war, they had sent reinforcements to Jamukha for some unknown reason.
Learning that Temujin was making an assault on them, they prayed for rain. But the result was that it rained heavily in their own territory, preventing them from marching on. Many soldiers fell into pools made on the banks of rivers. They ran away, saying, 'We are not protected by our God.'
But his victory in this battle did not mean that he had completely destroyed the Naimans.
Tooril said to Temujin, 'We will have to make another attack on them jointly.' Temujin nodded without saying anything. A year after that, they made a joint attack on the Naimans.
THE NAIMANS
In the spring of 1203, Temujin and Tooril attacked the Naimans.
Temujin foresaw that the moment the Naimans were destroyed, there would remain only the Mongols and the Kereits on the Mongol plains and that a fierce battle between him and Tooril would be inevitable soon after that. Of course, Tooril was also aware of the possibility. Two great spirits could not exist together. There was going to be one supreme ruler on the plains.
The armies of Temujin and Tooril marched slowly for the Altai, now well aware that a crucial moment was close at hand.
The two armies destroyed the army of the Builuks, which had constituted the front line of the Naimans. But it was soon after this battle that a fight was started between the Mongols and the Kereits. The battle lasted until evening. During the following three days, the Mongols continued chasing fugitive Kereits. The dead body of Tooril was discovered four days later. Tooril's death meant the end of the Kereit tribe which long had maintained unrivalled military power.
It was not until the next year that Temujin's army surged into the territory of the Naimans. He let soldiers take a rest after the battle with the Kereits.
When his army rushed into the territory of the Naimans, Temujin found to his great surprise that his sworn friend Jamukha was now his enemy and had been serving Tayan Khan, the head of the Naimans. Jamukha had warned Tayan of the power and influence of Temujin and advised him to fight a decisive battle with Temujin at the earliest possible opportunity. However, Tayan Khan, who had long been content to reign over the western part of the Mongol plains, was no match for Temujin, who had fought deadly battles to destroy his old enemies. Tayan's men were defeated by Temujin's one after another. Tayan, who had been seriously injured, asked Jamukha who was attending him, 'Why on earth are they so strong? What is the secret of their strength?'
'Because they have four strong men, Gebe, Subutai, Khublai and Germe,' replied Jamukha. He knew Temujin's power and influence full well. He continued, 'they are four wolves always chasing a flock of sheep. They eat human flesh. They are kept on iron leashes. They have heads as hard as bronze and teeth as sturdy as stones, words as sharp as swords, and hearts as strong as steel. When Temujin beats them with a sword instead of a whip, they start forward as quick as lightning, fight a battle drinking dews and eating human flesh and killing their enemies.'
After being chased relentlessly, Tayan Khan's army was completely destroyed. Now Jamukha had no place to escape to. He was captured and brought before Temujin.
Temujin looked at him sorrowfully and said, 'Jamukha, let's be friends again. I have never forgotten that we are old sworn friends.'
He really meant what he said. 'Nonsense!' retorted Jamukha, 'You have no choice but to kill me right away. If you don't kill me. I will continue to plan to kill you for the rest of my life. I have lost this battle to you simply because I was unlucky.'
'However,' he continued, 'If you want to be kind to one of your sworn friends, kill me without letting my blood spill. Bury my dead body in a hill.'
Temujin stood up quietly, ordered one of his aides to kill him without letting his body spill blood, and left.
In ancient Mongolia it was customary to kill a noble man without letting his body spill blood. Blood was considered the root of soul. It was believed that if a man was killed with his body spilling no blood, his soul continued to live in peace.
Soon after that Temujin received news that a charged atmosphere prevailed among the Merkits. Immediately after returning to his tent, Temujin went out and subjugated the rebels. As a result of this battle, Temujin obtained a beautiful woman named Qulan. She was a woman of spirit, quite unlike Borte and many other women. Temujin knew by intuition that he was going to love this woman all his life.
GENGHIS
In the spring of 1206 the senior members of all tribes of the Mongol plains participated in a great conference. A decision was about to be announced.
Temujin glanced over the conference hall, which was crowded with many representatives from all tribes of the Mongol plains.
Also there was Hoern, Temujin's mother, Borte, his wife, and his children Juchi, Chagatai, Ogotai, and Tului. Qulan and many other of his concubines watched together with his brothers - Qasar, Belgutei, Qachium and Temuge.
His brave men - Boghorchu, Germe, Gebe, Mukai, Subutai and Khublai and his prophet Khorchin stared at him.
'Genghis Khan!' suddenly shouted a senior member of the Khuriltai tribe.
The word 'Genghis Khan' resounded in the hall. 'Genghis Khan! Genghis Khan!'
Temujin, aged 51, who was now Genghis Khan, stood up slowly and looked down on the wolves and does. He was now the King of Mongol, the supreme ruler on the plains.
JAMUKHA
The head of the Jaradan tribe. He shared with Temujin the mythical ancestor Bodonchal, making him a blood relative of Temujin's. When Temujin was eleven years old, Temujin and Jamukha promised to be brothers by exchanging deer bones on the River Onon. Jamukha, who was 5 years older than Temujin, was a talented nobleman of the plains. After succeeding his father as the head of the tribe, he expanded his territory rapidly. As a result, the Jadarans became the strongest power of all Mongol tribes, surpassing the Taichiuds.
TUG TEMUR
From ancient times, the Mongol tribes had been trying to form a coalition of strong tribes.
They were always at odds with the Tartars who tried to prevent them from forming a coalition, unaware of the Chin Empire's plot to keep them opposed to each other.
ESUI
It is said that all great men are also great lovers.
Temujin was no exception to this. It is said Temujin chose hundreds of concubines from among beautiful women of tribes he conquered, Esui the daughter of Tug Temur, was captured by him.
TAYANG QAN
The Mongol word 'naiman' means 'eight'. The Naiman tribe, descendants of the Greeks, possessed a very advanced culture. From ancient times they knew of Christianity from the influence of the Uighurs of East Turkistan.
When the Naimans confronted Temujin's army, many remaining lesser tribes sided with the Toktoga of the Merkits. Qudqua Beki of the Keraits and Jamukha were the most famous leaders of these small tribes. However, the Naimans were no match for the militant Mongols.
