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SUPERBASE PROFESSIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENT 3 CONTENTS 1. VOLUME 1: NEW FEATURES 1-1 Keyboard Equivalents 1-1 Validation Help Dialogs 1-1 Lookup 1-3 Process Import 1-5 Process Export 1-9 Mail Merge 1-11 Using Process Comms 1-12 2. DML KEYWORDS 1-15 BLANK 1-15 ENTER 1-17 EXPORT 1-20 IMPORT 1-23 LOAD SET 1-25 OPEN FIELDS 1-26 REQUEST 1-27 SELECT FORM ROW 1-30 SET EDIT 1-31 SET HEADING 1-31 SET NOW 1-32 SET TODAY 1-32 UPDATE FORM ROW 1-33 Commd unfrt Program Control 1-34 Report Functions 1-36 COUNT 1-37 MAX 1-38 MEAN 1-38 MIN 1-39 SD 1-40 SUM 1-40 VAR 1-41 i 3. FORMS EDITOR 1-42 Status 1-42 Listing the Directory 1-43 Changing the Directory 1-43 Field Options 1-44 Attributes 1-44 Selecting Multiple Objects 1-45 Printing Forms 1-46 Generating Reports 1-46 Transaction Handling 1-47 4. OTHER FEATURES 1-54 5. KEY CONTROLS 1-56 ii 1. VOLUME 1: NEW FEATURES KEYBOARD EQUIVALENTS Superbase now provides the following keyboards equivalents for the buttons on the control panel: BUTTON KEY Pause Space bar Stop Ctrl C First Shift left arrow (Amiga)/ Home (Atari) Rewind Shift up arrow (Amiga) Previous Left arrow Current record Up arrow/down arrow Next Right arrow Fast Forward Shift down arrow (Amiga) Last Shift right arrow (Amiga)/ Insert (Atari) Key lookup ? Filter = External file * NOTE: THE KEYBOARD EQUIVALENTS TO THE CONTROL PANEL BUTTONS DO NOT OPERATE WHEN A SUPERBASE INPUT CURSOR IS ACTIVE (WHEN IT IS SHOWN ON SCREEN). VALIDATION HELP DIALOGS On page 2-19, Volume 1, you will find an explanation of how to create your own Validation Help Messages. These allow you to define a single line message which explains exactly why the data is invalid. However, there are some circumstances in which a single line message is not very helpful. An example would be the following validation formula which checks the data you enter against the data in another file: LOOKUP (Stockcode.Invline, Stockcode.Stock) ELSE "Stock code not found in Stock file" When you enter the code for a stock item into the Invline file, the formula uses the LOOKUP function to check whether the code exists in the Stock file. The trouble is that if users make a mistake, it is probably because they are not sure what the code is for a particular stock item. Ideally, they should be shown a list of all the stock items in the file together with their codes. S-1 This is just what validation help dialogs do. They display a list of all the acceptable data inputs, and allow the user to select an item by clicking on it (without having to type it in). To display a help dialog, you need to use the REQUEST command in your validation formula: For the example above, the formula would be: LOOKUP (Stockcode.invline, Stockcode.Stock) ELSE REQUEST "Stock code not found", "Select another stock code", 20, a%, Stockcode.Invline, 40, Stockcode.Stock, Description.Stock When the user enters the wrong stock code, the following dialog will appear: Stock code not found Select another stock code AEG3 AEGIS Draw Plus AMI1 XT Bridgeboard with 5.25 Diskdr AMI2 CLI-MATE AMI3 SUPRADRIVE 20mB Hard Disk AMI4 SUPRADRIVE 60mB Hard Disk AMI5 Megaboard 2 AMI6 Amiga SUPERBASE PERSONAL -------------------------------------------------- AEG4 OK CLEAR CANCEL Provided the first field is an indexed field, type the first letter of the stock code would bring up a set of stock codes beginning with that letter. Alternatively, you can use the scroll bars or the cursor keys to scroll down the list. Double clicking on any item in the list automatically places the item into the field specified (in this example, the Stockcode.Invline field). Note that for validation formulas you can only use dialog type 20. A full description of this type of dialog is given on page 27 of this supplement under the entry for the REQUEST command. Here we will just explain how the example formula works. The first two parameters for the REQUEST command specify the validation message. As with other types of dialog, you can leave these blank by entering two empty strings: i.e., the command would start with: REQUEST "", "", ... The next parameter 20 defines the dialog type. The numeric variable a% is assigned a value of 1 if the user clicks on OK, and 0 for CANCEL. S-2 Stockcode.Invline is the name of the field to which the formula is attached. The item you select will be entered into this field. 40 specifies the width of the dialog in terms of the number of characters. The remaining two parameters - Stockcode.Stock and Description.Stock - specify the fields which are to be displayed in the dialog. The first field is the one that will be selected for your data entry and is therefore compulsory. As an option, you may also specify one or two extra fields to provide the user with additional information about the data. LOOKUP In Chapter 2, Volume 1, there is a section which describes the two ways of using the LOOKUP function in a file definition. The description of the second way - using LOOKUP for cross-file calculation - is misleading and needs to be modified. In this section, we first explain the problem and then give a solution to it. Cross-file calculation uses a calculation formula in combination with LOOKUP to extract data from another file. The manual gives an example involving two fields, Stockcode and Unit_Cost, in an Orders file. The Stockcode field has the following validation formula attached to it: LOOKUP (Stockcode.Orders, Stockcode.Stock) When new data is entered in the Stockcode field, the formula checks that is exists in the Stock file. In doing this it also makes the record (which contains the same code) in the Stock file current. The manual suggests that you can then use the following calculation formula to read the appropriate unit cost from the Stock file into the Unit_Cost field in the Orders file: Unit_Cost.Stock This formula would be attached to the Unit_Cost field in the Orders file. This approach works perfectly when you enter new data, but it may create problems when you edit the existing data. Suppose the cursor is active in the Stockcode field; if you now press the Escape key and enter a new stock code, the LOOKUP formula will be executed and the correct record in the Stock file (the secondary file) will be selected. And the value that is read into the Unit_Cost.orders field without altering the contents of the Stockcode.Orders S-3 field, LOOKUP is not executed and the correct record in the secondary file is not selected. The calculation formula attached to Unit_Cost.Orders continues to work and extracts data from the Stock file. But because the current record in the Stock file has not changed since the previous operation, the data it contains will probably be incorrect for the current Orders record. The solution to this problem is to include another LOOKUP as part of the calculation formula using a ternary operator. For example, the formula attached to Unit_Costl.Orders could be: LOOKUP (Stockcode.Orders, Stockcode.Stock)? Unit-Cost.Stockcode: 0 The effect of this formula is to force a LOOKUP on the Stock file whenever new data is entered in the Unit_Cost.Orders field. First it checks to see whether the stock code in the current record in the Orders file exists in the Stock file. If it does exist, it makes the matching record in the Stock file current. The condition expressed by the ternary operator has been satisfied, so the first value after the question mark - i.e. the contents of Unit_Cost.Stock - is assigned to Unit_Cost.Orders. If the condition is not satisfied, the second value - in this case, a value of zero - is assigned. It is up to you to decide what action is to be taken if the LOOKUP is unsuccessful. With string fields, you may want to assign a text string indicating that an error has occurred, as in: LOOKUP (Stockcode.Orders, Stockcode.Stock)? Description.Stock: "Error" This formula would be attached to the Description field in the Orders file. If the stock code does not exist in the Stock file, it assigns the string "Error" to the field. Alternatively, you could define a formula which left the contents of the Description field unaltered when an error occurs: LOOKUP (Stockcode.Orders, Stockcode.Stock)? Description.Stock: Description.Orders S-4 PROCESS IMPORT This option has several different applications: As a file conversion utility it takes a file created in another program and turns it into a Superbase file. In one step it converts files from Lotus, Logistix, or Dbase into Superbase's own format. From other spreadsheet programs it will also convert files which have been stored in the DIF format. It allows you to read ASCII data into a Superbase file. Almost all software packages are capable of producing ASCII files, so you will use this facility to import files which cannot be directly converted by the first method. Alternatively, you can produce an ASCII file by exporting the records in a Superbase file; so Import can also be used to transfer or add records from one Superbase file to another. The next four sections describe these features in more detail. Then there are three further sections which explain how to use the Import option, giving the exact procedure for each type of application. FILE TYPES Superbase recognizes the following file types: ASCII delimited files ASCII fixed length files DBASE '.dbf' files LOTUS files with extensions '.wks' or 'wk1' LOGISTIX '.lgx' files DIF files In ASCII delimited format, the data is stored as ASCII characters but the file also uses special characters (separators) to mark the end of each data item such as a field or a record. When you export records from a Superbase file, they are stored in this format - in an ASCII delimited file. In ASCII fixed length files each field and record occupies a fixed amount of space on disk and the data is stored as a continuous string of ASCII characters. '.dbf' files are the Dbase equivalent of Superbase's '.sbf' files; i.e., this is the format used in Dbase II and III for standard database files. The Lotus and Logistix formats are used for spreadsheet data files. S-5 DIF is a standard format used by many software packages for exporting files. In this respect it is similar to ASCII format but has the advantage of allowing the file to be converted to the Superbase format in one step. FILE CONVERSION Files in the ASCII formats must be read into a pre-defined Superbase file (see the next section). With the other formats, Import performs the conversion automatically and creates new '.sbf', 'sbd' and index files in the current Superbase directory. The new files (which together make up a single database file) will take the same name as the file that has been converted. When you import spreadsheet data into a database, each row is taken as a record, and the individual cells in a row represent fields. Any empty columns in the spreadsheet are ignored. Clearly, it is not practical to convert a spreadsheet file into a database file unless the data is structured as a series of repeated rows. However, Superbase gives you the option of converting just one block in the spreadsheet grid by specifying a range of cells. You can also use a row of labels to define the field names in the Superbase file. If the spreadsheet labels are specified, the fields take the grid's column letter with an underscore character added to it; i.e., all the cell data in the first column would be stored in a field named "a_". CONVERTING ASCII FILES To convert an ASCII file you must first create a new Superbase file to hold the data. This