PC go! 1995 September/Image.iso/pcgo/programm/online/internet/disk2/faq/english/software.txt

Text File | 1995-03-09 | 34.0 KB | 609 lines

 Currently, Usenet readers interact with the news using a number of
 software packages and programs.  This article mentions the important
 ones and a little of their history, gives pointers where you can look
 for more information and ends with some special notes about "foreign"
 and "obsolete" software.  At the very end is a list of sites from which
 current versions of the Usenet software may be obtained.

 Note that the number of software packages available to run news,
 especially on PCs, is increasing.  This article lists only a few of
 the many news packages available, and the presence or absence of any
 particular software package should not be construed as indicating
 anything about its suitability usefulness.

 The material contained in this post is probably not 100% up-to-date.
 Many of the software packages described in this posting are undergoing
 constant development, and it is not always possible to know when new
 releases have been made.  Should you discover that information in this
 post has been superseded by a new release, please send mail to the poster
 of this article with the corrected information.

 While the "official" ftp archive sites for packages are listed, note that
 most large archive sites carry news software; please try the one nearest
 to you before you use up expensive bandwidth on a trans-continental
 network link.  You can check the official site for the current version
 number, if you want to make sure you're getting the latest version.  In
 general, a good place to get recent versions of the more popular news
 transport and reading software by anonymous ftp is
 ftp.uu.net:/networking/news/ directory.


 History
 -------

 Usenet came into being in late 1979, shortly after the release of V7
 Unix with UUCP.  Two Duke University grad students in North Carolina,
 Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, thought of hooking computers together to
 exchange information with the Unix community.  Steve Bellovin, a grad
 student at the University of North Carolina, put together the first
 version of the news software using shell scripts and installed it on
 the first two sites: "unc" and "duke." At the beginning of 1980 the
 network consisted of those two sites and "phs" (another machine at
 Duke), and was described at the January Usenix conference.  Steve
 Bellovin later rewrote the scripts into C programs, but they were never
 released beyond "unc" and "duke." Shortly thereafter, Steve Daniel did
 another implementation in C for public distribution.  Tom Truscott made
 further modifications, and this became the "A" news release.

 In 1981 at U. C. Berkeley, grad student Mark Horton and high school
 student Matt Glickman rewrote the news software to add functionality
 and to cope with the ever increasing volume of news -- "A" News was
 intended for only a few articles per group per day.  This rewrite was
 the "B" News version.  The first public release was version 2.1 in
 1982; the 1.* versions were all beta test.  As the net grew, the news
 software was expanded and modified.  The last version maintained and
 released primarily by Mark was 2.10.1.

 Rick Adams, at the Center for Seismic Studies, took over coordination
 of the maintenance and enhancement of the B News software with the
 2.10.2 release in 1984.  By this time, the increasing volume of news
 was becoming a concern, and the mechanism for moderated groups was
 added to the software at 2.10.2.  Moderated groups were inspired by
 ARPA mailing lists and experience with other bulletin board systems.
 In late 1986, version 2.11 of B News was released, including a number
 of changes to support a new naming structure for newsgroups, enhanced
 batching and compression, enhanced ihave/sendme control messages, and
 other features.

 The current release of B News is 2.11, patchlevel 19.  Article format is
 specified in RFC 1036 (see below).  B News has been declared "dead" by a
 number of people, including Rick Adams, and is unlikely to be upgraded
 further; most new UUCP sites are using C News or INN (see next
 paragraphs).

 In March 1986 a package was released implementing news transmission,
 posting, and reading using the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
 (as specified in RFC 977).  This protocol allows hosts to exchange
 articles via TCP/IP connections rather than using the traditional
 uucp.  It also permits users to read and post news (using a modified
 news user agent) from machines which cannot or choose not to install
 the Usenet news software.  Reading and posting are done using TCP/IP
 messages to a server host which does run the Usenet software.  Sites
 which have many workstations like the Sun and SGI, and HP products
 find this a convenient way to allow workstation users to read news
 without having to store articles on each system.  Many of the Usenet
 hosts that are also on the Internet exchange news articles using NNTP
 because the load impact of NNTP is much lower than uucp (and NNTP
 ensures much faster propagation).