When Tayang Qan, the leader of the tribe died, his son Guchlug escaped to the Kara Khitai Empire and conquered the Empire.
QULAN
The Merkits were often attacked by Temujin. Tooril Khan and Jamukha. But the remnants of the tribe were tenacious enough to attempt to create a new Merkit tribe. Her father presented Qulan, the most beautiful of all Merkit women, to Temujin.
She was a woman spirit, and at first she refused Temujin. She later became Temujin's concubine, on the condition that he would take her to the battlefields, never leaving her alone. Along with Borte, she was most loved by Temujin.
2. THE WORLD CONQUEST
ATTACKING THE CHIN EMPIRE
Genghis Khan, who had completed the great undertaking of unifying all tribes of the Mongol plains, was now planning to invade neighbouring countries.
The Mongol's home land, which was surrounded by the vast Gobi Desert, was infertile and not comfortable to live in.
He was destined to expand his territory in search of a happier place and a better life.
The history of the nomads on the Mongol plains was a 1,000-year history of repeated attempts to expand territory. But that was inevitable so long as they stuck to their way of living - pasturage. Isolated from the rest of the world, they became more and more conservative, which in turn widened the cultural gap between them and other countries.
After taking an extensive view of the regions located south of his territory, Genghis Khan set his eyes on Hsi Hsia, which appeared most vulnerable to his planned attack.
Hsi Hsia had become independant in early years of the Northern Sung dynasty, and since had maintained its independance for 160 years. Although it lacked productive resources, its land was situated in a place which blocked the traffic of goods between the East and the West. Merchants from Western Asia who wanted to enter the territory of the Chin Empire had to pass through Tunhuang and other big cities in Hsi Hsia. The country's major source of revenue was taxes imposed on the goods passing through the country.
At that time, the global trend was toward the end of the continued stalemate that had existed between the great powers. Hsi Hsia was no match to Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire, a new great power which had just emerged.
For the soldiers of the Mongol Empire it was the first battle with a different race and they gave a fatal blow to Hsi Hsia's army. Hsi Hsia surrendered and his country became a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. Genghis's soldiers obtained a lot of camels and woolen goods. In this battle, the Mongol army, which had thus far experienced only cavalry battles on the plains, learned tactics for attacking castles.
One of the unexpected spoils of war was that Uighur, located west of Hsi Hsia, was so intimidated by the Mongols overwhelming power that it asked to be allowed to become a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.
Genghis's next target was the Chin Empire. From childhood, he had heard of the affluence of the empire. On the other hand, he had never forgotten the fact that Ambakai Khan of Mongol had been taken away to the Chin Empire and died there after being put to torture. He prepared the attack on the Chin Empire with scrupulous care. He had his soldiers trained very hard. He had the structure of his men, their weapons and all domestic roads improved. To control the public he put a code of penalties in place even more draconian than its predecessor.
In March 1211, Genghis Khan ordered his entire army to make inroads into the Chin Empire. Qulan was to accompany him in his long march to the Chin Empire. Qulan had made Genghis promise that he would take her to every battle, however fierce it might be.
The new army structure was designed to facilitate the flow of orders and intelligence. Units of 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 soldiers were formed. Experienced generals were appointed leaders of units of 10,000. This structure was designed to allow Genghis's orders to go from one end of the chain of command to the other with no delay.
Genghis Khan watched his soldiers crossing the Great Wall of China with a thousand emotions. He said to himself, 'After all, we are all the offspring of that grey wolf.'
It took three years to conquer the Chin Empire. Genghis Khan worked out tactics very deliberately and implemented them very cooly. The Chin Empire's fortresses were occupied by Genghis's men one after another, and the soldiers of the Chin Empire were gradually destroyed. In 1214, hundreds of the Mongol's mounted parties trampled the whole territory of the Chin Empire underfoot. A peace treaty was concluded between Hsuan Sung of the Chin Empire and Genghis Khan, although it actually meant a complete surrender for Hsuan Sung. Genghis's army obtained an enormous quantity of gold, silver, silk, slaves and horses.
Among the captives taken to Mongol was Ye Lu Chu Tsai. He was erudite, well versed in astromony, geography, history, the art of war, medicine and augury. Genghis Khan had this tall man called out and asked him to predict the future of the Mongol Empire.
Ye Lu Chu Tsai said to Genghis, 'In the southwest are heard the sounds of war drums. The time will come soon when your army crosses the Altai and invades the territory of the Kara Khitai Empire. It will be three years from now.'
Genghis was very impressed by his forecasting abilities and made Ye Lu Chu Tsai one of his aides.
ATTACKING KHORAZM
On one occassion, Ye Lu Chu Tsai said to Genghis Khan, 'The Chin Empire was conquered by you, but that empire had a very advanced culture. Your Mongolia has no culture. I think you have much to learn from the Chin Empire.'
'I see,' replied Genghis. He had begun to think of building a friendly relationship with Khorazm, an Islamic country in Western Asia.
Khorazm was famed for its advanced culture. Genghis thought he would be able to obtain many things thus far unknown to him by trading with that country.
Immediately a mission was sent to the country. They took silver, musk, jade, woolen goods and other precious goods with them. Upon arrival in Khorazm, the head of the Mongol mission conveyed Genghis Khan's message to Emperor Muhammad.
'We have conquered the Chin Empire and have all the Turks living north of the Empire under our control. We do not want any further expansion to our territory. Therefore, we propose that the Mongol Empire and the Kara Khitai Empire initiate and maintain a peaceful relationship with each other, and promote trade between both empires for mutual benefit. I think of Emperor Muhammad as if he were one of my sons.'
Muhammad was offended at the last sentence of Genghis' message, but he agreed in principle to Genghis' proposal. And trade between the two countries commenced.
A big caravan was formed and it started for Khorazm carrying piles of goods.
When the caravan reached the oasis city of Otoral a member of Muhammad's family named Inarujuke attacked the caravan and plundered all the goods it was carrying.
Genghis Khan was enraged to hear about the incident. Aware that Khorazm was a highly civilized country, however, he decided to cope with the situation politically.