in turn means that you will need to know the following information about the ASCII file's structure: The number of fields in a record. The number of characters in each field. For delimited ASCII files, this will be The maximum number of characters in a field. The type of data each field contains: numeric, string, data, or time. Once you have acquired this information, you must define a Superbase file (using the New File option on the Project menu) which has the same structure. For example, if the first field in the ASCII file contains numeric data, the first file in the Superbase file must be numeric and it must have the same numeric format. One way of finding out these details is to display the file on screen. You will then be able count the characters for the different fields and check the way numeric data is stored. Use the List option on the System menu to S-6 display ASCII delimited files. Provided there are not more than 255 characters on a line (i.e., the total number of characters in the record must not be more than 255), you can also use List for ASCII fixed length files. If the lines are over this limit, you may be able to check the format by printing the ASCII file. IMPORTING ASCII FILES: PREREQUISITES As far as importing the ASCII data is concerned it doesn't matter how or where the file was created. So you should take the same steps whether you are transferring data from one Superbase file to another, or converting a file from another program; the prerequisites are the same: The file into which the data is to be imported is always the current file. Make sure you have opened this file before you select Import. The fields into which data is to be imported must be of the correct type: a numeric field for numbers, a date field for dates, etc. Superbase will signal an error if Import tries to store a blank field that has Required status. Remove such status temporarily with Project Edit. Validation checks will be made on all fields in records created by Import, whether they are being imported into or not. Again, you may need to temporarily remove Validations using Project Edit. You can specify that only certain fields are imported by selecting these fields in the Open Fields list (select Open Fields from the Project menu). If you are importing into just the set of open fields, Superbase will create records with the other fields left blank. Index entries for such fields may be created, but they too will be blank. If you are importing data from an ASCII delimited file, you may need to specify which characters it uses as separators (or delimiters). On the Amiga, the default values are 44 (the comma) for the field separator and 10 (the line feed character) for the record separator. GEM has the same value for the field separator, but uses two characters for the record separator, 13 (the carriage return character) and 10(the line feed character). If the separators in the ASCII file are different from these, select Options on the Set menu and alter the separator values accordingly. S-7 USING IMPORT Whatever the application, the first stage in the Import procedure is always the same. Select Import from the Process Menu. Superbase displays the Import dialog. It shows the file type options with selection buttons to the left of them. Click on the button corresponding to the type of file you wish to import. After selecting one of the spreadsheet types, you have to option of specifying the range and a label row. The first value for the range should be the coordinates for the cell at the top left-hand corner; the second value determines the bottom right-hand cell. Coordinates are entered in the conventional way for spreadsheets; for example, A12 or AF30. If the range is not specified, Superbase converts the entire spreadsheet file. To specify that a row of labels will be used for field names, enter the number of the row. If you leave this box blank, the field name for a column of cells is formed by taking the column identifier and adding an underscore character to it. The next step depends on whether you have selected ASCII files or one of the other types. For ASCII files there is an interim stage where you can set a filter on the file that is to be imported. ASCII FILES ONLY When you click on OK in the Import files type dialog. Superbase displays the Import Filter dialog: This allows you to determine which records in the ASCII file are to be imported into the Superbase file. The dialog is the same as the normal Filter dialog. See Chapter 1, for a detailed explanation of how Filters work. Build up your Filter Command Line in the normal way and click on OK. SELECTING THE IMPORT FILE You will now be presented with a file selection dialog. If you have specified an ASCII format, it lists all the files in the current directory. Otherwise it only shows files of a particular type; i.e., if dBase is specified, the dialog lists files with the extension name '.dbf' (but it doesn't show the extension name). You may also type in a path name and file name for a file in another directory, leaving out the extension name if it is not an ASCII file. Select the file you wish to import or convert and click on OK. For ASCII files this completes the procedure. If one of the file conversion types has been specified - dBase, S-8 Lotus, Logistix and DIF - Superbase displays a new index dialog where you can select the field or fields on which the new file is to be indexed. Note that when you import a file under program control, this option is not available and the file is indexed on the first field. PROCESS EXPORT This function allows you to convert a Superbase file to a different format so that it can be loaded into another software package. Generally, you will export files for use in a spreadsheet or another database program, but you may also want to load Superbase data into a wordprocessing program or a desktop publishing package. The only restriction is that the exported file must be in a format that is recognized by the other program. This should not be a problem since Export offers the same range of formats or file types as Import including two ASCII file types. Even if the other program does not provide any file conversion facilities, it will almost certainly be able to accept ASCII files. In addition, Export is used to convert data from a Superbase file into ASCII format so that it can be imported into another Superbase file. PREPARING TO EXPORT A FILE Before you select Export, you can specify which fields are to be exported, using the Open Fields option on the Project menu. In creating the new records Superbase will only take the data from the fields in the Open Fields list. If you intend to convert the Superbase file into an ASCII delimited file, two further preliminary options are available: Field and Record separators. Depending on the application, you may want to change the default values for the field and record separators. To do this, select Options on the Set menu. Quotation marks. The Options dialog in the Set menu allows you to specify that every field exported is enclosed in quotation marks. This is necessary if the data contains the character used as a field separator; for example, addresses, dates or numbers may contain commas. S-9 USING PROCESS EXPORT Make sure that the file you wish to export is the current file. Then select Export from the Process Menu. Superbase displays the Export file type dialog. Details of the different file types are given on page 5. Here, we only need to mention that the fields in ASCII fixed length files are exported in the format set in the current file definition. If the data in a field is shorter than the length set in the file definition, Superbase pads it out with spaces. Click on the button corresponding to the file type required. If you select a spreadsheet file type, you also have the option of specifying that labels are included - Superbase will export the field names as a set of labels along the first row of the spreadsheet data. Now click on the OK button. Superbase displays the Export filter. Use this to determine which records are to be exported. If you wish to export the entire file, leave the Filter Command line blank; otherwise, build up the Command Line in the normal way. When you click on OK, Superbase displays the Export File Name dialog. Enter the name the file is to have when it has been converted. With ASCII files, you should supply an extension name; we suggest that you adopt a convention for naming exported ASCII Files, such as ending each with the extension '.exp'. If you have specified one of the other file types, you should not include the extension name: Superbase will add the appropriate extension for you. Superbase then processes the database file, checking each record to see whether it matches the conditions set up in the Filter. If it does, Superbase creates a copy of the data in the currently open fields and stores it on disk. For program applications, variables can be used in place of fields. The fixed length option applies to variable names in the same way as to field names. S-10 MAIL MERGE Two enhancements have been made to the Mail Merge option on the Process menu: variables can now be entered in a text document in place of fields, and blank lines caused by empty fields are closed up. Variables will be mainly used in conjunction with a Superbase program so this feature is covered below in the section headed Programming Mail Merge. BLANK LINES One of the problems with merging a set of address fields is that in some records one of the fields may be empty. For instance, the address may not include a city name. If this line were left blank when the letter was printed, there would be an unsightly gap between the street name and the post code. Superbase solves the problem by checking whether a field (or variable) is empty or not. If it is empty, the field is not merged and the fields above and below are printed on consecutive lines. PROGRAMMING MAIL MERGE The menu-based facility should be sufficient for most of your mailing requirements. But for more complicated tasks, it is sometimes preferable to bypass the menu and run Mail Merge under program control. The two features that make program control possible are: The use of variables in a Text Editor document. The DML command? TEXT MERGE Variables have the same function in a Mail Merge document as fields. When you run Mail Merge, Superbase inserts the value of the variable in place of its name. But any variables used must be assigned a value in a program or from the command line before you merge a document. If they are not, Superbase will display a 'variable not defined' error message. As with fields, variable names must be enclosed by the ampersand character. Any variable can be used except an array variable. Usually, your text document will combine fields and variables; but it may also contain variable names only. The ? TEXT command does two things: it merges variable and field data (from the current record) with the text file in memory; and it then sends the text file to the current output device. If the current device is the screen, ? TEXT MERGE is equivalent to running Mail Merge for just one record only and displaying the result on screen. S-11 Superbase also provides the MERGE command but this simply duplicates the menu option. Using ? TEXT MERGE gives you exact control over the mail merge process since it allows you to set variables or open a different file while the merge operation in under way. Combining this with variables in a program greatly extends