 NNTP grew out of independent work in 1984-1985 by Brian Kantor at U.  C.
 San Diego and Phil Lapsley at U. C. Berkeley.  Primary development was
 done at U. C. Berkeley by by Phil Lapsley with help from Erik Fair,
 Steven Grady, and Mike Meyer, among others.  The NNTP package (now called
 the reference implementation) was distributed on the 4.3BSD release tape
 (although that was version 1.2a and out-of-date) and is also available on
 many major hosts by anonymous FTP.  The current version is 1.5.12.1.  It
 includes NOV support and runs on a wide variety of systems.  It is
 available from ftp.academ.com:/pub/nntp1.5/nntp.1.5.12.1.tar.Z.  For
 those with access to the World-Wide Web on the Internet, the WWW page
 http://www.academ.com/academ/nntp.html contains a description and news
 about NNTP.  A different variant, called nntp-t5, implements many of the
 extensions provided by INN (most notably News Overview NOV support -- see
 below).  It is available from
 ftp.uu.net:/networking/news/nntp/nntp-t5.tar.gz.

 One new version of news, known as C News, was developed at the University
 of Toronto by Geoff Collyer and Henry Spencer.  This version is a rewrite
 of the lowest levels of news to increase article processing speed,
 decrease article expiration processing and improve the reliability of the
 news system through better locking, etc.  The package was released to the
 net in the autumn of 1987.  For more information, see the paper "News Need
 Not Be Slow," published in The Winter 1987 Usenix Technical Conference
 proceedings.  This paper is also available from ftp.cs.toronto.edu in
 doc/programming/c-news.*, and is recommended reading for all news software
 programmers.  The most recent version of C News is the Sept 1994 "Cleanup
 Release."  C News can be obtained by anonymous ftp from its official
 archive site, ftp.cs.toronto.edu:pub/c-news/c-news.tar.Z.

 Another Usenet system, known as InterNetNews, or INN, was written by Rich
 Salz <[e-mail]>.  INN is designed to run on Unix hosts that
 have a socket interface.  It is optimized for larger hosts where most
 traffic uses NNTP, but it does provide full UUCP support.  INN is very
 fast, and since it integrates NNTP many people find it easier to
 administer only one package.  The package was publicly released on August
 20, 1992.  For more information, see the paper "InterNetNews:  Usenet
 Transport for Internet Sites" published in the June 1992 Usenix Technical
 Conference Proceedings.  INN can be obtained from many places, including
 the 4.4BSD tape; its official archive site is ftp.uu.net in the directory
 /networking/news/nntp/inn.  The current version is 1.4sec, last release
 22-dec-1993.

 Towards the end of 1992, Geoff Collyer implemented NOV (News Overview): a
 database that stores the important headers of all news articles as they
 arrive.  This is intended for use by the implementors of news readers to
 provide fast article presentation by sorting and "threading" the article
 headers.  (Before NOV, newsreaders like trn, tin and nn came with their
 own daemons and databases that used a nontrivial amount of system
 resources).  NOV is fully supported by C News, INN and NNTP-t5.  Most
 modern news readers use NOV to get information for their threading and
 article menu presentation; use of NOV by a newsreader is fairly easy,
 since NOV comes with sample client-side threading code.

 ANU-NEWS is news package written by Geoff Huston of Australia for VMS
 systems.  ANU-NEWS is a complete news system that allows reading,
 posting, direct replies, moderated newsgroups, etc. in a fashion
 closely related to regular news.  The implementation includes the RFC
 1036 news propagation algorithms and integrated use of the NNTP
 protocols (see below) to support remote news servers, implemented as a
 VAX/VMS Decnet object.  An RFC 977 server implemented as a Decnet
 object is also included. ANU-NEWS currently includes support for the
 following TCP/IP protocols: MultiNet, CMU/TEK, Wollongong WIN/TCP, UCX
 (TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS), EXOS, and TCPware.  The ANU-NEWS
 interface is similar to standard DEC screen oriented systems.  The
 license for the software is free, and there are no restrictions on the
 re-distribution.  For more info, contact [e-mail] (Geoff
 Huston).  ANU-NEWS is available for FTP from kuhub.cc.ukans.edu.
 Contact [e-mail] for more info.

 A screen-oriented news client for VMS that works with CMU/tek, EXOS,
 MultiNet, UCX, Wollongong and DECnet is also available via ftp from
 iraun1.ira.uka.de, info.rz.uni-ulm.de, and ftp.spc.edu (contact Bernd
 Onasch <[e-mail]> for details).

 Reader NNTP clients for VMS are also available, including VMS/VNEWS
 (current release 1.4) and an upcoming reader only version of ANU-NEWS.
 VMS/VNEWS is available via anonymous ftp from arizona.edu (contact
 [e-mail] for more information) or at any site which archives
 vmsnet.source.  Although the current release of ANU-NEWS is usable as
 a reader it can be difficult when used with a UNIX server.

