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-
- Entering the World-Wide Web:
- A Guide to Cyberspace
-
- By Kevin Hughes
-
- Honolulu Community College
- October 1993
-
- (Note: this document was originally written in HTML, hence many relevant
- links of graphics are omitted from the original)
-
- Table of Contents
- * What is the World-Wide Web?
- * What is hypertext and hypermedia?
- * What is the Internet?
- * How was the Web created?
- * How popular is the Web?
- * What is Mosaic?
- * What can Mosaic do?
- * What is available on the Web?
- * How does the Web work?
- * What software is available?
- * How can I get more information?
- * General Web Information
- * Information/Reports on Multimedia and Hypermedia
- * Browsers Accessible by Telnet
- * Obtaining Web Browsers and Servers
- * Appendix A: A Hypermedia Timeline
- * Appendix B: Interesting Places on the Web
- * Appendix C: The World is Talking to Itself - Why Not Join in the
- Conversation?
- * About the Author
- * Index/Glossary
-
-
- What is the World-Wide Web?
-
- For fifty years, people have dreamt of the concept of a universal
- information database - data that would not only be accessible to people
- around the world, but information that would link easily to other pieces of
- information so that only the most important data would be quickly found by
- a user. It was in the 1960's when this idea was explored further, giving
- rise to visions of a "docuverse" that people could swim through,
- revolutionizing all aspects of human-information interaction, particularly
- in the educational field. Only now has the technology caught up with these
- dreams, making it possible to implement them on a global scale.
-
- The official description describes the World-Wide Web as a "wide-area
- hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access
- to a large universe of documents". What the World-Wide Web (WWW, W3)
- project has done is provide users on computer networks with a consistent
- means to access a variety of media in a simplified fashion. Using a popular
- software interface to the Web called Mosaic, the Web project has changed
- the way people view and create information - it has created the first true
- global hypermedia network.
-
- What is hypertext and hypermedia?
-
- The operation of the Web relies on hypertext as its means of interacting
- with users. Hypertext is basically the same as regular text - it can be
- stored, read, searched, or edited - with an important exception: hypertext
- contains connections within the text to other documents.
-
- For instance, suppose you were able to somehow select (with a mouse or with
- your finger) the word "hypertext" in the sentence before this one. In a
- hypertext system, you would then have one or more documents related to
- hypertext appear before you - a history of hypertext, for example, or the
- Webster's definition of hypertext. These new texts would themselves have
- links and connections to other documents - continually selecting text would
- take you on a free-associative tour of information. In this way, hypertext
- links, called hyperlinks, can create a complex virtual web of connections.
-
- Hypermedia is hypertext with a difference - hypermedia documents contain
- links not only to other pieces of text, but also to other forms of media -
- sounds, images, and movies. Images themselves can be selected to link to
- sounds or documents. Here are some simple examples of hypermedia:
-
- * You are reading a text on the Hawaiian language. You select a Hawaiian
- phrase, then hear the phrase as spoken in the native tongue.
-
- * You are a law student studying the Hawaii Revised Statutes. By selecting
- a passage, you find precedents from a 1920 Supreme Court ruling stored at
- Cornell. Cross-referenced hyperlinks allow you to view any one of 520
- related cases with audio annotations.
-
- * Looking at a company's floorplan, you are able to select an office by
- touching a room. The employee's name and picture appears with a list of
- their current projects.
-
- * You are a scientist doing work on the cooling of steel springs. By
- selecting text in a research paper, you are able to view a
- computer-generated movie of a cooling spring. By selecting a button you are
- able to receive a program which will perform thermodynamic calculations.
-
- * A student reading a digital version of an art magazine can select a work
- to print or display in full. If the piece is a sculpture, she can request
- to see a movie of the sculpture rotating. By interactively controlling the
- movie, she can zoom in to see more detail.
-
- The Web, although still in its early years, allows many of these examples
- to work in real life. It facilitates the easy exchange of hypermedia
- through networked environments from anything as small as two Macintoshes
- connected together to something as large as the global Internet.
-
- What is the Internet?