the scope of Mail Merge. It makes it possible to create far more sophisticated applications involving multiple files, conditional merging or even "boilerplating". USING PROCESS COMMS Select Comms from the Process menu. Superbase displays the communications parameters dialog. Before a file can be transferred, both users must set up all the parameters (except Comms port) in this dialog in the same way. For each of the following parameters you must select an option by clicking on its corresponding button: BAUD RATE This determines the speed at which the file data is transmitted. Five different baud rates are available: 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, or 300 PARITY The parity options are: None Even Odd If you select even or odd parity, an additional bit will be used to check the value of each data word transmitted. Even parity means that the total sum of the bits in a data word will be an even number; with odd parity, the total will be an odd number. NUMBER OF BITS PER CHARACTER The options are: 8 7 6 5 STOP BITS These mark the end of a data word. There can be either 1 or 2 stop bits. COMMS PORT Select 1 or 2 corresponding to the serial port used for the modem or connecting cable. TRANSMIT/RECEIVE Click on the Transmit button if you are sending a file, click on Receive to receive a file. S-12 FILE HEADER When this is set to On, Superbase transmits the file's name and the file is saved under this name at the receiving end. When File Header has been set to Off, the receiver specifies the name under which the file is to be saved. Superbase displays a file selection dialog before transmission takes place. If you are at the receiving end of the comms link, you must then enter a name for the file or select an existing name from the dialog panel. Note that when the file is transmitted, the last 128 byte block will be padded out with zeros. TRANSFERRING A FILE When both users have set the parameters in the comms dialog, they should click on OK. If you have selected Receive, the computer will then wait for a file to be transferred from the other end of the link. If you are transferring a file, you will be presented with a file selection dialog for the files in the current directory. Select the file you wish to send and click on OK. Superbase will then proceed to transmit the file. During transmission, a further dialog appears on both machines showing the status of the transfer. It displays the number of blocks successfully transmitted or received, and indicates errors. Superbase uses the Xmodem protocol for file transfer. Each block of file data is checked for errors as it is transmitted. If errors occur, the block is transmitted again. When the transfer is completed, the file is stored on disk (at the receiving end) under the same name with which it was transmitted. NOTE: If you are transmitting files over the public telephone network at a baud rate higher than 1200, you may experience problems with file transfer. In order to reduce the number of errors, you should select a lower baud rate. THE TRANSFER STATUS DIALOG During file transfer, Superbase displays a dialog showing the status of the transmission. The top of the dialog indicates whether the user is transmitting or receiving and, if the File Header has been set to On, it also gives the file name. Below this, there are three headings: Blocks, Count, and Errors. Blocks shows the number of blocks that are still to be transmitted, Count gives the number that have been successfully transmitted. S-13 REMOTE TRANSMISSION The procedure for sending files via modem is as follows: 1. Enter the receiver's number in the Autodial box in the comms dialog. 2. Select Transmit. 3. Set the other comms parameters for baud rate, port number, etc. 4. Click on OK. 5. Select the file or files (using wild cards) for transmission. Notice that there is no Remote/Local option in the comms dialog. Provided the modem is on line and the DCD line is off, Superbase detects that Remote transmission is required and proceeds with the operation as soon as you have selected a file. At the receiving end, you must select Receive and then set up the other parameters so that they have the same values as in the transmitter's comms dialog (although the port number does not need to be the same). If your modem has an autoanswer facility, this must be turned on. If it doesn't have autoanswer, the ring indicator line from the modem must be connected to the computer's RS 232 port. The next step is to click on OK in the comms parameters dialog. If the File Header option has been set to Off, you will first be presented with the file selection dialog where you can enter the name under which the file is to be saved. Superbase will then display the "busy" symbol (an hour glass icon) and will wait to be contacted by the transmitter. If the File Header option has been set to On, transmission will proceed as soon as the comms link has been established. S-14 2 DML KEYWORDS This part of the supplement gives the keyword entries for the following new commands and functions: LOAD SET SELECT FORM ROW SET EDIT SET HEADING SET NOW SET TODAY UPDATE FORM ROW Comms commands Report functions The last two sets of keywords are covered in separate sections under the headings Comms under Program Control, page 34, and Report Functions, page 36. Also provided here are the revised entries for keywords whose syntax has been amended or expanded: BLANK ENTER EXPORT IMPORT OPEN FIELDS REQUEST BLANK Purpose Creates a blank record in memory. SYNTAX BLANK [FORM]/ [DUPLICATE] [FILE sbfname] COMMENTS When you want to create a new record under program control, issuing a BLANK statement is the first step in the process. It sets up an empty record ready for data entry. There are several ways in which you can then enter data into the record's fields. S-15 Using BLAND with ENTER allows the user to type in the data for a new record from the keyboard. Together these two commands have the same effect as the RECORD NEW option in the RECORD menu. Alternatively, you can enter data from within a program, by assigning it directly to the fields in the new record. Typically, this would be the method you used to create new records by reading data in from another file on disk. The FORM parameter is used with a multi-file form; BLANK FORM creates records for each file represented in the form. When a form is open but the FORM parameter is not included, BLANK only creates a blank record for the current file. DUPLICATE is the program equivalent of Duplicate on the Record menu. It creates a copy of the current record and allows the user to create a new record by editing the copy. This parameter can only be used with a file, not a form. With the FILE parameter, you can create a blank record in a file which is open but not current. EXAMPLES 1 BLANK 2 BLANK FILE "abc" 3 BLANK ENTER STORE 4 BLANK Firstname.address="John" Lastname.address="Smith" STORE 5 BLANK DUPLICATE ENTER STORE The first example creates a new record in the current file. Example 2 creates a new record in another open file. Example 3 creates a new record in the current file, and allows the user to enter data in the record; then it saves the record on disk. Example 4 creates a new record, and enters data into the fields Firstname and Lastname; then saves the record on disk. Example 5 allows the user to create a new record by editing the current record. S-16 ENTER Purpose Allows the user to enter data in the current file or to edit the data in a record. SYNTAX ENTER [field] [ROW nexpr1]]/[nexpr2] [TO field2 [ROW nexpr3]] /[,nexpr4] COMMENTS ENTER works on the current file. Used on its own, it is equivalent to the Record menu option Edit. It displays the current record and allows you to edit it field by field, starting with the first field that is not Read Only. In effect, ENTER temporarily hands over control from DML to Superbase itself. When you press Return after the last field in a record or when you move the cursor down to the bottom of the record, control is transferred back to DML. The parameters for this command can only be used with a form. When a form is open and field1 or nexpr2 is specified without any further parameters, Superbase restricts the editing to just one field. You can supply either a field name or a field number where the number corresponds to the field's position in the field order; i.e. the entry order which was set when the form was created. After executing an ENTER command followed by field or nexpr2, Superbase makes the editing cursor active in the field specified; control is transferred back to DML when the user presses Return. With TO or nexpr4, you can specify that a range of fields is available for editing. TO must be followed by a field name and restricts editing to the fields in the range field1 to field2. nexpr4 gives the number of fields that can be edited - from field1 or nexpr2 onwards. As an example, suppose you wanted to restrict data entry from four fields from Firstname through to City. Assuming Firstname is number 2 in the form's entry order and City is number 5, you could use any of the following commands: ENTER Firstname TO City ENTER 2 TO City ENTER 2, 4 ENTER 2 TO City ENTER Firstname, 4 S-17 Superbase would make the cursor active in the Firstname field and allow you to enter data or edit Firstname and the next three fields. You may want to specify a starting point without restricting yourself to a given number of fields. To do this, enter 0 as the second numeric parameter; e.g.: ENTER 2, 0 or ENTER Firstname, 0 Now you will be able to edit any field in the form starting from field 2. Control will be transferred to DML when you press Return in the last field. The ROW parameter is used for entering data in transactions. nexpr1 specifies the number of the row at which you wish to start entering data, nexpr3 specifies the last row. Note that ENTER can also be used to edit form calculations. But in this case you should supply the calculation's order number, not the calculation name. Thus suppose you wished to enter a new value in a calculation named Calc1% which had the order number 7; the correct command to do this would be: ENTER 7 Because calculations on a form are treated as variables by DML, the command: ENTER CALC1% would only work correctly if Calc1% happened to contain the value of 7. When used in conjunction with BLANK, ENTER is equivalent to the Record menu option New, and allows you to enter data into a new record. This command does not save a record; to save a new or edited record use the command STORE. EXAMPLES 1 OPEN FILE "aaa" ASK "Record to edit"; x$ SELECT KEY x$ ENTER STORE S-18 2 OPEN FILE "aaa" BLANK ENTER STORE 3 ENTER Lastname 4 ENTER 4, 3 5 ENTER Cuscode TO Quantity 6 ENTER Cuscode ROW 3 TO Quantity ROW 5 Example 1 shows how to enter an existing record in order to edit it. Example 2 creates a new record. Example 3 restricts editing to the Lastname field. In example 4, fields (or calculations) 4 to 6 in the form's field order can be edited. Example 5 restricts editing to the fields from Cuscode to Quantity. The last example assumes there are transactions on the form and restricts editing to the fields in rows 3, 4 and 5. S-19 EXPORT Purpose Exports to an external file from the current file. SYNTAX The syntax for EXPORT varies according to the type of file being exported: ASCII files EXPORT [FILEsbfname] [INDEXindex] [TO]filename [WHERE conditions/ASK] [USING params]/[USING FILE] dbase files EXPORT [FILEsbfname] [INDEXindex] [TO]filename [WHEREconditions/ASK] USING "2"/"3" Spreadsheet files EXPORT [FILEsbfname} [TO]filename [WHEREconditions/ASK] [USING LABELS] COMMENTS This command is the program equivalent of the EXPORT option in the PROCESS menu. It converts a Superbase file to a specified format and stores it on disk. The filename parameter gives the name under which the file will be stored after it has been exported. It is this parameter that determines the file type. To export a file in dBase format, you must use the '.dbf' extension name. You must also specify whether it is to take the format for dBase II or dBase III by following the EXPORT command with the USING parameter. USING "2" exports in dBase II format, USING "3" exports in dBase III format. For example: EXPORT "address.dbf" USING "3" This converts the current Superbase database file to dBase III format. To convert a file to a spreadsheet format, you must give it one of the following extension names: .wks (for Lotus files) .lgx (for Logistix files) .dif (for DIF files) S-20 If you specify the USING LABELS option for spreadsheet files, the field names in the Superbase file will be exported as a row of labels. To export a file in ASCII format, choose a different extension name from the ones listed above. Alternatively, you can omit the extension name for ASCII files. Details of the syntax for exporting files in ASCII format are given at the end of this section. The next two parameters are used with all file types: FILE sbfname specifies the Superbase file which is to be converted. If this parameter is not given, EXPORT takes data from the current open file. WHERE conditions allows you to creates a filter to determine which records are copied to the export.conditions is set up in the same way as the command string in the Filter dialog. For an explanation of how the ASK parameter is used, see the entry for SELECT WHERE. If INDEX indexname is not specified, the command exports records in the order of the current index. Use INDEX to specify a different order. This parameter is not available if you are exporting a spreadsheet file. ASCII FILES There are two ASCII file formats, ASCII delimited and ASCII fixed length. To select the ASCII fixed length format, you must enter the USING FILE parameter at the end of the command. For ASCII delimited files, you may select the USING parameters option. This allows you to change the Export/Import parameters as specified in the Options dialog on the Set menu. These determine which characters Superbase used to separate fields and records in the ASCII file. You can also specify whether text fields are exported with or without quotation marks around them. If you do not specify USING parameters, Superbase will use the parameters which are set in the Options dialog. USING takes three parameters, each enclosed by quotation marks and separated by commas. For example: USING "&", "$$", "0" The first two parameters specify the field separation characters and the record separation characters. As in the Options dialog, you can define a separator using one character or two characters. The third parameter must be either 0 or 1; 0 for no quotation marks, 1 to include quotation marks. S-21 If you want to use a non-printing character-the carriage return character or the line feed character, for example-as a separator, you need to enter its ASCII code with the CHR$ function. For example: USING "&", CHR$(13)+CHR$(10), "0" defines the record separator as the carriage return character followed by the line feed character. EXAMPLES 1 EXPORT "aaa.dbf" USING "2" Exports the current file converting it to the dbase file "aaa.dbf" in the format for dBase II. 2 EXPORT FILE "aaa" INDEX fielda TO "aaa.wks" WHERE (datefield) < DAYS ("29 Apr 87") Exports records in the file "aaa" whose date field value is less than 29th April 1987. Stores them in Lotus file format with the name "aaa.wks". 3 EXPORT FILE "aaa" TO "aaa.exp" USING "&", "##", "1" Exports the data in the file "aaa" to ASCII delimited the "aaa.exp", using the separators specified. 4 EXPORT "aaa.exp" WHERE ASK USING FILE Exports the current file to the ASCII fixed length file "aaa.exp". When the commands is executed, ASK brings up a filter dialog where the user can enter the export filter conditions. S-22 IMPORT Purpose Converts dBase and spreadsheet files into Superbase files, imports an ASCII file into an open file. SYNTAX The syntax for this command varies according to type of file being converted or imported. ASCII FILES IMPORT filename [TO FILEsbfname] [WHEREcondition / ASK] [USINGparameters] / [USING FILE] dBase files IMPORTfilename.dbf Spreadsheet files IMPORTfilename.lbx/.wks/.wks/.dif [USINGstrexpr1, strexpr2 [strexpr3]] COMMENTS The extension name given as part of the filename parameter specifies the type of file that is to be read from disk. It also determines whether the file will be imported into an existing or converted into a new Superbase file. dBase files To convert a dBase file, you must supply the '.dbf' extension - no further parameters are required. The file will be converted to Superbase database file with an index on the first field. Spreadsheet files To convert a spreadsheet file, use one of the following extensions: .lgx (for Logistix files) .wks or .wk1 (for Lotus files) .dif (for DIF files) The first two parameters following USING specify the range of cells that is to be converted. strexpr1 gives the address of the cell in the top left-hand corner, strexpr2 gives the address of the bottom right-hand cell. If the USING parameters are not entered, Superbase converts the entire spreadsheet file. With strexpr3, you can give the number of a row in the spreadsheet data which contain labels. These will then be taken as the Superbase file's field names. S-23 If you leave this parameter out, the field names will be formed by taking the spreadsheet's column identifiers and adding an underscore character to them; i.e., data in column AB will be stored in field AB_. ASCII files With ASCII files, the data is imported into the current file or another open file specified with the TO FILE parameters. To indicate an ASCII file you can use any (or no) extension name except those listed above. Superbase can import two types of ASCII file, ASCII fixed length and ASCII delimited. The USING FILE parameter indicates that the file to be imported is ASCII fixed length. If this is omitted, it is assumed that the file is ASCII delimited. With ASCII delimited files, USING parameters can be used to change the default Import/Export values set in the Options dialog - i.e.to indicate which characters are used for field and record separators, and whether the field data is enclosed in quotation marks or not. For a description of USING and the parameters it takes, see EXPORT. With both ASCII file types, WHERE conditions allows the user to add a filter to the IMPORT command. condition is a set up in the same way as the command line in the Filter dialog. For details of the ASK parameters, see SELECT WHERE. EXAMPLES 1 IMPORT "aaa.exp" Imports the ASCII delimited file "aaa.exp" into the current open file. 2 IMPORT "aaa.exp" TO FILE "aaa" WHERE (datefield) > DAYS ("29Apr87") USING FILE Imports the ASCII fixed length file "aaa.exp" into the Superbase file "aaa", taking only the records whose date field value is later than 29th April 1987. 3 IMPORT "aaa.exp" WHERE ASK USING CHR$(44), CHR$(13), "0" Imports the ASCII delimited file "aaa.exp" into the current open file, and specifies that the file uses the comma and carriage return characters as field and record separators. It also indicates that the field data is not enclosed in quotation marks. The WHERE ASK parameter brings up a filter dialog when the command is executed. S-24 4 IMPORT "aaa.dbf" Converts the dBase file "aaa.dbf" into a Superbase file named "aaa.sbf". 5 IMPORT "aaa.lgx" Converts the Logistix file "aaa.lgx" into a Superbase file named "lgx". 6 IMPORT "aaa.wks" USING "a1", k50", "1" Converts the Lotus file "aaa.wks" into a Superbase file named "aaa.sbf". The USING parameters specify that only the cells in the range a1 to k50 are converted, and that the labels in row 1 are used as field names. Assuming that every row and column within the range is occupied, the Superbase file will have 50 records in it, with 11 fields to a record. LOAD SET Purpose Loads the parameters file from current directory. SYNTAX LOAD SET COMMENTS The parameters file is called 'sb.par'. It contains details of a number of user-defined preferences and options governing a variety of Superbase functions. Most of them are set in the Options dialog, but it also stores other items such as the label settings, numeric format and date format. The current parameters are stored on disk in the current directory (or in a directory specified by the parameter file path) when you click on OK in the Options dialog or with the command SAVE SET. The parameters file for the current directory is automatically loaded when you change to that directory. Typically LOAD SET would be used to restore a set of parameters after some of them have been altered, for example, to restore the previous numeric format after it has been changed using the NUMBASE command. You may also want to create multiple 'sb.par' files for different applications storing them under different names in a special directory. After copying one of them to the current directory and changing its name back to 'sb.par', you would then use the LOAD SET command to activate its parameters. S-25 EXAMPLES 1 COPY "\Params\param3" TO "\GEMAPPS\SBRO\DEMO\sb.par" LOAD SET Copies the file "param3" to the current directory and changes its name to "sb.par". Then loads the file. OPEN FIELDS Purpose Specifies which fields are displayed. Syntax OPEN FIELDS [FILEsbfname] [fieldlist] / [ADDfieldlist] COMMENTS This command is the program equivalent of the Open Fields option on the Project Menu. When used on its own or with the FILE parameter, OPEN FIELD loads the file's field list from disk - the field list for the current file is saved using the Save File option (i.e., it is stored with the file definition). The field list does not take effect until the current record is redisplayed. To specify under program control which fields are to be open, use the fieldlist parameter. It should consist of a list of field names separated by commas. Use the ADD parameter to add other fields to the existing set. To remove any restrictions on which fields are shown, use the CLOSE FIELDS command. EXAMPLES 1 OPEN FIELDS FILE "Address" Firstname, Lastname, Country, City 2 OPEN FIELDS: VIEW 3 OPEN FIELDS ADD Code S-26 REQUEST Purpose Displays a Superbase dialog. SYNTAX REQUEST text1, text2, type [nvar[strvar[len]]] COMMENT REQUEST allows you to select one of Superbase's dialogs and display it on screen. To some extent you can also customize a dialog to your own requirements. Thus you can place a title in box, and you can specify the text string that initially appears in the dialog's command line or selection box. For certain dialogs, it is also possible to specify the length of the box. text1 and text2 are the first and second line of the dialog title. They must be included although they can be "". The maximum length for each line is 50 characters. type is the dialog type. It defines the type of dialog according to the table shown below. nvar is a numeric variable. It returns a value of 1 if OK is selected and there is an entry into the string dialog. If CANCEL is selected or there is no entry into the string dialog, it return 0. strvar can be used with dialogs which have a string entry