He immediately sent an envoy to Khorazm to accuse Muhammad of his treachery and ask for the extradition of the offender.
But Muhammad killed this envoy, too. This triggered Genghis' decision to conquer Khorazm.
In June 1219, the Mongol army of 200,000 soldiers started on an expedition against Khorazm. The grey wolves trembled with excitement.
It appeared that Khorazm was a country far stronger than Hsi Hsia and the Chin Empire. They had no idea what was in store for them beyond the high walls and the deep moat.
They had been told that the army of the country were equipped with arms far more advanced than their own. The attack had been decided on after many days of discussions. Genghis Khan had assured them, 'We are the wolves of Mongol. We will win this battle.' No one doubted him.
Muhammad had ordered his army of 400,000 soldiers to take the defensive and had been waiting for the arrival of Genghis' army.
Genghis Khan divided his army into four. Chagatai and Ogotai were ordered to lead the first division and besiege Otoral, the city where all members of his mission were killed by Inarujuke. Juchi was ordered to head for Gendo in the northern part of the country leading the second division.
Three other generals were ordered to attack Bekenat leading the third division. Genghis himself headed for Bohara leading the central division.
Inarujuke had tens of thousands of soldiers gathered in Otoral. But his army was defeated in a short time and he himself was captured and given over to Genghis Khan.
The second division led by Juchi invaded the castle of Gend and killed all its residents after making ruthless attacks on the castle for seven days and nights. The third division destroyed Bekenat and headed for Kogent.
On the other hand, Genghis' division destroyed many oasis cities, large and small, and besieged Samarkand, the gigantic oasis city, and there waited for the other divisions to arrive. The other three divisions arrived one after another, bringing with them a vast number of prisoners, soldiers and civilians.
Samarkand was evacuated in a short time. Genghis Khan had the city destroyed, treasures plundered and many residents killed.
Scared by the fierce attacks by the Mongols, Muhammad had run away to Khorosan before the Mongol army approached Samarkand. Genghis Khan ordered Gebe and Subutai to chase Muhammad, saying to them, 'Chase him without taking any rest. Forgive cities that surrender, but destroy those that resist and kill all residents.'
CONQUERING THE WORLD
Muhammad flew to Nishapool, and then to Baghdad. Gebe and Subutai's division went so far as the Chrimean Peninsula of the Black Sea on the west and the middle reaches of the Indus River on the south, in search of Muhammad.
In 1220, Muhammad fell ill and died on a small kingdom island in the Caspian Sea. Even after that, the two generals led their division westward, destroying the kingdom of Kipchak, defeating the army of Fuseboroto III of the Russian Principalities, destroying Sudakm, a Geonese colonial city, and defeating the Bulgarians in the valley of the Volga River. Genghis Khan ordered an administrative official stationed in each of the occupied cities.
In 1225, Genghis Khan made a triumphant return to Mongol after five years of invasions, destructions and massacres.
Genghis Khan was also at war with Hsi Hsia. In 1205, 1207 and 1209, Genghis Khan attacked Hsi Hsia, but he was not completely successful. Even the Chin Empire was far from being completely conquered.
The Mongol's way of conducting war was characterized by positive use of the quick mobility of horses, surprise attacks and plunder. Because they were nomads who had never had a single fixed dwelling, they lacked the ability to govern the countries they had taken. Before resuming attempts to conquer the Chin Empire, it was necessary to attack Hsi Hsia again.
Genghis' attack on Hsi Hsai was not accompanied by any military difficulty. An envoy was shortly sent from Hsi Hsia to convey a surrender message to Genghis.
TWILIGHT
However, Genghis Khan looked gloomy. He was now well advanced in age. He had lost many of his men.
Some years ago Qulan whom he had long loved had died: At that time, Genghis' army was in camp in the Hindu Kush Mountains on its way to India. Her body was buried under a large piece of ice in accordance with her last wish.
She must have been watching the future of Mongol lying silently in the ice. Of Genghis' aides, only Subutai had returned safe from the long expedition to Europe. Gebe had died in a village near the Aral Sea. He was now sleeping in the ridge of a hill in the village.
An envoy from Kipchak came to Genghis. He told Genghis that Juchi, one of Genghis' sons, had been ill in bed for three years and that in summer he died in a village near the Caspian Sea. At that news Genghis mourned bitterly.
Genghis fell ill and shortly his illness took a serious turn.
Aware that the time of his death was near at hand, he called Ogatai and Tului and said, 'My task is drawing to a close. Our territory has now been greatly expanded with the help of God. It will take at least one year to cross it. To maintain this vast territory, you must not compete with each other. Join forces to defend against your enemies. Maintain friendly relationships with those countries which are friendly to you.'
Then he ordered his generals called out and said to them, 'It will be difficult to directly destroy the Chin Empire. Attack first Sung which had long been the enemy of the Chin Empire and then attack the Chin Empire via Sung.
In accordance with his will, his death was kept strictly confidential and his dead body was transported with utmost secrecy into Mount Burghan in the upper reaches of the Onon River, where he had spent his boyhood, and was buried deep into the ground. Every one watched his body buried in the ground in silence. There was no phrase to express condolence in the language of the Mongols.
After that, the trees near his tomb began to grow at so rapid a pace that soon the tomb was completely covered with a thick forest. Now no one knows where his dead body is buried.
UIGHUR A CULTURED TRIBE
The Uighurs, who had originally lived in the valley of the River Serenga, moved to the valleys of the River Orkon and the River Tora in the seventh century.
In the beginning of the tenth century, their country Uighur was established in Bishubaruk as a new kingdom.
The Uighurs got accustomed to cultures of oasis cities and benefited from trade between the east and west.
They also engaged in agriculture and accepted Christianity and Buddhism, in addition to Manicheism. Mingling with aborigines belonging to Indo-European tribes, the Uighurs made themselves receptive to Turkism. Many manuscripts of Buddhist scriptures, which were Uighur language translations of Buddhist scriptures written in vernacular languages, Chinese, and later Tibetan, were written by them.