-
- The Internet is the catch-all word used to describe the massive world-wide
- network of computers. The word "internet" literally means "network of
- networks". In itself, the Internet is comprised of thousands of smaller
- regional networks scattered throughout the globe. On any given day it
- connects roughly 15 million users in over 50 countries. The World-Wide Web
- is mostly used on the Internet; they do not mean the same thing. The Web
- refers to a body of information - an abstract space of knowledge, while the
- Internet refers to the physical side of the global network, a giant mass of
- cables and computers.
-
- How was the Web created?
-
- The Web began in March 1989, when Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (a collective of
- European high-energy physics researchers) proposed the project to be used
- as a means of transporting research and ideas effectively throughout the
- organization. Effective communications was a goal of CERNs for many years,
- as its members were located in a number of countries.
-
- How popular is the Web?
-
- From January to August 1993, the amount of network traffic (in bytes)
- across the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) North American network
- attributed to Web use multiplied by 414 times. The Web is now ranked 13th
- of all network services in terms of sheer byte traffic. In January its rank
- was 127. Today there are at least 100 hypertext Web servers in use
- throughout the world. Since its inception, the CERN Web server traffic has
- doubled every four months - twice the rate of Internet expansion.
-
- World-Wide Web growth.
-
- Statistics available by FTP from nic.merit.edu.
-
- Honolulu Community College officially announced their opening of their
- hypermedia server - the first Web server in Hawaii - at the end of May
- 1993. By September of that year (after 105 days of service), they had
- received over 23,000 requests for documents and over 112,000 requests for
- assets from nearly 5,000 separate hosts on the network. From September 1 to
- 7 they received traffic from over 600 separate hosts, an all-time high. It
- is expected that traffic will increase further as the school year begins
- and student involvement in the Web increases.
-
- Since the site's opening, HCC has received virtual visitors from Xerox,
- Digital Equipment Corporation, Apple Computer, Cray, IBM, MIT's Media Lab,
- NEC, Sony, Fujitsu, Intel, Rockwell, Boeing, Honeywell, and AT&T (which
- has been one of the most frequent visitors), among hundreds of other
- corporate sites on the Internet.
-
- Collegiate visitors have originated from campuses such as Stanford,
- Harvard, Carnegie-Mellon, Cornell, MIT, Michigan State, Rutgers, Purdue,
- Rice, Georgia Tech, Columbia, University of Texas, and Washington
- University, as well as other campuses in the United Kingdom, Germany, and
- Denmark, to name but a few.
-
- Governmental visitors have come from various departments in NASA, including
- their Jet Propulsion Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National
- Laboratories, the National Institute of Health, the Superconducting
- Supercollider project, and the USDA, as well as government sites in
- Singapore and Australia. A few dozen Army and Navy sites throughout the
- world have browsed around as well.
-
- Because HCC's server began operation when there were relatively few such
- sites in the world, and in part due to its popularity, the growth in
- traffic has closely reflected the growth of the Web. Further analysis of
- HCC's server logs indicate the following breakdown in classifications:
-
- Although it is impossible to know for sure, it can be guessed that the
- largest segment roaming the World-Wide Web consists of four-year campus
- populations within the United States.
-
- What is Mosaic?
-
- Months after CERN's original proposal, the National Center for
- Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) began a project to create an interface
- to the World-Wide Web. One of NCSA's missions is to aid the scientific
- research community by producing widely available, non-commercial software.
- Another of its goals is to investigate new research technologies in the
- hope that commercial interests will be able to profit from them. In these
- ways, the Web project was quite appropriate. The NCSA's Software Design
- Group began work on a versatile, multi-platform interface to the World-Wide
- Web, and called it Mosaic.
-
- In the first half of 1993, the first version of NCSA's Web browser was made
- available to the Internet community. Because earlier beta versions were
- distributed, Mosaic had developed a strong yet small following by the time
- it was officially released.
-
- Because of the number of traditional services it could handle, and due to
- its easy, point-and-click hypermedia interface, Mosaic soon became the most
- popular interface to the Web. Currently versions of Mosaic can run on Suns,
- Silicon Graphics workstations, IBM-compatibles running Microsoft Windows,
- Macintoshes, and computers running other various forms of UNIX.