box and has two functions: It is used to place a default value into the string box, i.e., the text string in strvar is entered into the string box when the dialog is displayed. It returns the string which the user enters in the box. len specifies the length of the string box (where appropriate). This is particularly useful for the information dialogs. For dialog type 5 to 16 it is not needed as Superbase sets the box to the maximum file name length of 50 characters. For dialog type 4 len must be specified. S-27 Types of Dialogs available: TYPE DIALOG BUTTONS 0 string OK 1 string OK CANCEL 2 string OK 3 string OK CANCEL 4 string OK CLEAR CANCEL 5 Current file fields OK CLEAR CANCEL 6 Open Fields list OK CLEAR CANCEL 7 Indexed fields OK CLEAR CANCEL 8 Non indexed fields OK CLEAR CANCEL 9 Field Info OK CLEAR CANCEL 10 Open Database Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 11 Database Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 12 Program Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 13 Text Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 14 Query Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 15 Update Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 16 Function Key Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 17 Directory Listing OK CLEAR CANCEL 18 Subdirectory Listing OK CLEAR CANCEL 19 Form Files OK CLEAR CANCEL 20 Record Selection OK CLEAR CANCEL 21 Same as dialog 1 but accepts Return key for OK 22 Same as dialog 2 but accepts Return key for Cancel 23 Same as dialog 4 but does not echo keyboard input Note that a database file must be open before dialogs 5 to 9 can be selected. Dialog type 20 has a different syntax to the other types: REQUEST text1, text2, type, nvar, field1/var, len, field2, [field3[field4]] The first two parameters have the same function as with other dialog types: they give the first and second lines of the dialog title.type can be any numeric expression with a value of 20.nvar is a numeric variable which returns 1 if OK is clicked, 0 for Cancel. The next parameter - field1/var - may be a field or a variable. If a field, it will usually be the name of a field in the current file but it can also be a field in another open file. Whatever is entered in the dialog is stored in the field or variable. The fields specified with field parameters 2 to 4 can also belong to any open file but it must be the same file.len specifies the width of the dialog in number of characters. S-28 When you execute this command, it list the contents of field2 for each record in the file. If field3 and field4 are specified, the contents of these fields will also be displayed in the dialog to the right of field2. Superbase retrieves the field2 data using the current value of field1 or var as an index key or a 'seed'. Provided field2 is an indexed field, the list of fields in the dialog will start with the field before the one that matches this key. If it is not indexed, the field data is listed in the order of the current index. When you select one of the field2 values from the dialog and click on OK, Superbase stores it in the field or variable specified with the field1 /var parameter. EXAMPLES 1 REQUEST "", "", 2, a% 2 a%=0: a$="": REM initialize nvar and strvar REQUEST "Select a program", "", 5, a%, a$, 32 IF a%=0 then ? "OK so you do not want to run a program": END CHAIN a$ 3 REQUEST "Select a customer code", "", 20, a%, Cuscode.Invhdr, 40, Cuscode.Customer, Firstname.Customer, Lastname.Customer. NOTES Example 1 puts an OK dialog up for 2 seconds. Example 2 allows the user to select a program to run. Example 3 illustrates the use of dialog type 20. Taking data from the Customer file, the dialog lists the names and customer codes of the individuals in the file. When the user selects a customer code from the dialog, it is stored in the Cuscode field in current record from the Invhdr file. S-29 SELECT FORM ROW Purpose Selects the current transaction row. SYNTAX SELECT FORM ROW nexpr COMMENTS This command is used with transaction forms to select one from a number of transaction lines. Transaction data on the form is held independently of record data. Consequently, it is necessary to select the transaction you wish to deal with in order to ensure that the record data reflects the transaction data. Once you have identified a transaction with SELECT FORM ROW, any reference to a field involved in transactions will refer to the instance of that field in that transaction. See UPDATE FORM, ENTER, FORM. Note that in selecting a transaction you also select the record which holds the data for the fields in the transaction; in other words, you make it the current record. EXAMPLES 1 x%=COUNT quantity.invline FOR n%-1 to x% SELECT FORM ROW n% ? quantity.invline NEXT NOTES The example displays all the quantity entries in the current form. S-30 SET EDIT Purpose Sets auto-entry to the Program Editor on or off. SYNTAX SET EDIT ON/OFF COMMENTS Normally when a program is interrupted - when CTRL C or the Stop button has been clicked, or when an error has occurred - Superbase opens the Program Editor window and makes the cursor active. SET EDIT OFF switches this feature off; if the window has been closed beforehand, it will remain closed when the program is stopped. SET HEADING Purpose Sets the title for the Superbase window. SYNTAX SET HEADING strexpr COMMENTS The title bar for the Superbase window normally shows the name of the current open file. SET HEADING allows you to replace this with your own heading. To restore the original heading, use SET HEADING "". EXAMPLES 1 SET HEADING "Invoice Form" 2 SET HEADING "" S-31 SET NOW Purpose Sets the time held in the system variable NOW. SYNTAX SET NOW strexpr COMMENTS strexpr must contain a time in the current time format as set with Date format in the Set menu or with the DATABASE command. EXAMPLES 1 SET NOW "14:35:08" 2 DATABASE "hh:mm:ss.s" SET NOW "23:59:59.9" SET TODAY Purpose Sets the date held in the system variable TODAY. SYNTAX SET TODAY strexpr COMMENTS strexpr must contain a date in the current date format as set with DATABASE or with Date format in the Options menu. EXAMPLES 1 SET TODAY "15May1988" 2 DATABASE "mm-dd-yy" SET TODAY "12-31-87" S-32 UPDATE FORM ROW Purpose Copies data from the current record or records to a specified transaction line. SYNTAX UPDATE FORM ROW nexpr COMMENTS This command is only used transaction forms. It updates the fields in the transaction line specified with nexpr taking the data from the current record. To redisplay use the FORM command. See SELECT FORM, ENTER, FORM. EXAMPLES 1 BLANK FORM SELECT FIRST FOR n%=1 TO 10 UPDATE FORM ROW A n% SELECT NEXT NEXT FORM NOTES The example program fills the first ten lines in the transaction form with data from the first ten records in the current file - it assumes that the fields in the file are the same as those on the form. S-33 COMMS UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL DML provides seven commands for handling communications under program control. The first five can be used for transmitting and receiving text strings rather than entire files. To see how these commands allow you to communicate with another Superbase user in 'chat' mode, you are recommended to look at the Comms program supplied on the demonstration data disk. The last two comms commands are the program equivalents of the Comms menu option and used for file transfer under the XMODEM protocol. 1. OPEN COMMS [USING parameters] This command opens the communications channel must be executed before attempting file or text transfer. USING can take up to eight parameters, each separated by a comma. The parameters correspond to the ones in comms dialog, as follows: param1: Port number (either 0 or 1) param2: Baud Rate (9600/2400/1200/300) param3: Parity (0/1/2) param4: Stop Bit (either 1 or 2) param5: Word Length (5/6/7/8) param6: Transmit/Receive (1 for Transmit, 0 for Receive) param7: File Header (0 for Off, 1 for On) param8:Autodial Number The Autodial number must be supplied as a text string; the other parameters must be numeric values. If you do not supply these parameters, Superbase uses the values currently shown in the comms dialog. These default values are stored in the sb.par file when you click on OK in the dialog. An example of the use of the OPEN COMMS command would be: OPEN COMMS USING 1, 1200, 0, 1, 8, 1, 1, "0932751594" Here the command opens a channel for remote transmission to a modem on the telephone number 0932 751594 2. CLOSE COMMS This closes the communications channel and should be executed at the end of any operation involving data transfer. S-34 3.COMMS[TEXT]GET stringvar This works in a similar way to GET when it is used as a keyboard input command. Instead of reading a character from the keyboard, COMMS GET reads a character from the comms buffer and stores it in the string variable specified. If the buffer is empty it returns a null character. As with GET, it doesn't wait for a character to be transmitted, and when the buffer is empty it returns a null character. If you want COMMS GET to wait for transmission, you need to place it in a loop, as in: lab1: COMMS GET a$: IF a$="" THEN GOTO lab1 The TEXT parameter limits the range of characters that are returned to those with ASCII codes less than 128. Characters whose codes are greater than 127 are converted to this range (i.e., Superbase strips off the highest bit); for example, ASCII character 180 would be returned as character 52. 4. COMMS[TEXT]INPUT stringvar This command reads up to 255 characters at a time from the comms buffer into the string variable specified. If it finds a line feed character (ASCII 10) it only takes the characters up to and including the line feed. Otherwise, within the limit of 255, it returns as many characters as there are in the buffer. The optional TEXT parameters operates in the same way as it does with COMMS GET. It maps characters over 127 onto their ASCII equivalents in the range 0 to 127. 5. COMMS ? strexpr This outputs the characters in the string expression (either a string variable or a text string enclosed in quotation marks) through the comms channel. For example: COMMS ? "Hello" sends the word Hello to the computer at the receiving end. 6. COMMS FILE GET strexpr Use this command to receive a file under program control. The string expression should specify the name under which the file is to be saved. However, if the File Header option is On, it will be saved using the name under which it was transmitted; so you do not need to supply the file name and can just give the empty string. For example: OPEN COMMS 9.9600, 0, 1, 8, 0, 1 COMMS FILE GET "" CLOSE COMMS S-35 7. COMMS FILE[?]strexpr This command is the program equivalent of transmitting a file using the Comms menu option. The string expression should specify the file or files that are to be transmitted. For example, to transmit the Address database files, you could enter: a$="Address" COMMS FILE ? a$ + ".