CHINA
By the time Hsho Sung became emperor, attacks by the Mongols intensified. The need for defence against the Mongols placed a major burden on the Chin Empire's financial resources. In addition, the Hwuang Ho (the Yellow River) which had caused many floods since the reign of the fifth emperor Hsei Sung had become more and more fierce, destroying farmland. When the Mongols advanced southward and trampled even Shantung under foot, Chin became frightened by their military power and sued for peace, presenting one of her daughters to Genghis Khan. However, he had to impose taxes on his people to cover huge military expenses required for his empire's defence against the Mongols and he met with a tragic end.
MUHAMMAD
In 1120, the army of Muhammad, the emperor of Khorazm, started on an expedition to the East and defeated the army of the Kara Khitai Empire. Since the Kara Khitai Empire was a Buddhist country, his victory over the empire caused a sensation among Muslims. He was admired as the great hero who had subjugated the impious idol worshipers. Although Muhammad appeared to flourish in the early years of his reign, the fact was that the empire's domestic administration was not carried out effectively. Although he was a military genius, he was also a vain man fond of an idolent and epicurean life. It was this that led to his ruin.
GENGHIS KHAN AND HIS ACHIEVEMENTS
YEAR AGE HISTORY OF GENGHIS KHAN
1155 Temujin is born.
1164 9 Temujin meets Borte.
1165 10 Temujin's father is killed by the Tartars.
1171 16 Temujin marries Borte.
1173 17 Temujin meets with Tooril Khan.
1179 24 Borte is captured by the Merkits.
1180 25 Temujin conquers the Merkits. Juchi is born.
1188 33 Temujin destroys the Taichuids.
1189 34 Temujin becomes the leader of the united tribes.
1194 39 Temujin conquers the Tartars in allience with the
armies of the Keraits and the Chin Empire.
1194 40 Temujin conquers the Merkits.
1196 41 Temujin conquers the Tartars.
1203 48 Jamukha battles with Temujin in the spring.
1204 49 Temujin defeats the Naimans on the plains of
Rakuda and captures Tatonga in the spring. Uighur
characters are formally adopted for writing. In
autumn, Temujin conquers the Merkits.
1205 50 Temujin's army invades Hsi Hsia for the first time.
1206 51 The Khriltai (great conference) is held at the upper
reaches of the Onon River. Temujin becomes Khan and
he is presented with the title Genghis Khan.
1207 52 Genghis' army invades Hsi Hsia for the second time
from autumn to winter.
1208 53 Genghis' army withdraws from the Chin Empire in the
spring.
1209 54 Genghis' army invades Hsi Hsia for the third time.
1211 56 Genghis' army makes an expedition to the Chin Empire
in the spring.
1216 61 Genghis Khan destroys the Merkits.
1219 64 Genghis conquers the Western region. In June, his
army is positioned on the bank of the Irutish River.
In autumn his army advances southward.
1220 65 Genghis Khan conquers Otoral. In February he
conquers Bohara. In April he attacks Samarkand,
Hogent, Nishapool and Khorasan. Muhhamad dies on a
small island in the Caspian Sea.
1222 67 In April, Changchun Zhenren, a Taist priest, visits
the tent of Genghis Khan and preaches to him at the
northern foot of the Hindu Kush Mountains. The city
of Gazni is razed. In June, Herat surrenders.
Genghis' army again attacks Merub, the capital of
Horasan.
1223 68 Mukhali dies while invading the Chin Empire.
Genghis' army passes through Barghu. In winter, it
stays in Samarkand. Subutai defeats the allied
forces of joshua's feudal lords on the bank of the
Merka River.
1224 69 Subutai returns from an expedition to Russia.
Genghis' army is positioned in the plains of Qulan
and Tash.
1225 70 In February, Genghis starts for home. In October, he
conquers Hsi Hsia. Juchi, his eldest son, dies on
the plains of Kipchak.
1227 72 In August, Genghis dies and his body is buried in a
forest at the upper reaches of the Kerulen River.
WORLD HISTORY
1115 ... The Chin Empire is established.
1126 ... Korea becomes a vassal state of the Chin Empire.
1127 ... The Sung is destroyed by the Chin Empire, but revives as the
Southern Sung.
1132 ... Le Yu Tai Shak establishes the Kara Khitai Empire.
1147 Second Crusade.
1156 ... The Hogen War breaks out in Japan.
1159 ... The Heiji War breaks out in Japan.
1163 ... The Sultanate of Ghorey destroys the Gazni Dynasty.
1169 ... The Ayyub Dynasty is established by Saladin.
1185 ... The Heike clanis is destroyed in Japan.
1187 ... Saladin regains the Holy Land from the Christians.
1189 ... Third Crusade.
1190 ... The order of the Teutonic Knights is created.
1192 ... The Kamakura Shogunate is established.
1204 ... Fourth Crusade.
1206 ... The Islamin Dynasties are established.
1208 ... Guchlug flees to Hsi Hsia.
1208 ... Sing Tsung of the Chin Empire dies and Eishoo becomes the
Emperor.
1213 ... A revolution occurs in Chunftao (now Beijing). Eishoo is
killed.
1215 ... The Magna Charta is promulgated in England.
1215 ... The Sultanate of Ghore is ruined.
1221 ... Military forces occupy Kyoto in the Jokyu uprising.
1227 ... Chagatai Khanate is established.
ENGLAND
RICHARD I
England, which was once in possession of one-fourth of the world's total land area, did not develop within the confines of the country as Japan did. In the first half of the 12th century, England was under the direct control of Normandy on the Eurpean continent.
Fierce battles were being fought among influential noblemen hailing from France for the throne. As a result, in the second half of the century and after, they owned vast territories in France. It was at that time that Henry II, the father of Richard I, came to the throne.
Henry II, who was the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty, was true to his family line an energetic man of violent emotions. He never rested, except when sleeping. When not at war he spent his days hunting. Back at home, he could not sit quietly except eating.
Both Richard, who was third son of Henry II, and John, Henry's youngest child, inherited a personality much like their father's. Legend has it that the Plantagenet was a family possessed by an evil spirit. Antagonism and treachery were the rules of the family, it is said.
Richard pursued adventures and wars all his life. The total length of is stay in England while he reigned over England as its king was no more than 6 months. True to his nickname of 'Richard the Lion-Heart', he was extraordinarily fond of wars.