 FNEWS is a fast news reader, for VAX/VMS and UNIX.  It is basically a
 mixture of NEWSRDR and ANU-NEWS, (a bit like 'nn' in how it works) giving
 a nice (but different) full-screen interface and fast response to all
 3000 groups without heavily loading your local machine.  It works by
 caching the news indexes from a UNIX news system (CNEWS or INN), and then
 dynamically loading the items when the user wants to read them.  Indexes
 are only cached for groups which are actually read, so the load and disk
 usage can be very small.  FNEWS Versions are available for VMS, ALPHA-VMS
 and UNIX via anonymous ftp from tui.marc.cri.nz in pub/fnews.  Contact
 [e-mail] for more information.

 A port of C News for the Commodore Amiga under AmigaDOS (NOT Unix), is
 available.  The port was done by Frank J. Edwards <[e-mail]>,
 and available from Larry Rosenman <[e-mail]>.  Also,
 Matt Dillon <[e-mail]>, has greatly improved the
 UUCP clone for AmigaDOS, currently V1.16D, available for ftp from
 ftp.uu.net in /systems/amiga/dillon.  The package also includes a
 newsreader very loosely like the real rn.  Dillon also has a "vn" port
 provided by Eric Lee Green.  This software is also available on Bix,
 and for ftp from wuarchive.wustl.edu (many other Amiga newsreaders are
 also available on theis ftp site).

 Several popular screen-oriented news reading interfaces have been
 developed in the last few years to replace the traditional "readnews"
 interface.  The first of these was "vnews" and it was written by
 Kenneth Almquist.  "vnews" provides a "readnews"-like command
 interface, but displays articles using direct screen positioning.  It
 appears to have been inspired, to some extent, by the "notes" system
 (described below).  "vnews" is currently distributed with the standard
 2.11 news source.

 A second, more versatile interface, "rn", was developed by Larry Wall (the
 author of Perl) and released in 1984.  This interface also uses full-screen
 display with direct positioning, but it includes many other useful features
 and has been very popular with many regular net readers.  The interface
 includes reading, discarding, and/or processing of articles based on
 user-definable patterns, and the ability of the user to develop customized
 macros for display and keyboard interaction.  "rn" is currently at release
 4.4.4.  It is being maintained by Stan Barber <[e-mail]>.  "rn" is not
 provided with the standard news software release, but is very widely
 available because of its popularity.  The software can be obtained from its
 official archive site, ftp.academ.com, using FTP.  A description and some
 news about it can be found on the WWW page
 http://www.academ.com/academ/rn.html.

 Wayne Davison's "trn" is a superset of "rn".  Trn adds the ability to
 follow "threads of discussions" in newsgroups; its latest version 3.5 is
 based on rn 4.4.  It uses a Reference-line database to allow the user to
 take advantage of the "discussion tree" formed by an article and its
 replies.  This results in a true reply-ordered reading of the articles,
 complete with a small ascii representation of the current article's
 position in the discussion tree.  Trn is also capable of "menu-based"
 selection of articles, allows one to do useful things to operate on a set
 of selected newsgroups.  Trn can be obtained from ftp.uu.net in the
 /networking/news/readers/trn directory, and from many other archive
 servers world-wide.

 xrn is an X11-based interface to NNTP that was written by Rick Spickelmier
 and Ellen Sentovich (UC Berkeley) and is currently maintained by Jonathan
 Kamens (OpenVision Technologies, Inc.).  The current version is 7.00,
 available by anonymous ftp from ftp.x.org in /contrib/applications/xrn.  xrn
 supports many features, including sorting by subject, user-settable key
 bindings, graceful handling of NNTP server crashes, and many of the features
 of rn (including KILL files and key bindings similar to rn).

 Another X11-based newsreader is xvnews, written by Dan Currie, currently
 maintained by Hans de Graaff <[e-mail]>.  xvnews is an
 OPENLook newsreader written primarily for Sun workstations running
 OpenWindows, but it will run on any X workstation which has the XView
 libraries. It works with NNTP only, and is compatible with rn style
 commands. The current version is 2.2.1 and is available from its archive
 site ftp.twi.tudelft.nl in the /pub/news directory.

 There are two popular macro packages named "GNUS" and "Gnews" that can
 be used with the GNU Emacs text editor.  These allow reading,
 replying, and posting interaction with the news from inside the Emacs
 text editor.  Client code exists to get the articles using NNTP rather
 than from a local disk.  Copies can be found on most archive sites
 that carry the GNU archives eg. ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp, archie.au,
 archive.eu.net, gatekeeper.dec.com, prep.ai.mit.edu.