*" REPORT FUNCTIONS These functions can only be used with repeated fields occurring in reports and transactions (a group of repeated fields in a form), and array variables. When a report or a form displays multiple instances of the same type of data - for example, the deposits made to a bank in a single month - you will usually want to derive totals from the data or to analyze it in certain ways. Report functions allow you to do this with a single command. Within a program you can use them to total or analyze a range of values which have previously been assigned to an array. The report functions are: SUM COUNT MIN MAX MEAN VAR SD Apart from COUNT, which returns the number of instances of the same field or the number of array elements, these functions only operate on numeric values: the function's argument must be a numeric field or a numeric array. There is an important difference between the way the report functions work with arrays and with the fields in a transaction form. With arrays, they act on all the elements whether they have been assigned a value or not. But with transaction forms they only operate on the lines which contain data; i.e., COUNT shows the number of transaction lines that are filled and ignores blank lines. S-36 Parentheses are optional with report functions. To show the total of all the occurrences in a transaction form of the field Amoung, you could enter: ? SUM Amount or ? SUM (Amount) With array variables, you enter the array name of its, own, as in: ? MEAN a% If the array has more than one dimension, the function operates on the first dimension. COUNT Purpose Returns the number of repeated fields in a report or transaction form. Also returns the number of elements in an array. SYNTAX COUNT (fieldname/array) COMMENTS As a report function, COUNT can only be used with repeated instances of a field or a variable such as occur in reports and transactions or in an array. Unlike the other report functions, COUNT works with string, date and time fields as well as numeric fields. When a calculation variable is replicated as part of a transaction line, it is converted into an array. Unlike the other report functions, COUNT works with string, date and time fields as well as numeric fields. When a calculation variable is replicated as part of a transaction line, it is converted into an array variable. In most cases COUNT will be used with these types of variables - the arrays that occur in a transaction form rather than normal program arrays. If you supply a program array with more than one dimension as an argument, COUNT operates on the first dimension. When it used to count the fields in a block of transactions, COUNT only operates on the lines that contain data. With arrays, however, it gives the total number of elements irrespective of whether they have been assigned a value. S-37 EXAMPLES 1 x%=COUNT trans% 2 IF COUNT Lastname.Address > 20 THEN... MAX Purpose Returns the maximum value from a range of values. SYNTAX MAX (fieldname/numarray) COMMENTS fieldname must be the name of a numeric field which is repeated in a report or in a transaction form.numarray much be a numeric array which has been defined in a program or as calculation variable in a transaction line. The parentheses are optional. See COUNT. EXAMPLES 1 ? MAX range% 2 a%=MAX Score.Results MEAN Purpose Returns the average from a range of numeric values. SYNTAX MEAN (fieldname/numarray) COMMENTS fieldname must be the name of a numeric field which is repeated in a report or a transaction form.numarray must be a numeric array which has been defined in a program or as a calculation variable in a transaction line. The parentheses are optional. S-38 EXAMPLES 1 a%=MEAN age 2 DIM m%(10) FOR n%=0 to 10 m%(n%)=n% NEXT ? MEAN m% MIN Purpose Returns the minimum value from a range of numeric values. SYNTAX MIN (fieldname/numarray) COMMENTS fieldname must be the name of a numeric field which is repeated in a report or in a transaction form.numarray must be a numeric array which has been defined in a program or as calculation variable in a transaction line. The parentheses are optional. See COUNT. EXAMPLES 1 IF MIN range% < 15 THEN... 2 min%=MIN Score.Results S-39 SD Purpose Returns the standard deviation for a range of values. SYNTAX SD (fieldname/numarray) This function provides a measure of the spread of a range of numeric values from its mean. It only operates with repeated instances of a numeric field or numeric variable such as occur in reports and transaction forms. It can also be used with numeric arrays that are defined within a program. See COUNT. EXAMPLES 1 ?SD(n%) 2 Deviance%=SD Scores.Results SUM Purpose Returns the total for a range of values. SYNTAX SUM (fieldname/numarray) COMMENTS This function can only be used with numeric fields in reports and transaction forms, and with numeric arrays defined in programs or transactions. See COUNT. EXAMPLES 1 ? SUM Line_Value 2 IF SUM tot% 250 THEN... NOTES The parentheses are optional. S-40 VAR Purpose Returns the variance from the mean of a range of values. SYNTAX VAR (fieldname/numarray) COMMENTS fieldname must be a numeric field whose data is repeated in a report or a field in a transaction line.numarray can be a numeric calculation variable that occurs in a transaction line or a numeric array in a program. The parentheses are optional. EXAMPLES 1 IF VAR Score.Results > v% THEN... 2 x%=VAR scores% S-41 3. FORMS EDITOR The Forms Editor has been substantially enhanced for this version of Superbase and some of the sections in the Forms Editor User Guide and are incorrect. In addition, there are a number of new menu options and new attributes which are not covered in the User Guide. The new menu options are: Status, Directory Change and Directory List on the Project menu; and Field names on the Edit menu. In the Attributes window, the Pen selector and the Pen and Paper selector have been replaced by a single selector, and there are three new selectors for Border, Border Colour, and Currency Format. STATUS The Status option on the Project menu provides two types of information. First it gives information about various aspects of the system. Then if there is a form in memory, it displays the details of the form's fields and calculation. When you select Status, a dialog appears giving you the choice of outputting to the printer or the screen. Click on OK for the printer, Cancel for the screen. At the top of the screen, Status shows the following details: The Superbase files that have been opened The current directory The number of pages in the current form The amount of space remaining on the current disk The amount of free memory Below this (if there is a form in memory) Status gives the details of the form's field and calculation objects. For each object it shows the type (either FLD for field or CLS for calculation), the name, and the object's attributes. The attributes are listed in four columns. From left to right, they are: ORDER. The object's order entry number. JUSTIFICATION This can be L, C, or R for left, centre and right justification. S-42 READ ONLY. If the object has been given the read only attribute, it is indicated by the letter R. Otherwise this column is left blank. PRINT STATUS. If the object's print status is 'on', it is indicated by the letter P. If a calculation has a formula attached to it, this is shown in the line below. LISTING THE DIRECTORY The Dir List option lists all the files in the current directory. When you select it from the menu, a dialog appears giving you the choice of outputting the directory list to the printer or to the screen. For a screen display of the directory, click on the Cancel button. CHANGING THE DIRECTORY Within the Forms Editor you can change the current directory and the current drive using the Dir Change option on the Project menu. Directory displays a dialog which lists all the directories below the current level; i.e. if you are already at the bottom of the directory tree, the dialog will be empty. You can select a directory from the list in the usual way by clicking on OK or double clicking. Selecting '..' (on the Amiga, type '\') takes you to the next level up the directory tree. If you want to change to a directory in another branch of the tree, you will need to type in its name and pathname. For example, if you had a directory called images, which was a subdirectory of sbforms, typing \sbforms\images /sbforms/images would make Images the current directory. To change to another drive, type in the drive name - a:, b:, c:, or d:. (DF0:, DF1:, DH0: or DJ0:) After typing in a directory name or a drive name, click on OK or press Return. S-43 FIELD OPTIONS There are two options governing the way a field is added to a page: Field names on the Edit menu and Field borders which is available from the Attributes window. If you set the Field names option, the name of the field is added to the page as a text object in the standard system font. It is placed at the left of the field box at the same time as the field is added to the page. Field borders are treated as an attribute of a field and are represented in the Attributes window by the picture frame symbol (see next section). If this attribute is set, the Forms Editor draws the border of the field box with a solid line. By default, this attribute is not set, and the field box is drawn with a dotted line. If you print a form or load a form from within Superbase, the field will be shown with its border; the dotted lines around a field box only appear in the Forms Editor itself. Like the other attributes, Field borders can be altered at any time - you can assign a border or remove it from a field by selecting the field and then clicking in picture frame symbol. ATTRIBUTES COLOUR MODES In the current version of the Forms Editor, the Pen selector and the Pen and Paper selector in the Attributes window have been merged. There is now just one box to control both colour modes. By default, the Pen colour mode is selected; when you highlight the box, Pen and Paper is selected. CURRENCY FORMAT Another new feature in the Attributes window is the currency format selector, represented by the dollar sign. Assigning this attribute to numeric calculations ensures that they take the following format when their results are displayed in Superbase: numbers are right aligned and expressed to two decimals places; any leading zeros are removed. S-44 BORDER This attribute is represented by the picture frame icon. When it is set, areas and fields are drawn with a border. With areas, the border can be treated as a box. Although you can't detach it from the area, you can set its thickness and pattern in the same way as for boxes and lines. Field borders are always drawn with a thin solid line and cannot be altered. BORDER COLOUR The box to the right of the picture frame icon controls the colour of a border. To set the colour, first click in this box, then click in one of the boxes in the colour panel. You can set the border colour for both areas and fields. SELECTING MULTIPLE OBJECTS There are two ways of selecting a group of objects. With the first, you hold the Shift key down and click once on each object in turn. Click on an object again to deselect it from the group. The second way involves drawing a box around the objects that are to be selected. Start by pressing the Ctrl key, the click in an empty space just above and to the left of the group. Now drag the dotted outline of a box so that it encloses the group. Click once to select all the objects in the box. In order to deselect an object or a group of objects double click on part of the page that is not occupied by any object. S-45 PRINTING FORMS COPIES This allows you to print up to 99 copies of a form. Click in the Copies box to activate the cursor and enter the number of copies required. FIELD NAMES This option determines whether the field names on a form are printed or not. If you turn the Field name button off - by clicking in it - the Field character box will become active. Use this to specify the character that will be printed in the field boxes in place of the field