John was unrivalled in cruelty. On one occassion, his father said to him half as a joke, 'I have divided my territory among your elder brothers. So you shall have no share in it.'
It is said that his nickname of 'John Lackland' was derived from this episode. He might have been hurt by these words of his father's. He grew up to be a sadist: He used political assassinations regularly and derived great pleasure from watching criminals hanged.
It was in 1189 that Richard became the King of England. Richard, who inherited Aquitaine from his mother, made an attack on his father Henry in alliance with King Philip II of France. Seeing that the tide was against his father, John betrayed Henry and sided with Richard. Although strong and energetic, Henry could not survive this surprise attack. After Henry's death, Richard succeeded him as the King of England.
He gave John his share of the territory as the reward for his cooperation. Later, as soon as Richard left England to join the third Crusade, John laid a plot against Richard and succeeded to the throne.
On the other hand, Richard had a quarrel with Philip II while on the Crusades and after that he put up a solidarity struggle. He started for home unable to regain the Holy Land. But he was captured and shut up by Heinrich VI of the Holy Roman Empire. John laid plan to extend the period of Richard's imprisonment, in alliance with Philip II.
This matter was settled after the government of England paid a ransom in the amount of 100,000 marks. However, the payment of the ransom imposed a heavy financial burden on the government of England, as well its people. This was the remote cause of alienation of many of King John's subjects from him.
It was in 1194 that Richard returned to England. He had a fortress built on the border in preparation for his showdown with Philip II. But he was shot with an arrow and injured while at war with Philip II, and died in south France.
As mentioned earlier, he stayed in England for only 6 months during his 10-year reign over England. He was able to give full play to his talent as a military man, fortifier, and diplomat, thanks to the competent government of England, which functioned smoothly and effectively while he was away from England. But his talent as the ruler of England was to be never tested. To him England was nothing more than a means to raise funds for carrying out wars on the Continent and the Crusade.
On the other hand, John managed to take the throne, displacing the successor to the throne designated by Richard, plundered a fiancêe of an influential feudal lord of France, who was one of his subjects, and married her.
Angry about that, the feudal lord appealed the case to Philip II. In response to this, Philip ordered John to appear before the court, but John declined. Philip ordered John's feudatory to be confiscated. This was the beginning of the long-term hostilities between England and France.
Dissatisfied with the confiscation of his feudatory, John planned a couterattack on Philip II in alliance with Otto IV of the Holy Roman Empire and Baudouin of Flanders. In 1241, John challenged Philip to a battle in France. But Philip's army defeated the army of the Holy Roman Empire and John's army.
When John returned to England after being defeated in France, he was confronted with a nation wide civil war. Now being completely unsupported, he had to accept the noblemen's demands and promulgated the famous Magna Charta.
John was so unpopular as the King of England that never again did any king of England want to be named John. But ironically John gave the English people the happiness which other kings have never given them through his tyrannical rule. It was not until his reign that the English nobility began to criticize the Imperial Rule, causing the concept of a French controlled nation to give way to that of an independant English nation.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
ALEXIOUS III
Time, which flows defying any attempt to stop it and moves incessantly, carries all creatures away to the bottom of the darkness... Anna Comunena, the famous woman poet of the 12th century, begins her biography of her father Alexious I with the above passage.
In the authentic history of the world, the Byzantine Empire was ruined in April 1204 by the fourth Crusaders who occupied Constantinople. The remanants of the dynasty ran away to Nicaea, where they built a regional government. Later the Nicaea Empire regained Constantinople. But it lacked the grandeur of the Byzantine Empire.
So it can be said the 800 year old Byzantine Empire was ruined in 1204.
In this game, however, it is assumed that the Byzantine Empire did not meet with a tragic end in 1204. Under the reign of Alexious III, the second emperor, such military commanders as Isaakios II, the former emperor, Isaakios Ducas Comunenos, the supreme ruler of Cyprus and Theodoros, the King of Philidelphia, play their respective roles. The Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople, rules over the eastern part of the Mediterranean and the southeastern part of Europe.
Anyone studying the history of the Byzantine Empire notices that it was the citizens of Constantinople that plays the leading part in its history.
In 1182, Andronicos Comunenos (Andronicos I) rose in revolt against the government, in alliance with the armed citizens of Constantinople. This resulted in the establishment of the Andro nocos administration.
Andronicos I, who was now the emperor, felt himself charged with a mission to perform a drastic reform. At that time, the Byzantine Empire was a confederation of lands of inflential feudal lords. The Comunenos dynasty, established in the 11th century, promoted the feudalization of society by giving birth to an auntonomous class of noblemen.
As a result, the nobility had greatly expanded its power, thereby dwarfing the emperor's power. Under such circumstances, Andronicos implemented a bold reform. He selected able persons other than noblemen for important positions in an attempt to restore the empire to one which does not pay special attention to the social standing of families. To this reform the noblemen resisted hard using their respective territories as the base for resistance. They called on the Sicilian Empire for help.
On the other hand, riots were raised by citizens in many cities. Andronicos' ambition to reconstruct the empire ended up in his attacks on individual noblemen - a reign of terror.
It was Isaakios II that took over Andronicos I as the emperor. Unlike Andronicos, Isaakios II behaved as a major representative of the interests of the nobility, abandoning the empire's control over them. This helped expand the nobility's power. Many revolts were started by those noblemen who wanted to be autonomous. Among those noblemen was Theodoros who began to call himself 'emperor' in 1187 and had coins on which his name was inscribed made in Philidelphia, a town in the western part of Asia Minor.
Isaakios tried to conquer Philidelphia, but failed to destroy the walls of the town. He was forced to conclude a peace treaty with Theodoros. Under the peace treaty, Theodoros was permitted to continue to control Philidelphia on conditions that he stop calling himself 'emperor'.
During the reign of Andronicos, Isaakios Ducas Comunenos moved to Cyprus, where he started his own regime. He declared Cyprus' independence and had Cyprus' own coins made. Andronicos stepped down without touching on the issue of Ducas' Cyprus regime. Isaakios II sent his fleet to Cyprus, but it was destroyed completely by Andronicos' navy.