-
-
- NCSA's Mosaic for X windows.
-
- What can Mosaic do?
-
- Mosaic running on every supported computer should have the following features:
-
- * A consistent mouse-driven graphical interface.
- * The ability to display hypertext and hypermedia documents.
- * The ability to display electronic text in a variety of fonts.
- * The ability to display text in bold, italic, or strikethrough styles.
- * The ability to display layout elements such as paragraphs, lists,
- numbered and bulleted lists, and quoted paragraphs.
- * Support for sounds (Macintosh, Sun audio format, and others).
- * Support for movies (MPEG-1 and QuickTime).
- * The ability to display characters as defined in the ISO 8859 set (it can
- display languages such as French, German, and Hawaiian).
- * Interactive electronic forms support, with a variety of basic forms
- elements, such as fields, check boxes, and radio buttons.
- * Support for interactive graphics (in GIF or XBM format) of up to 256
- colors within documents.
- * The ability to make basic hypermedia links to and support for the
- following network services: ftp, gopher, telnet, nntp, WAIS.
- * The ability to extend its functionality by creating custom servers
- (comparable to XCMDs in HyperCard).
- * The ability to have other applications control its display remotely.
- * The ability to broadcast its contents to a network of users running
- multiplatform groupware such as NCSA's Collage.
- * Support for the current standards of HTTP and HTML.
- * The ability to keep a history of travelled hyperlinks.
- * The ability to store a list and retrieve a list of URLs for future use.
-
-
- What is available on the Web?
-
- Currently the Web offers the following through a hypertext, and in some
- cases, hypermedia interface:
-
- * Anything served through Gopher
- * Anything served through WAIS (Wide-Area Information Service)
- * Anything served through anonymous FTP sites
- * Full Archie services (a FTP search service)
- * Full Veronica services (a Gopher search service)
- * Full CSO, X.500, and whois services (Internet phone book services)
- * Full finger services (an Internet user lookup program)
- * Any library system using PALS (a library database standard)
- * Anything on Usenet
- * Anything accessible through telnet
- * Anything in hytelnet (a hypertext interface to telnet)
- * Anything in techinfo or texinfo (forms of campus-wide information services)
- * Anything in hyper-g (a networked hypertext system in use throughout Europe)
- * Anything in the form of man pages
- * HTML-formatted hypertext and hypermedia documents
-
- How does the Web work?
-
- The Web works under the popular client-server model. A Web server is a
- program running on a computer whose only purpose is to serve documents to
- other computers when asked to. A Web client is a program that interfaces
- with the user and requests documents from a server as the user asks for
- them. Because the server does a minimal amount of work (it does not perform
- any calculations) and only operates when a document is requested, it puts a
- minimal amount of workload on the computer running it.
-
- Here's an example of how the process works:
-
- 1. Running a Web client (also called a browser), the user selects a piece
- of hypertext connected to another text - "The History of Computers".
- 2. The Web client connects to a computer specified by a network address
- somewhere on the Internet and asks that computers Web server for "The
- History of Computers".
- 3. The server responds by sending the text and any other media within that
- text (pictures, sounds, or movies) to the users screen.
- The World-Wide Web is composed of thousands of these virtual transactions
- taking place per hour throughout the world, creating a web of information
- flow.
-
- Future Web servers will include encryption and client authentication
- abilities - they will be able to send and receive secure data and be more
- selective as to which clients receive information. This will allow freer
- communications among Web users and will make sure that sensitive data is
- kept private. It will be harder to compromise the security of commercial
- servers and educational servers which wish to keep information local.
- Improvements in security will facilitate the idea of "pay-per-view"
- hypermedia, a concept which many commercial interests are currently
- pursuing.
-
- The language that Web clients and servers use to communicate with each
- other is called the HyperText Transmission Protocol (HTTP). All Web clients
- and servers must be able to speak HTTP in order to send and receive
- hypermedia documents. For this reason, Web servers are often called HTTP
- servers.
-
- The phrase "World-Wide Web" is often used to refer to the collective
- network of servers speaking HTTP as well as the global body of information
- available using the protocol.