names. Initially, the character shown is the letter X. To specify another character (the space character, for example) click in the box to activate its cursor, delete the letter X, and enter the character required. GENERATING REPORTS FORMATTING REPORT OUTPUT Calculations are especially useful for formatting text and numbers in the report output. Thus to format a numeric field, you can use the function STR$. The field should be included in a calculation formula instead of being added to the form as a separate object. For example, the calculation Balance$ could be used to format the numeric field Balance, using a formula like this: STR$(Balance, "$999999.99") Another example, which shows how text can be formatted, would be a formula such as: Firstname + " " + Lastname Here the formula ensures that first and last names are correctly spaced in the report output. PAGE NUMBER You can enter page numbers on the report using the system variable PG. When you print the report, Superbase assigns a value of one to this variable and then updates it by one every time a page is printed. Typically, PG would be entered in a calculation formula, and the calculation would be placed in the Heading box. For example, the formula could be: RIGHT$(STR$(PG, 2)) S-46 TRANSACTION HANDLING The simplest way of describing transactions is as a set of repeated fields in a form. Transactions allow the user to display data from multiple records in the same file and at the same time. Typically, each transaction would be a row of data drawn from several fields in a single record. The other key feature of transactions is that each set must be linked to a single record in another file. A form which is designed to process transactions - referred to here as a transaction form - must be based on at least two files, with one acting as the master file. The relation between a record in the master file and the records in a set of transactions is always 'one to many'. A TRANSACTION FORM EXAMPLE Let's consider an example of a database application for cataloging a book collection. It uses two files, Authors and Titles. The Authors file stores the name and other details of all the authors represented in the collection, using one record for each author. The records in the Titles file store the details of each book, such as its title, subject matter, and publisher. In addition, the records in both files contain an alphanumeric code (the author code) which links the books to their authors. This way of organizing the data is far more flexible than a system which uses a single file to catalogue the books. It makes it easy to design a form which displays the authors and a list of their books on screen at the same time. The data would be structured as follows: Author's name, Author code Title, Subject, Publisher Title, Subject, Publisher Title, Subject, Publisher If you clicked on the next record button, Superbase would read in the next author in alphabetical order followed by a variable number of lines, one for each of the author's books. The fields from a record in the Titles file are treated as a single transaction; a set of transactions represents all the books written by a particular author. There is an important point to made about this example which applies to transactions in general. All the records in a set of transactions have one thing in common: the author's code number. Although it is not part of the transaction line, it is this field that defines a number of records as a set of transactions and links them to the record in the Author file. S-47 Provided a transaction form establishes this link, it is also possible to include fields from other files in the transaction line; in this example, each transaction line could show the publisher's address by looking it up in an address file. SETTING UP A TRANSACTION FORM When you are creating a transaction form, Replicate is the option you use to define a number of fields and calculations as a set of transactions. As a prerequisite, you need to select these elements of a transaction as a multiple group. Then select Replicate from the Edit menu. The Forms Editor displays the Replicate dialog. You will see four input boxes and below them two buttons. In the boxes, you should enter numeric values for the following features: Transaction lines Line spacing Transaction columns Column spacing The number of transaction lines specifies how many times the selected group of fields and calculations will be replicated down the page; i.e., the number of transactions that will appear on the form. Line spacing determines the number of empty lines between transactions down the page. Enter a value of 0, if you wish the transactions to be placed one on top of the other. The transaction columns box allows you to specify whether the transactions are to be arranged in a single column or across the screen in two or more columns. The total number of transactions on the form will the number in this box times the number in the transaction lines box. If you want the form to have just one column of transactions, enter a value of 1. Column spacing only needs to be specified if you are using more than one transaction column. The number in this box determines how many spaces will be placed between each transaction across the page when there are more than one to a line. DOWN/ACROSS. These buttons determine the entry order for transactions. If the form has only one column of transactions, they will automatically be numbered from top to bottom. With multiple columns, you have the option of setting the entry order from top to bottom (DOWN) or left to right (ACROSS). S-48 Suppose, for example, the form has 8 transactions which are arranged like this: Trans Trans Trans Trans Trans Trans Trans Trans If you click on the DOWN button, the entry order will be: 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 Clicking on the ACROSS button would ensure the entry order was as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Note that this option only determines the entry order for the transaction line as a whole. It doesn't affect the order of the fields within a transaction (see the next section). CALCULATIONS A transaction line may also contain form calculations. These must be tied to the fields in the line; in other words, the calculation formulas must include a reference to one or more transaction fields. Calculations are replicated at the same time as the fields. You simply select them as part of the multiple group. The Forms Editor turns repeated calculations into an array. Remember that a form calculation can be treated as a program variable. When you replicate a calculation it becomes an array variable; for example, replicating the calculation tot% five times creates an array with five elements, tot%(0)to tot%(4). NOTE: IF THE CALCULATION SENDS ITS RESULT TO A FIELD, THE FIELD MUST BE ONE THAT OCCURS IN THE TRANSACTION LINE. IT SHOULD NOT POST DATA TO FIELDS IN OTHER FILES. S-49 SETTING LINKS For a transaction form to work, you must establish a link between a field in the master file and a field in the transaction line using the Link option on Set menu. Thereafter, you can set other links, but these must always be between fields in a 'one to one' relation. In other words, you cannot set up forms where a transaction has further transactions of its own. COPYING FIELDS AND CALCULATIONS Transactions are created by repeating fields (and calculations) with the Replicate option. If you repeat a field using some other technique - by copying it or by adding it to the page a second time - it will only show the data for the current record and the current transaction line. Usually, this field would be marked as Read Only and would be used to display a full description of data which is truncated in the transaction line. USING REPORT FUNCTIONS The report functions can be applied to the fields and calculations that occur in transactions. They are used in formulas which are attached to calculations outside the transaction block. An example, would be the formula: SUM Annual_interest This returns the total value of the field Annual_interest in all the transaction lines that contain data. Note that the report function do not operate on empty transaction lines. Other examples are: COUNT Stockcode MEAN MAX MIN Apart from COUNT, the report functions can only be used with numeric fields and calculation variables. Report functions can also be used in DML programs. As well as working with transaction items, they can be applied to the arrays which are defined within a program. See the entries for these functions in Chapter 5, DML User Guide. S-50 PROGRAMMING TRANSACTIONS One of the advantages of using a form to process transactions is that it does not require any programming. However, transaction forms on their own will only take you so far. For more complex applications, you will need to combine the form's built-in processing facility with a program. Superbase provides the following commands for handling transactions: SELECT FORM ROW UPDATE FORM ROW ENTER When they are used with the ROW keyword, these commands give the programmer control over input and output to the individual lines in a set of transactions. For more details, see the entries for these commands in the section headed DML Keywords. SINGLE FILE APPLICATIONS By definition, transactions can only be defined in a multi-file form. However, if you replicate fields on a form which uses just one file, they still share some of the features of transactions. A form like this will display multiple records from one file in a similar way to Superbase's form view option. But it is has the advantage of allowing you to click on any of the lines on screen. The line then becomes the current record. You can use this feature for two purposes: as a way of selecting a record from a list, and as a way of entering data from multiple records at the same time. SETTING THE ENTRY ORDER FOR TRANSACTIONS The Order option on the Set menu allows you to define the entry order for the fields and calculations in a transaction in the same way as for non-transactional fields. However, there are a number of restrictions that apply when you are setting the entry order for the elements of a transaction. The entry order sequence within a transaction is the same for all the transactions on the form; i.e., if you specify for one transaction that data is entered from left to right, this will also be the case for the other transactions. This means that when you are setting the entry order, you should concentrate only on the first transaction. Any changes you make will then be automatically repeated in the rest of the transactions. S-51 The entry order for the transactions treated as units is set in the Replicate dialog and cannot be altered. In other words, the order numbers of the elements in one transaction will always remain the same relative to the elements in the other transaction. If you alter the order of a transaction element with respect to other fields on the form, all the transaction order numbers will be altered at the same time (although they remain the same relative to each other). To illustrate these points, let's consider an example involving a form with four transactions each containing three fields. In addition to the transactions, there is one non-transaction field on the form above the transaction block. The fields are arranged like this: Field_a Field_b Field_c Field_d Field_b Field_c Field_d Field_b Field_c Field_d Field_b Field_c Field_d Field_a stands on its own; the other