Cyprus was conquered by Richard II, the king of England, in 1191. Ducas was captured and his Cyprus regime came to an end. When Alexious III took power, the Byzantine Empire was on the verge of being split. The Byzantine Empire under the reign of Alexious III was heading for its ruin, although it had a number of able and powerful military commanders.
Your task is to restore the invincible Byzantine Empire by coordinating the capabilities of military commanders and the backing of citizens of the empire who aspired to be autonomous. Are you confident that you can bring the golden age of the Macedonian dynasty back to the Byzantine Empire?
JAPAN
MINAMOTO YORITOMO
Minamoto Yoshitomo, the father of Minamoto Yoritomo, was a military commander who had made a name for himself as a brave warrior in the southern part of the Kanto Provinces. It was Minamoto Yoshitomo that rose in revolt, called 'Heiji-No-Ran,' served to split the whole country into two strong camps - the Heike clan and the Genji clan. Yoshitomo was defeated in a battle with Taita Kiyomori, and was killed while trying to escape to the Kanto Provinces.
Yoritomo, who was accompanying the party led by his father, got astray in a mountain where it was snowing heavily, and was captured by a group of warriors of the Heike clan while wandering on the Sekigawara plains. Being a boy aged 12, he was spared from death. But he was condemned to exile to an island named Hirugashima in Izu, where he was to live for the subsequent 20 years. No historical records are available that describe how Yoritomo felt while he lived in exile for the 20 years. It is quite natural that there remain no such historical records. At time, no one did even imagine that the young exile in Izu would grow up to be a political figure to go down into Japanese history.
Yoritomo married Masako, the daughter of Hojo Tokimasa, in Izu. How Yoritomo came to know Masako is unknown. It may be because Hojo Tokimasa, who was working at a provincial office, was charged with the task of keeping a watch on Yoritomo. Tokimasa stongly opposed his daughter's marriage with Yoritomo: 'If this were made known to the Heike clan, a serious thing would happen to all of us.'
In a fluster, Tokimasa married Masako to the son of Yamaki Kanetaka. However, Masako, brought up as a daughter of a Kanto warrior, was a woman of spirit. One night she escaped from the house of her husband, crossed mountains overnight in the midst of heavy rain, and ran up to Yoritomo.
Now Tokimasa had to approve their marraige. At that time, Yoritomo was 31 years old, and Masako 21. Yoritomo was now living a peaceful and happy life. At the bottom of his heart, however, he had never forgotten the deep grudge against the Heike clan who had killed his father and many of his friends. In 1180, Yoritomo at long last rose in revolt against the Heike clan. However, the Heike clan was in full flourish, and Yoritomo and his army were soon surrounded on all sides by the soldiers of the Heike clan. He and his army narrowly escaped to Sagami. Based in Kamakura, he managed to lay the groundwork for ruling the Kanto Provinces with the support of Taira Tsunihiro and others. It was only 40 days after his defeat in the battle of Mt. Ishibashi. It is true that he could utilize Hojo Tokimasa's power influence, but it was a miraculously quick return to power.
At that time, many groups of warriors in the Kanto Provinces were dissatisfied with the arbitraness of the Heike clan, and were waiting for the emergence of an ideal lord who would satisfy their needs and wishes. It was against such a background that Yoritomo emerged under the slogan of 'control of territories by warriors'. Furthermore, memories of Minamoto Yoshitomo, who had ruled over the southern part of the Kanto Province based in Kamakura, were still vivid in the minds of many of those Kanto warriors. Thus a new regime was established in the Kanto Provinces. Many Kanto warriors, from heads of influential families down to low-ranking warriors, held ceremonies to pledge their loyalty to Yoritomo, and they became immediate vassals of the leader in Kamakura (Yoritomo).
They were guaranteed security and the right to control their respective territories, but they were required to pledge their positive loyalty and service to Yoritomo in return for their privileges. The relationship of lord and vassal thus formed was to become the basis of the organisations of the subsequent shogunate governments. Revolts were raised everywhere in the country. The ex-Emperor Takakura died of illness and at long last Taira Kiyomori, the leader of the Heike clan, died from a fever. The Heike clan which had lost their leader bagan to lose its power rapidly, and the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who had been shut up in a detached palace, was suddenly in the limelight.
Kiso Yoshinaka had been expanding his power in the Hokuriku Provinces. And there was a nation-wide crop failure, which was interpreted as indicating the end of the Heike clan. The army and navy of the Heike clan had become weaker.
Now it was an urgent necessity for Yoritomo to expand the foundations of his new Kanto regime. His regime's influence was spreading all over the northern part of the Kanto Provinces. Minamoto Yoshitsune, one of Yoritomo's half brothers, who had already placed confidence in him, and many other brave military commanders were now under the direct control of Yoritomo. About that time Masako gave birth to a baby boy, who was named Yoriie. It was in the next year that Shinoda Saburo Sensei Yoshiro, who had been increasing his influence in Hitachi, rose in revolt against the Heike clan. This attempt by Yoshihiro ended in failure, but it triggered a chain reaction. After his death in Hitachi, Yoshihiro ran away to Shinano to turn to Kiso Yoshinaka for help.
As a result, the relationship between Yoritomo and Yoshinaka suddenly began to worsen. Under such circumstances, The Heike clan sent its whole army to the Hokuriku Provinces in an attempt to subjugate Yoshinaka. To this Yoshinaka resisted with his full strenght. On the strenght of Yoshinaka's vigorous resistance to the Heike clan, the activities of the rebel armies in the Tokaido and Kinai Provinces gathered greater momentum. Warriors in the Tokaido Provinces, such as the Kai Genji warriors, began to rush to Kyoto, rivaling each other for priority. The Heike clan now had no choice but to leave Kyoto. Yoshnaka's triumphant army and many others rushed into Kyoto, as a substitute for the army of the Heike clan.
But, what they saw in Kyoto were hellish scenes in the ruined streets of the capital. After years of famines, the streets were filled with dead bodies. Kyoto was now nothing but ruins. What's worse, so many soldiers were now going to be stationed in the capital, which had long been suffering extreme shortages of foods.