-
- The standard language the Web uses for creating and recognizing hypermedia
- documents is the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). It is loosely related
- to, but technically not a subset of, the Standard Generalized Markup
- Language (SGML), a document formatting language used widely in some
- computing circles.
-
- HTML is widely praised for its ease of use. Web documents are typically
- written in HTML and are usually named with the suffix ".html". HTML
- documents are nothing more than standard 7-bit ASCII files with formatting
- codes that contain information about layout (text styles, document titles,
- paragraphs, lists) and hyperlinks. Many free software convertors are
- available for translating documents in foreign formats to HTML.
-
- The current HTML standard (HTML) supports basic hypermedia document
- creation and layout, but for current use it is still limited. The latest
- version of HTML, called HTML+, is still under development but will probably
- be completely defined by the end of 1993. HTML+ will support interactive
- forms, defined "hotspots" in images, more versatile layout and formatting
- options and styles, and formatted tables, among many other improvements.
-
- HTML uses what are called Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) to represent
- hypermedia links and links to network services within documents. It is
- possible to represent nearly any file or service on the Internet with a
- URL.
-
- The first part of the URL (before the two slashes) specifies the method of
- access. The second is typically the address of the computer the data or
- service is located. Further parts may specify the names of files, the port
- to connect to, or the text to search for in a database.
-
- Here are some examples of URLs:
-
- * file://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu/sound.au - Retrieves a sound file and plays it.
- * file://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu/picture.gif - Retrieves a picture and
- displays it, either in a separate program or within a hypermedia document.
- * file://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu/directory/ - Displays a directorys contents.
- * http://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu/directory/book.html - Connects to an HTTP
- server and retrieves an HTML file.
- * ftp://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu/pub/file.txt - Opens an FTP connection to
- pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu and retrieves a text file.
- * gopher://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu - Connects to the Gopher at
- pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu.
- * telnet://pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu:1234 - Telnets to pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu at
- port 1234.
- * news:alt.hypertext - Reads the latest Usenet news by connecting to a
- user-specified news (NNTP) host and returns the articles in hypermedia
- format.
- Most Web browsers allow the user to specify a URL and connect to that
- document or service. When selecting hypertext in an HTML document, the user
- is actually sending a request to open a URL. In this way, hyperlinks can be
- made not only to other texts and media, but also to other network services.
- Web browsers are not simply Web clients, but are also full-featured FTP,
- Gopher, and telnet clients.
-
- HTML+ will include an email URL, so hyperlinks can be made to send email
- automatically. For instance, selecting an email address in a piece of
- hypertext would open a mail program, ready to send email to that address.
-
- What software is available?
-
- World-Wide Web clients (browsers) are available for the following platforms
- and environments:
-
- * Text-only (dumb) terminal, nearly any platform
- * UNIX, text-only using curses, for SunOS 4, AIX, Alpha, Ultrix
- * VMS
- * X11/Motif, for IRIX (Silicon Graphics), SunOS 4, RS/6000, DEC Alpha/OSF
- 1, DEC Ultrix.
- * NeXT, for NeXTStep 3.0
- * IBM compatibles, 386 and above, under Microsoft Windows
- * Macintosh computers, Classic and above
- * Browsers written in perl are available.
- * Browsers written for the emacs environment are available.
-
- World-Wide Web servers are available for the following platforms and
- environments:
-
- * UNIX
- * Perl
- * Macintosh
- * VM, VMS
-
- For details on how to obtain Web client and server software, refer to the
- section "How can I get more information?"
-
- How can I get more information?
-
- Most of this information is available on the Internet. In order to access
- resources specified by in URL format, you may need to use a Web browser or
- connect to a telnet site that provides a public-access browser.