 "nn" is yet another reader interface, developed by Kim F. Storm of Texas
 Instruments A/S, Denmark, and released in 1989.  nn differs from the
 traditional readnews and vnews by presenting a menu of article subject
 and sender-name lines, allowing you to preselect articles to read.  nn is
 also a very fast newsreader, as it keeps a database of article headers
 on-line.  (I.e. it trades space for time.  A good rule of thumb is that
 the nn database size is 5%-10% of your news spool.  So up to 110% of your
 news spool is the amount of space news and the nn database will take.)
 nn is now maintained by Peter Wemm <[e-mail]>, and the "offical"
 ftp location is the /pub/nn directory on uniwa.uwa.edu.au.  The current
 version of nn is 6.4.18.  Non-Australian sites should request the sources
 from their nearest backbone site.

 Yet another newsreader is the "tin" reader.  It operates with threads, uses
 NOV-style index files if available, has different article organization
 methods, and is full-screen oriented.  tin works on a local news spool or
 over an NNTP connection.  It has been posted to alt.sources; further
 information is available from Iain Lea ([e-mail]). The
 current release of tin is 1.22.  Tin is based more on the Notes and tass
 systems than "rn".  There is an extensive list of features, including
 interfaces to batch modes and auto unpacking mechanisms.  The official ftp
 site for tin is ftp.germany.eu.net, the Unix version can be found in
 /pub/news/newsreader/unix/tin and the OS/2 version in
 /pub/news/newsreader/os2/tin

 Pine(tm) --a Program for Internet News & Email-- is a tool for reading,
 sending, and managing electronic messages.  It was designed specifically
 with novice computer users in mind, but can be tailored to accommodate the
 needs of "power users" as well.  Pine uses Internet news and mail message
 protocols and runs on Unix and PCs.  Pine is copyrighted, but freely
 available.  The latest version, including source code, can be found on
 the Internet host "ftp.cac.washington.edu" in the file "pine/pine.tar.Z"
 (accessible via anonymous FTP).  To try Pine out from the Internet, you
 may telnet to "demo.cac.washington.edu" and login as "pinedemo".  There
 is also a Pine-specific Internet news group (comp.mail.pine).  For
 further information, send e-mail to [e-mail].  Pine was
 originally based on Elm, but there is little if any Elm code left.  Pine
 is the work of Mike Seibel, Steve Hubert, Mark Crispin, Sheryl Erez,
 David Miller and Laurence Lundblade* at the University of Washington
 Office of Computing and Communications.  Pine and Pico are trademarks of
 the University of Washington.  (* Laurence is now at Virginia Tech.)

 An NNTP newsreader for Macintoshs is available called HyperNews.  It is
 implemented as a HyperCard stack and depends on MacTCP.  It is available
 from many Mac archives, including ftp.apple.com and
 sumex-aim.stanford.edu.

 A newsreader preferred by many Macintosh users is NewsWatcher by by
 [e-mail] (John Norstad).  The current version is 2.0b8 and is
 available in ftp.acns.nwu.edu:/pub/newswatcher.

 Nuntius is another newsreader for the Mac, written by Peter Speck
 <[e-mail]>.  It can be obtained from frederik.ruc.dk, or the Cornell
 mirror site ftp.cit.cornell.edu in /pub/mac/comm/test.

 There is also an NNTP-based netnews reader for Symbolics Lisp Machines
 (under Genera 7) available for anonymous FTP from ucbvax.berkeley.edu
 [128.32.133.1] in pub/nntp-clients/lispm written by Ian Connolly
 <[e-mail]> and maintained by Richard Welty
 <[e-mail]>.  In addition, another NNTP-based news
 browser is available running under Genera 7 and Genera 8.  It provides
 mouse driven hierarchic browsing of newsgroups and articles, with
 support for X11 servers on remote machines.  It is available for
 anonymous FTP on flash.bellcore.com [128.96.32.20] in the directory
 pub/lispm/news-reader/.  It is written and maintained by Peter
 Clitherow <[e-mail]>

 A TOPS-20 reader was developed by Dave Edwards of SRI
 <[e-mail]>, but current availability is unknown.  An NNTP reader
 suite for PC's running MS-DOS and having Excelan boards is available
 for ftp from ames.arc.nasa.gov; get the pcrrn files.  There are two
 MS-DOS news readers that can be obtained from bcm.tmc.edu in the "nfs"
 directory.  They both require PC-NFS (from Sun) to work.  They will
 both work under PC/TCP from FTP Software early this year.  Source will
 be provided at that time.