In a moment, plunders and acts of violence were rampant in the capital. Yoshinaka found himself alien to the customs of the noblemen's society. Moreover, he was not competent enough to control the confusion. the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who had intended to make use of Yoshinaka's power and influence, gradually began to give him up. Yoshinaka himself felt that he was being isolated. Urgent to hunt down and kill the remnants of the Heike clan, he had to start on an expedition westward.
This situation provided Yoritomo with a golden opportunity. The retired Emperor Goshirkawa sent an envoy to Yoritomo, who told Yoritomo that the retired Emperor would authorize him to rule over the Kanto Provinces on conditions that he pay land taxes on manors and public lands.
Angered at this, Yoshinaka made an assault on the retired emperor and forced the retired emperor to appoint him to the post of the generalissimo for the subjugation of barbarians. This was just what the retired Emperor had anticipated. This act by Yoshinaka gave the retired emperor an excuse for subjugating nobody other than Yoshinaka. He planned to get Yoritomo to subjugate Yoshinaka on his behalf. Yoritomo Immediately sent Noriyori and Yoshitsune and their armies to subjugate Yoshinaka.
In 1185, he sent a punitive force led by Yoshitsune to subjugeate the Heike clan in Dan-No-Ura. Thus all things turned out as the retired emperor had wished. Next he set his eyes on Yoshitsune. He was beginning to regret that he had given Yoritomo more power than he deserved. Yoritomo, who was quick to understand, was soon aware of a change in the retired emperors attitude towards him. He refused to welcome Yoshinaka to Kamakura. He went so far as to establish shugo and jito outposts in all parts of the country under the pretext of hunting down Yoshitsune. This was actually his next step toward establishing his Kamakura shogunate government.
Yoshitsune was to meet with a tragic eng in Hiraizumi in the Oshu Provinces. In later years, the general publics intence aspirations towards immortality of heroes gave birth to a belief that Yoshitsune was alive. Some asserted that Yoshitsune became the great king in the northern part of Japan after conquering the Ezo tribe. Others maintained that Yoshitsune moved to the Asian continent, being called Ghengis Khan there. There are no historical records to evidence these arguments, but the legend of Yoshitsune is surprisingly convincing.
In 1192, the retired Emperor Goshirakawa died, and Yoritomo was at long last appointed to the post of the generalissimo for the subjugation of barbarians. Now he was able to give full play to his political ability, controlling the activities of warriors and negotiating with the Imperial Court on their behalf.
However, the fact that he killed Yoshitsune and other competent military commanders of his family was to become the remote cause of factional strife within the Kamakura sgogunate government. In fact, the Kamakura shogunate regime collapsed from within 20 years after Yoritomo's death. What politics should you formulate and implement? In the latter half of the 1200s, Japan was to meet with surprise attacks by the grey wolves of the Yuan dynasty - the offspring of Genghis Khan. Are you confident that you can save Japan from the deadly attacks by the grey wolves. How long is the Kamakura shogunate regime going to last?
WORLD HISTORY (1071 TO 1204)
The crusade movement which swept across Europe for nearly 200 years beginning in the 11th century was a test for Europeans to attain their true self-awakening. Development of cities, statism and cultures was triggered by this movement. It originated in an incident in the Califate of Baghdad which took place when the Byzantine Empire was being plagued by its internal breakup. The Selijuks, nomads of Iran, rapidly expanded its power and invaded Baghdad, the centre of the Califate of Baghdad. In 1071, the Selijuks occupied Asia Minor, and they also occupied Syria. As a result, Jerusalem, the Holy Land, was isolated from the Occident. When the Selijuks approached Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, which had long ruled over the Mediterranean region, The Pope of the Holy Roman Empire thought that if he could take leadership in Europe taking advantage of the situation, hw would be able to rule over the whole world. And under his direction the first Crusade was organised with the French Knightage at its core. This Crusade resulted in a great success and created a sensation.
The Selijuk dynasty, which had nearly exhausted its military power in its battles with the Crusade, was defeated by the Ryoh Empire on the east and began to collapse from within.
The Khorazm dynasty which had emerged in West Turkistan took this opportunity to expand its influence. In 1194, its army defeated the Selijuk army and then the army of the Kara Khitai Empire.
The great victory for Muhammad, the emperor of the Khorazm dynasty, was rated highly as Muslims' victory over the pagan Ryoh Empire. He was called a second Alexander. He had an ambition to conquer China. In China, the 200-year-long balance of power between the Tsun Empire and the Ryoh Empire was suddenly broken by the Chin Empire when it destroyed the Ryoh Empire. Le Yu Dai Sek, who was a member of the royal family of Ryoh eascaped to East Turkistan, where he established an empire called the Kara Khitai Empire. The plains of South Russia were under the control of the Kipchaks, a nomadic tribe. Many nomadic tribes were rushing into South Russia. The migration of nomads from east to west on the Eurasian Continent was a sort of chain reaction.
After the great success of the first Crusade, the recovery of lost territory by Muslims was remarkable. They occupied most of the lands behind the crusader countries. It was Saladin, the most honourable enemy of Christians, that became the premier of Ayyub at that time. As a result of his emergence, Christians lost most of their occupied territories in less than a century after their first success.
In Europe no significant efforts had been made to form a crusade. Each of three great powers - Germany, France and England - had been too busy reinforcing their respective political, social and economic bases to make an expedition all the way to the Orient. At long last, however, Frederick l or 'Frederick Babarossa' of the German Knightage, Philip ll, the king of France, and Richard l or 'Richard-the-Lion-Heart' of England took the initiative in forming the second crusade. Under the leadership of the kings representative of the feudal Europe, this crusade was the largest and the strongest in its history. But they incoorporated the antagonism between them into this crusade. As Frederick Babarossa had been killed in an accident, Philip and Richard started on the expedition to the Holy Land together, but soon they were at odds with each other. They behaved separately from each other. Richard occupied Cyprus on his way to the Holy Land. They met in Syria and jointly made an attack on the castle of Accon. As soon as the castle surrendered, however, Philip withdrew from there. On the other hand, Richard went to another theater of war and defeated Saladin's army. But he was unable to conquer Jerusalem on his own and concluded a peace treaty with Saladin. As a result, he obtained the right of way to Jerusalem for Europe. Satisfied with the result, he returned home. However, it was clear that this result was too trival for the crusade that was the largest and stongest in its history. Richard was captured by the army of Heinrich V1 of the Holy Roman Empire in Austria while he was heading for home, and later was released after a huge sum of ransom money was paid.