-
- General Web Information
-
- Main CERN World-Wide Web page
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
-
- Main NCSA Mosaic page
-
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/mosaic-docs.html
-
- Information on WWW
- http://www.bsdi.com/server/doc/web-info.html
-
- The World-Wide Web FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) file
- by Nathan Torkington
- http://www.vuw.ac.nz:80/non-local/gnat/www-faq.html
-
- A list of World-Wide Web clients at CERN
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html
-
- The "official" list of World-Wide Web servers at CERN
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/WWW/Servers.html
-
- World-Wide Web newsgroup
- comp.infosystems.www
-
- World-Wide Web mailing lists
- For general discussion:
- send email to listserv@info.cern.ch, with "add
- www-announce" as the body.
- For developers and technical discussion:
- send email to listserv@info.cern.ch, with "add www-talk" as
- the body.
-
- How to write HTML
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html
-
- How to write Web gateways and servers
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html
-
- HTML official specifications
- http://info.cern.ch/pub/www/doc/html-spec.multi
-
- HTML convertors
- mail2html, converts electronic mailboxes to HTML documents
- ftp://info.cern.ch/pub/www/dev
- Word Perfect 5.1 to HTML convertor
-
- http://journal.biology.carleton.ca:8001/Journal/background/ftp.sites.html
- rtf2html, converts Rich Text Format (RTF) documents to HTML
- file://oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/public/unix/WWW
- latex2html, converts LaTeX documents to HTML
-
- http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/nikos/tex2html/doc/latex2html/latex2html.html
-
- HTML+ Document Type Definition (DTD)
- ftp://info.cern.ch/pub/www/dev/htmlplus.dtd
-
-
- Information/Reports on Multimedia and Hypermedia
-
- Index to multimedia resources
- http://cui_www.unige.ch/Chloe/MultimediaInfo/index.html
-
- "Network Access to Multimedia Information", June 1993
- ftp ftp.ed.ac.uk, in directory /pub/mmaccess
- This report summarizes the requirements of academic and
- research users for network access to multimedia information.
-
- "Computer Supported Cooperative Work Report", July 1993
- ftp gorgon.tft.tele.no, in directory /pub/groupware
- This is a comprehensive list of all known collaborative
- software packages and projects currently in use or under development.
-
- "Hypermedia and Higher Education", April 1993
- gopher lewsun.idlw.ucl.ac.be, the /digests/IPCT menu.
- IPCT, Interpersonal Computing and Technology, is an
- excellent journal exploring the boundaries of education and high
- technology.
-
- alt.hypertext Frequently Asked Questions list
- gopher ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, on many other Gophers.
- This list contains dozens of pointers to mailing lists, people,
- Internet sites, groups, books, periodicals, bibliographies, and software
- related to hypertext.
-
- Browsers Accessible by Telnet
-
- A comprehensive list of telnet-accessible clients
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html
- telnet info.cern.ch
- The simplest line mode browser.
- telnet ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu
- A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100
- terminal. Log in as "www".
- telnet eies2.njit.edu
- Log in as "www". A full-screen browser.
- telnet vms.huji.ac.il
- Log in as "www". A line-mode browser.
- telnet sun.uakom.cs
- Slovakia. Has a slow link, use from nearby.
- telnet fserv.kfki.hu
- Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login as "www".
- telnet info.funet.fi
-
- Obtaining Web Browsers and Servers
-
- (Note: Web Browsers running on a PC should probably be on a dedicated
- connection to the Internet, or, at worst, a fast (9600-14,400 baud) SLIP
- connection)
-
- ftp ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu, in directory /PC/Mosaic/wmos1_0.zip
- Full color, hypermedia WWW browser.
- ftp ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu, in directory /Mac/Mosaic/NCSAMosaicMac.103.sit.hqx
- Full color, hypermedia WWW browser
- ftp info.cern.ch, in directory /pub/www
- Simple text-only browser, as well as the CERN HTTP server.
- ftp aixtest.cc.ukans.edu, in directory /pub
- Distribution for Lynx, a line-mode curses-based browser.
- ftp ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu, in directory /Mosaic
- Mosaic distribution, as well as the NCSA HTTP server.
- ftp oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu. in directory /public/Mac
- Macintosh server.
- ftp fatty.law.cornell.edu, in directory /pub/LII/cello
- Browser for Microsoft Windows.
