PC go! 1995 September

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^hInternational information^n This part of the manual will have all kind of different international information. We will try to gather as much information as possible and put in here, but please if you have any suggestions for additional information you think could be useful for a lot of people, please contact a registration site. ^hUnit of measurement^n metre (m) for length kilogram (kg) for weight second (s) for time ampere (A) for current intensity kelvin (K) for absolute temperature (absolute zero -273.15 Celsius) candela (cd) units of luminous intensity mol (mol) for quantity of material The units are defined with the biggest possible accuracy compared to imperishable sizes. For example the metre is defined as the length of the way the light runs in af 1/299792458 second. A second is defined as 919263631770 times the characteristic atomic time for caesium-133 (cesium). To make the daily use more easy the following measurement are used: celsius (C) unit of temperature coulomb (C ) unit of quantity electricity farad (F ) unit of electrical capacity henry (H) unit of electrical inductance hertz (Hz) unit of frequency joule (J ) unit of work or energy liter (l) unit of cubic content lumen (lm) unit of luminous flux lux (lx) unit of illumination newton (N ) unit of force ohm (O_) unit of electrical resistance tesla (T) unit of magnetic inductance volt (V ) unit of electric potential watt (W ) unit of electric power weber (W) unit of magnetic flux ^hNumeric sizes^n exa (E) 10 18 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 times peta (P) 10 15 1 000 000 000 000 000 times tera (T) 10 12 1 000 000 000 000 times giga (G) 10 9 1 000 000 000 times mega (M) 10 6 1 000 000 times kilo (k) 10 3 1 000 times hecto (h) 10 2 100 times deka (da) 10 1 10 times deci (d) 10 -1 0.1 times centi (c) 10 -2 0.01 times milli (m) 10 -3 0.001 times micro (y_) 10 -6 0.000 001 times nano (n) 10 -9 0.000 000 001 times pico (p) 10 -12 0.000 000 000 001 times femto (f) 10 -15 0.000 000 000 000 001 times atto (a) 10 -18 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 times ^hLinear measure^n The Metric System 1 millimetre (mm) = 0.001 m 1 centimetre (cm) = 0.01 m 1 decimetre (dm) = 0.1 m 1 dekametre (dam) = 10 m 1 hectometre (dam) = 100 m 1 kilometre (km) = 1000 m Old English and American systems 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 foot (12 inches) = 30.48 cm 1 yard (3 feet) = 91.44 cm 1 fathom (2 yeards) = 1.83 m 1 (statute) mile (1760 yards) = 1.609 km Old Danish measures (The metric was laid down by law in 1977) 1 tomme = 2.615 cm 1 fod (12 tommer) = 31.385 cm 1 alen (2 fod) = 62.771 cm 1 favn (3 alen) = 1.883 m 1 mil (4000 favne) = 7.532 km Old Swedish measures 1 tum = 2.47 cm 1 tvärhand = 8-10 cm 1 fot = 29.7 cm 1 aln = 59.4 cm 1 gutealn = 64 cm 1 famn = 1.78 m 1 kyndelsmil = 1 600 m 1 fjärdingsväg = 2 672 m 1 rast = 5 016 m 1 lantmil = 10 689 m Other 1 geographical mile = 7.532.48 m 1 nautical mile = 1.852 m 1 Swedish mile = 10 km 1 Verst (Russian) = 1066.78 m ^hSquare measure^n The Metric System 1 square meter m2 = 10000 cm2 1 are (a) = 100 m2 1 hectare (ha) = 10000 m2 1 square kilometre (km2) = 100 ha Old English and American systems 1 square inch = 6.8406 cm2 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2 1 square yard = 0.8361 m2 1 acre (4840 square yards) = 0.4047 ha Old Danish measures 1 kvadrat-alen = 0.3940 m2 1 t¢nde land (14000 alen) = 0.5516 ha 1 kvadratmil = 56.7383 km2 (10285 5/7 t¢nder land) ^hCubic measure^n The Metric System 1 litre (l) = 1000 cm3 1 cubic metre (m3) = 1000 l 1 hectolitre = 100 l English and American system 1 pint UK: = 0.568 l US: = 0.473 l 1 gallon (4 quarts=8 pints) UK: = 4.546 l US: = 3.785 l 1 bushel UK: = 36.37 l US: = 35.24 l 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m3 1 cubic yard = 0.7646 m3 Old Danish measures 1 pægl = 0.242 l 1 pot (4 pægle) = 0.966 l 1 kubikfod = 0.0309 m3 1 t¢nde = 1.3912 hl Old Swedish measures 1 famn ved = 3.14 m3 1 stor famn ved = 4.22 m3 1 parm hö = 7.15 m3 1 kvadratfot = 882 cm2 1 tunnland = 4936 m2 1 kanna = 2.6 l 1 kappe = 4.6 l 1 fjärding = 18.32 l 1 skäppa = 36.6 l 1 spann = 73.3 l 1 tunna = 146.6 l 1 kvarter = 32.7 cl 1 Stop = 1.3 l 1 Fjärding = 15.6 l 1 Ankare = 39.25 l 1 tunna = 125.6 l ^hWeight^n The Metric System 1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 g 1 centigram (cg) = 0.01 g 1 decigram (dg) = 0.1 g 1 dekagram (dag) = 10 g 1 hectogram (hg) = 100 g 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g English and American systems 1 grain (gr) = 0.0648 g 1 ounce (480 grains) (oz) = 28.350 g 1 pound (16 ounces) (lb) = 0.4536 kg 1 hundredweight UK: 112 pounds (cwt) = 50.8 kg US: 100 pounds (cwt) = 45.36 kg 1 long ton UK: 2240 pounds = 1016 kg 1 short ton US: 2000 pounds = 907.18 kg 1 stone (14 lbs) = 6.35 kg Old Danish measures 1 kvint = 5.0 kg 1 lod = 15.625 g 1 pund (100 kvint)(32 lodder) = 500 g 1 lispund (16 pund) = 8 kg 1 centner (100 pund) = 50 kg Old Swedish measures 1 korn = 42.5 mg 1 kvinting = 3.32 g 1 ort = 4.25 g 1 lod = 13.28 g 1 skålpund = 425 g 1 skeppspund = 170 kg 1 bast sill = 24 st sillar (sill is a fish) 1 val sill = 80 st sillar 1 bunt sill = 100 st sillar ^hTemperature^n Fahrenheit = Celcius * 9 / 5 + 32 Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9 ^hDecimal/Hexadecimal/Binary numeric systems^n Sometimes it is hard to know how you calculate from one system to another. Small number are easy, but large numbers are much harder. It is important to understand how these numbers work if you are doing a little programming yourself. If you don't want to be able of doing things manually, buy a calculator that can convert for you. Decimal-10 Hexadecimal $-16 Binary-2 ────────────────────────────────────────────── 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 10 3 3 11 4 4 100 5 5 101 6 6 110 7 7 111 8 8 1000 9 9 1001 10 A 1010 11 B 1011 12 C 1100 13 D 1101 14 E 1110 15 F 1111 16 10 10000 100 64 1100100 255 FF 1111111 256 100 10000000 1024 400 10000000000 4096 1000 1000000000000 65535 FFFF 1111111111111111 65536 10000 10000000000000000 ────────────────────────────────────────────── To convert from one system to another there are a few tricks you can use. ^hHexadecimal (hex) -> Binary^n Example: $12FA -> ? __12FA_ Hex / / | \ / | | \ 0001 0010 1111 1010 Binary Result = 0001001011111010 (You can loose the leading zeroes) Take each hex number and convert to a 4 bit binary number. Then put all together in one long row, strip leading zeroes. That's it, pretty simple. ^hBinary -> Hexadecimal (hex)^n Example: 1010011110 -> ? Divide into blocks of 4 from behind 1. 1110 2. 1001 1110 3. 10 1001 1110 Add leading zeroes 4. 0010 1001 1110 Convert each block to hex. 5. 2 8+1 8+4+2 Result 6. $29E ^hDecimal -> Hexadecimal^n No easy way, so we 'just' divide. Example: 48 -> ? 47 / 16 = 2 <- 1st number ----- \ 2x16 = 32 | Remainder = 47-32 = 15 | 15 / 1 = 15 = F <- 2nd number | | Result = $2F | | 16^0 1 Example: 32891 -> ? | 16^1 16 \ ---> 16^2 256 32891 / 4096 = 8 <- 1st number 16^3 4096 8x4096 = 32768 16^4 65536 Remainder = 32891-32768 = 123 16^5 1048576 123 / 256 = 0 <- 2nd number / -> 16^6 16777216 0x256 = 0 | . Remainder = 123-0 = 123 ----- / . 123 / 16 = 7 <- 3rd number 7x16 = 112 Remainder = 123-112 = 11 ^ 11 / 1 = 11 = B <- 4th number | | Result = $807B | | ^hHexadecimal -> Decimal^n | This way is much faster than the other | way around. | | Example: $1A4F | |||1 | ||16 ___________________________________________ / |256 4096 (A) (F) Calculation: 1 x 4096 + 10 x 256 + 4 x 16 + 15 x 1 = 6735 ^hDecimal -> Binary^n No easy way, so we 'just' divide. Example: 147 -> ? 147 / 128 = 1 <- 1st number 2^0 1 1x128 = 128 2^1 2 Remainder = 147-128 = 19 2^2 4 19 / 64 = 0 <- 2nd number 2^3 8 19 / 32 = 0 <- 3rd number ---------------> 2^4 16 19 / 16 = 1 <- 4th number 2^5 32 1x16 = 16 2^6 64 Remainder = 19-16 = 3 2^7 128 3 / 8 = 0 <- 5th number 2^8 256 3 / 4 = 0 <- 6th number . 3 / 2 = 1 <- 7th number . 1x2 = 2 Remainder = 3-2 = 1 ^ 1 / 1 = 1 <- 8th number | | Result = 10010011 | | ^hBinary -> Decimal^n | Example: 10110101 -> ? | |||||||1 | ||||||2 | |||||4 | ||||8 | |||16 ---------------------------------- / ||32 |64 128 Calculation: 1x128 + 0x64 + 1x32 + 1x16 + 0x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 = 181