In 899, Hungarians established a kingdom in the valley of the Danube. They often invaded Germany, France and even the Italian Peninsula, plundering many cities. West European countries joined forces to drive them out. In 955, Otto l of Germany gave a hard blow to them and saved Europe from the threat of their attack. Back on the Hungarian plains, they were converted to christianity and began to work on the front line of Europes defence against nomadic barbarians from the Orient.
Innocent 111, the greatest Pope since Urban 11, intended to have European countries united for the noble cause of the crusade movement and then rule over them. However, the crusaders made a surprising turn around. They decided on an expedition by sea to Egypt and asked Venice for their marine transport. They were unable to raise enough funds for it so Venetian merchants proposed that they would offset the shortage if the crusaders regained Zara in the Adriatic Sea, which had been taken by the Hungarian king. The crusaders had to consent to this approval. This enraged Innocent 111. He excommunicated them on the grounds that it was impermissible to make an attack on a Hungarian king loyal to the Holy Roman Empire. Thus, an excommunicated crusade started on an expedition to the Holy Land, which was an unprecedented event. Zara was regained easily, and the crusaders left Zara for Egypt. Surprisingly enough, however, the leaders of the crusade, who had concluded a secret agreement with the Venetian merchants, proposed to go to Constantinople, which had been considered invincible surrendered in a short time. They made Baudouin of Flanders the emperor of the newly established Latin Empire. Although stumped by this, Innocent 111 congratulated them on the establishment of the new empire, which he said would lead to a union of the Western and Eastern churches.
Nasel the Califate of Baghdad. The word 'Caliph' means successor to Muhammad.
Qelekubad of Rum Seljuks Rum Seljuks was a great power emerging during the golden age of the Iranian-Islamic culture.
Chilk of the Kara Khitai Empire Guchlug of the Naiman tribe assassinated Chilk.
Buschi Khan of the Cumans Later, Juchi, one of Genghis Khan's sons,made an expedition to subjugate Buschi Khan.
Saladin of Ayyub Hero of the anti-crusadse army. He was a fine example of the Islamic Knight.
Sachsen of the German Knightage. The German Knightage originates in the third Crusade. He did not perform great exploits in the Holy Land.
Philip 11 of France. He consolidated the foundations of the French feudal kingdom.
Heinrich V1 of the Holy Roman Empire. The reason for his capturing was his antagonism with an opposition faction.
Endore 11 of Hungary. His country was later invaded by the Mongol Empire.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF WORLD HISTORY
1227 ... Chagatai Khanate is established. Genghis Khan dies. Ogotai
becomes the new Khan of Mongol.
1230 ... Ogotai Khan begins conquest of the Chin Empire.
1232 ... Tolui dies of illness while engaged in conquest of the Chin
Empire.
1234 ... Ogotai Khan destroys the Chin Empire.
1235 ... Ogotai Khan builds his Empire in Karakoram. He sends an
expedition led by Batu to Russia. Kiev is destroyed.
1236 ... The Mongol expedition led by Batu heads for Europe for the
second time.
1241 ... Ogotai Khan dies.
1242 ... Batu's army invades Eastern Europe and defeats the allied
German-Polish forces. He conquers Hungary, Germany and
Austria.
1243 ... Batu establishes Kipchak Khanate in Salai in the valley of the
Volga.
1246 ... Calvini of the Franciscan order meets with Batu.
1257 ... Batu's army invades Vietnam but is driven out.
1258 ... Khulag invades Baghdad and destroyes the Abbasid Dynasty. He
establishes the Iru Khanate.
1260 ... Khublai becomes the fifth Khan of the Mongol Empire. He
concludes a peace treaty with the Sung Empire.
1264 ... Khublai transfers the capital to Daieo.
1265 ... Khulag dies.
1267 ... Khublai sends an expedition to the southern Sung.
1271 ... Khublai changes the name of his empire to Yuan.
WORLD HISTORY
1248 ... The Sixth Crusade is formed.
1261 ... The Byzantine Empire is revived.
1270 ... The Seventh Crusade is formed.
YEAR HISTORY OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
1274 ... Yuan sends an expedition to Japan, but fails in conquering the
country.
1275 ... Marco Polo visits the capital of Yuan.
1279 ... Yuan destroys the Southern Sung.
1281 ... Yuan sends an expedition to Japan again, but once more fails.
1292 ... Yuan sends an expedition to Java.
1294 ... Khublai dies and is buried in a forest in the valley of the
Keruran River, where his grandfather's tomb lies.
1298 ... The Mongol army invades Vietnam, but is driven out.
1305 ... Ogotai Khanate is merged into the Chagatai Khanate.
1330 ... The Chagatai Khanate is divided into the Eastern Khanate and
the Western Khanate.
1333 ... Timour is born.
1335 ... Iru Khanate is divided.
WORLD HISTORY
1271 ... Marco Polo leaves Venice for the Orient.
1272 ... Uzan Hassan's army invades Asia Minor, but is driven out.
1282 ... The king of Aragon begins to rule Sicily.
1291 ... Egypt under the reign of the Malmuk dynasty drives out the
crusaders from Sicily.
1298 ... The Ottoman Empire is established.
1325 ... The Aztec Empire is established on the American Continent.
1337 ... The Bijanagar Kingdom is established in southern India.
1348 ... The Plague spreads over Europe.
YEAR HISTORY OF GENGHIS KHAN
1351 ... Timour's army invades Afghanistan.
1368 ... A large-scale revolt strikes a hard blow at the Yuan dynasty.
1380 ... The Mongols are forced to the north of the Great Wall of China.
WORLD HISTORY
1350 ... The Ayutthaya Dynasty is established in Thailand.
1368 ... The Ming Dynasty is established in China, destroying the Yuan
Dynasty.
1369 ... The Timour Empier is established.
1390 ... Constantinople surrenders to the army of the Ottoman Empire.