fields are elements in the four transaction lines. Initially, the entry order is as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Suppose you wanted to change this order so that the user was required to enter data in the second field (Field_c) in each transaction line before the first field. To do this you would click once in Field_c on the first transaction line, and then again on Field_b. The entry order would now be: 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 10 12 11 13 S-52 You might also want to ensure that data was entered in the transactions before Field_a. In this case you would need to select the Order option again, and then click twice on Field_c in the first transaction. The entry order would then be: 13 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 11 10 12 EDITING TRANSACTION FORMS Despite their greater complexity, transactions can be edited in the Forms Editor in the same way as other objects on the form. Editing a transaction line includes deleting fields, adding new fields, and redefining the arrangement of a transaction block by selecting Replicate again. Before editing a transaction, you need to select the item or items you wish to change. This has the effect of selecting all the items of the same type in the transaction block; i.e., selecting a filed in the first line automatically selects the same field in the other lines. To add a field, first place it on the form, select it in the usual way, and then select Replicate. It is not necessary to select the fields that are already defined as transaction elements; after you have redefined the transaction block using Replicate, the new field will be incorporated in the transactions. EDITING TRANSACTION ENTRIES Superbase provides three editing controls for use when you are entering data in a new transaction form. Ctrl D deletes the transaction line at the cursor, and closes up any line above and below. Ctrl N inserts a new blank line on the line above the cursor. Pressing the Escape key clears the field where the cursor is currently positioned. Pressing it a second time, then clears all the fields in the transaction line. Note that these controls also have an effect on existing data, but it is confined to the screen display. If you use Ctrol D to delete a line in a set of transactions and then save the form, the data in the corresponding fields will not be deleted at the record and file level. S-53 4. OTHER FEATURES Program identification. The program editor now allows you to indent lines in order to improve legibility or to exhibit the structure of the program more clearly. Outputting to the screen. In earlier versions of Superbase, placing a semicolon at the end of an expression list with the ? command had the effect of suppressing output to the screen; the expressions were not displayed on screen until a new line was entered. In this version, the screen is updated immediately irrespective of how the output is formatted. For example: ? "one", "two", "three"; would display the expressions "one" "two" "three" straight away. The & output format parameter. This parameter has now been modified to allow you to specify the number of decimal places in the format when you are outputting the results of calculations in a query or from a program. As before, & followed by an integer sets the maximum length for the text strings or text fields. When it is followed by a decimal number, the & parameter specifies the number of digits that will be displayed before and after the decimal point. For example: ? &4.3 (Numfield/3) ensures that the result of the calculation (Numfield/3) will be displayed to three decimal places and with four digits before the decimal point. The close gadget is disabled while a program is running Query Language Commands. In the Keyword Reference Guide under the entry for SELECT, the description given of the way the TO device options works is misleading. If used, this option must be entered at the end of a query section, and it takes the place of the END SELECT statement. The correct syntax for the SELECT command is: SELECT[params]fields: [statements]: END SELECT/TO device An example would be: SELECT Firstname, Lastname, City WHERE Lastname LIKE["a-e"*] TO "aaa.asc" S-54 The last line in this query section ensures that output is sent to "aaa.asc", an ASCII file on disk. Date Format I. You can now specify a date format in which single digit days and months are given a leading zero. This is done by replacing the first 'd' in the format string with '0'; for example, instead of: DATEBASE "dd mmmm yyyy" you would enter: DATEBASE "Od mmmm yyyy" Date Format II. Any of the existing date formats that make use of spaces as separators are now also available without spaces. For example: DATEBASE "dd mm yy" which formate the date as 6 10 87, can also be entered as: DATEBASE "ddmmyy" This would format the date as 61087. Note that these new formats cannot be set from the date format dialog. If you wish to set a date field to one these formats, use the MODIFY command or edit the field definition in the '.sbd' file. Time Format. Unlike the date format, the time format is not saved in the SB.par file. If you alter the default time format in the date/time format dialog (selecting it from the Set menu), the your new setting will only apply for the current session. To set the time format so that it also applies the next time you load Superbase, you should use the DATEBASE command in conjunction with the Start program - define the format you require with DATEBASE and insert the command in the Start program. Draft Printing in the Forms Editor. In Draft mode, the Forms Editor now prints boxes and lines as well as text. Atari versions of Superbase now accept '.gem' image files in addition to the other file formats listed in the Atari appendix. S-55 5. KEY CONTROLS MENU SELECTION The '^' character represents the Ctrol key. Thus ^B indicates that you should press Ctrl and the letter B at the same time. On the Amiga, the right Amiga key is the equivalent of the Alt key used in GEM versions of Superbase. KEY COMBINATION MENU OPTION Alt/Amiga O Project Open File Alt/Amiga I Project Open Index Alt/Amiga C Project Close Fields Alt/Amiga N Record New Alt/Amiga E Record Edit Alt/Amiga B Record Batch Alt/Amiga S Record Save Alt/Amiga T Set Table View Alt/Amiga R Set Record View Alt/Amiga F Set Form View Alt/Amiga D System Directory List Alt/Amiga X System Directory Change Alt/Amiga Y System Status File Alt/Amiga Z System Status System Alt/Amiga L System List Alt/Amiga A Program Command RECORD SELECTION These keys are the equivalents of the record selection buttons on the control panel. They do not operate when a cursor for data or text input is on screen. KEY RECORD SELECTION BUTTON Cursor right arrow Next record Cursor left arrow Previous record Cursor up arrow Current record/previous page in a form Cursor down arrow Current record/next page in a form Shift up arrow (Amiga) Rewind Shift down arrow (Amiga) Fast Forward Space bar Pause Shift left arrow (Amiga) First Record Insert (Atari) First Record Shift right arrow (Amiga) Last Record S-56 Clr Home (Atari) Last Record ^C Stop ? Key Lookup = Filter * Camera DATA ENTRY These controls are used for editing the data you enter in fields and the lines you enter in dialogs; e.g., filters, query command lines, formulas, file and field names. KEY/KEY COMBINATION FUNCTION Escape (Atari) Clear line. ^X (Amiga) Clears line. Alt/Amiga U Undoes last deletion. Cursor right arrow Moves the cursor one character to the right. Cursor left arrow Moves the cursor one character to the left. Home (Atari) Moves the cursor to the start of the line. Shift left arrow (Amiga)Moves the cursor to the start of the line. Insert (Atari) Moves the cursor to the end of the line. Shift right arrow (Amiga) Moves the cursor to the end of the line. Del Deletes character to the right of the cursor. Backspace Deletes character to the left of the cursor. Tab Moves the cursor eight characters to the right. Shift Tab Moves the cursor eight character to the left. Return Moves the cursor to the next field down or, on a form, to the next field in entry order. Shift Return Moves the cursor to the field above or, on a form, to the previous field in entry order. TEXT AND PROGRAM EDITING KEY/KEY COMBINATION FUNCTION Shift up arrow (Amiga) Scrolls window up text or program by one full screen. Shift down arrow (Amiga)Scrolls window down text or program by one full screen. Cursor left arrow Moves cursor to next character to the left. Cursor right arrow Moves cursor to next character to the right. Cursor up arrow Moves cursor to the character in the same column on the line above. S-57 Cursor down arrow Moves the cursor to the character in the same column on the line below. ^B Takes the cursor to the first line in the text/program. ^G Takes the cursor to the last line in the text/program. Shift left arrow (Amiga) Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line. Home (Atari) Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line. Shift right cursor (Amiga) Moves the cursor to the end of the current line Insert (Atari) Moves the cursor to the end of the current line Tab Moves the cursor eight characters to the right. Return In Overwrite mode moves the cursor to the start of the next line. Shift Tab Moves the cursor eight characters to the left. Backspace Deletes the character to the left of the cursor Del Deletes the character to the right of the cursor. ^D Deletes the current line. ^E Deletes text from the cursor to the end of the line. ^X Deletes all the text on the line leaving a blank line. ^U Undoes the last deletion or insertion. ^N Creates a new line below the cursor. ^S Splits line at the point where the cursor is. Return Has same effect as ^S but in Insert mode only. Text Editor only. ^A Closes up a line after it has been split. ^V Toggles Insert and Overwrite modes on and off. Text Editor Only. ^L Marks the current line for copying. ^R Copies the line that has been marked by ^L, inserting it below the cursor. ^F Reformats paragraph to the current ruler settings. Text Editor only. Alt/Amiga P Toggles the Plain type style on and off. Text Editor only. Alt/Amiga B Toggles Bold on and off. Text Editor only. Alt/Amiga U Toggles Underline on and off. Text Editor only. Alt/Amiga I Toggles Italic on and off. Text Editor only. Alt/Amiga H Displays the Help window. S-58 INDEX & 1-54 E Editing Transactions 1-53 A ENTER 1-17 ASCII delimited files Export 1-9, 1-20 Importing 1-5 File types 1-9 Attributes 1-44 Colour modes 1-44 F Border 1-45 Field borders 1-44 Border Colour 1-45 Field names 1-44 Currency format 1-44 Field options 1-44 Field separators 1-7 B File Conversion 1-6 BLANK 1-15 Formatting report output 1-46 Border 1-45 Border Colour 1-45 I Import 1-5, 1-23 C File Formats 1-5 CLOSE COMMS 1-34 Import file types 1-5 Colour modes 1-44 Comms 1-12 K COMMS? 1-35 Key controls 1-56 COMMS COMMANDS 1-34 Keyboard equivalents 1-1, 1-56 COMMS FILE 1-36 COMMS GET 1-35 L COMMS INPUT 1-35 LOAD SET 1-25 COUNT 1-37 Logistix files 1-6 Currency format 1-44 Lookup 1-3 Lotus files 1-6 D Date format 1-55 M dBase conversion 1-20 Mail Merge 1-11 Dbase files 1-5 Blank lines 1-11 DIF files 1-6 Program commands 1-11 Dir Change 1-43 Programming 1-11 Dir List 1-43 Variables 1-11 Draft printing 1-55 INDEX-1 ============================================================================ DOCS PROVIDED BY RAP AND -+*+-THE SOUTHERN STAR-+*+- for M.A.A.D. ============================================================================