-
-
- About the Author
-
- For the last two years Kevin Hughes has been working as a student systems
- programmer with Dr. Ken Hensarling, Honolulu Community College's Director
- of Academic Computing. He designed and implemented HCC's World-Wide Web
- site and is currently doing freelance graphics and programming work for
- various companies and organizations in Hawaii. He can be reached through
- the Internet as kevinh@pulua.hcc.hawaii.edu.
-
-
- Index/Glossary
-
- A
- Archie
- A network service that searches FTP sites for files.
- B
- browser
- Software that provides an interface to the World-Wide Web.
- C
- CERN
- The European collective of high-energy physics researchers
- (European Organization for Nuclear Research).
- client
- A computer or program requests a service of another
- computer or program.
- client-server model
- A structure in which programs use and provide distributed
- services.
- Collage
- Collaborative (shared whiteboard) software developed by the
- NCSA.
- CSO
- Central Services Organization. A service which facilitates
- user and address lookup in databases.
- D
- Doug Engelbart
- The inventor of many common devices and ideas used in
- computing today, including the mouse.
- F
- finger
- A service that responds to queries and retrieves user
- information remotely.
- FTP
- File Transfer Protocol. A common method of transferring
- files across networks.
- G
- Gopher
- A versatile menu-driven information service.
- H
- Honolulu Community College
- HTML+
- The latest version of HTML.
- hyper-g
- A distributed hypertext system mostly popular in Europe.
- HyperCard
- A personal hypermedia/multimedia creation system for use on
- Apple Computers.
- hyperlinks
- Connections between hypermedia or hypertext documents and
- other media.
- hypermedia
- Hypertext that includes or links to other forms of media.
- hypertext
- Text that, when selected, has the ability to present
- connected documents.
- HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
- The standard language used for creating hypermedia
- documents within the World-Wide Web.
- HyperText Transmission Protocol (HTTP)
- The standard language that World-Wide Web clients and
- servers use to communicate.
- hytelnet
- A hypertext interface to telnet.
- I
- Internet
- The global collective of computer networks.
- M
- Mosaic
- A mouse-driven interface to the World-Wide Web developed by
- the NCSA.
- N
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
- A federally-funded organization whose mission is to develop
- and research high-technology resources for the scientific community.
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- A federally-funded organization that manages the NSFnet,
- which connects every major research institution and campus in the United
- States.
- NNTP
- News Network Transfer Protocol. A common method by which
- articles over Usenet are transferred.
- P
- PALS
- A standard library database interface.
- S
- server
- A program which provides a service to other client programs.
- SGML
- Standard Generalized Markup Language. A generic language
- for representing documents.
- Software Design Group
- The group within NCSA that is responsible for designing
- computer applications.
- T
- techinfo
- A common campus-wide information system developed at MIT.
- Ted Nelson
- The inventor of many common ideas related to hypertext,
- including the word "hypertext" itself.
- telnet
- A program which allows users to remotely use computers
- across networks.
- texinfo
- A common campus-wide information system.
- Tim Berners-Lee
- The inventor of the World-Wide Web.
- U
- Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
- Standardized formatted entities within HTML documents which
- specify a network service or document to link to.
- Usenet
- The global news-reading network.
- V
- Vannevar Bush
- Originator of the concept of hypertext.
- Veronica
- A network service that allows users to search Gopher
- systems for documents.
- W
- WAIS
- Wide-Area Information Service. A service which allows users
- to intelligently search for information among databases distributed
- throughout the Internet.
- whois
- A name lookup service.
- World-Wide Web
- The initiative to create a universal, hypermedia-based
- method of access to information. Also used to refer to the Internet.
- X
- X.500
- A standard which defines electronic mail directory
- services. Mostly used in Europe.
- ?
-
- Thanks to Tim Berners-Lee for a better definition of the Web!
-
- Fifth Edition: October 9, 1993
-
- The opinions stated in this document are solely those of the author and in
- no way represent the views of the University of Hawaii or Honolulu
- Community College.
-
- This document is Copyright (c) 1993 by Kevin Hughes. It may be freely
- distributed in any format as long as this disclaimer is included and the
- textual contents are not altered. Copies of this document can be obtained
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