 "trumpet" is a NNTP based news reader for DOS which will also run under
 Windows (although only as a DOS application). There is Lan Workplace
 version which is also available.  It runs over packet drivers, which can
 work side-by-side with a Novell Network.  For information on the Crynwr
 Packet Driver Collection, send mail to <[e-mail]> or send a FAX to
 [phone].  Trumpet offers a very intuitive interface with most of
 the basic facilities required in a newsreader (but without some of the
 'bells and whistles found in something like rn).  It has facilities for
 using SMTP to forward/reply etc.  The latest version is 1.07 and is
 shareware available at most main ftp sites.

 trumpet       ftp.utas.edu.au:/pc/trumpet/
 wintrumpet    ftp.utas.edu.au:/pc/trumpet/wintrump/*.*

 "WinVN" is a public domain NNTP newsreader for Microsoft Windows and
 Windows NT.  There are versions available for WINSOCK, Novell LWP, and
 DEC Pathworks/LanMan.  It supports the XOVER extension, and can display
 articles in thread trees.  SMTP and MAPI outgoing mail are supported.
 The latest version is 0.91.4.  Sources and binaries are always available
 from:

 ftp.ksc.nasa.gov:[.pub.win3.winvn].
 ripem.msu.edu:/pub/pc/win/winvn/titan.ksc.nasa.gov (mirror).

 Details on several newsreaders for systems running "Waffle" may be
 found in the FAQ posted to the comp.bbs.waffle newsgroup on a regular
 basis.  At least 8 different readers are available, and all can be
 obtained via ftp and mailserver from ftp.halcyon.com (look in
 /pub/waffle/news).

 Details on many other mail and news readers for MSDOS, Windows and OS/2
 systems can be found in the FAQ posted to the comp.os.msdos.mail-news.

 At least one IBM VM/SP (CMS) version of the Usenet software is
 available.  It is known as PSU NetNews, and it is maintained by Linda
 Littleton ([e-mail]/psuvm.psu.edu).  Version 2.4 of the
 software is available from LISTSERV@PSUVM.  PSU NetNews supports only
 3270 terminals, and uses XEDIT as its screen driver.  Most major VM
 sites appear to use this package.  NetNews supports locally-stored
 news, not NNTP reading.

 Since January 1993, a complete NNTP server is available for VM systems.
 It provides news reading, posting and feed processing compatible to the
 Unix NNTP implementations.  The code is written in IBM's VM Rexx.
 It assumes that you already have installed PSU VM NETNEWS.  The VM NNTP
 package, written by Kris Van Hees ([e-mail]) who also
 takes care of the maintenance.  The current version is 1.0.1 and requires
 IBM's FAL TCP/IP and Arty Ecock's RXSOCKET which is available from the
 IBMTCP FIELLIST on listserv@pucc.  The VM NNTP package can be obtained
 from the NNTP PACKAGE on listserv@blekul11.

 There is NNTP support for PSU NetNews for bulk news receipt: NNTPXFER
 will poll another site for news, and NNTPRCVR will receive news sent
 from a Unix NNTPXMIT process.  Either program sends the news articles
 to NetNews for processing.  Contact Andy Hooper ([e-mail]
 or qucdn.queensu.ca) for more information, or obtain them from
 listserv@qucdn in PUBLIC FILELIST.  These programs are provided with
 source, and require IBM's FAL TCP/IP and Pascal.  An NNTPXMIT sender
 that works in cooperation with PSU NETNEWS is available from Herman
 Van Uytven ([e-mail]).

 There is at least one NNTP news-reader for VM using XEDIT as its
 screen manager: NNR.  Contact Paul Campbell ([e-mail]) for
 information.  The program requires IBM's FAL TCP/IP.  The software is
 available for anonymous ftp from ftp.uni-stuttgart.de
 in the directory pub/comm/news/beginner/software/nnr/*.

 An NNTP news reader is available for TSO/ISPF, called NNMVS. NNMVS is
 written by Steve Bacher <[e-mail]> at Draper Laboratory.  It
 requires C/370 V1R2 or SAS/C; ISPF V2; and TCP/IP for MVS (either
 IBM's "FAL" or SNS).  It is now available via anonymous ftp at
 ftp.uni-stuttgart.de under the directory
 /pub/comm/news/beginner/software/nnmvs and from ftp.mic.ucla.edu,
 directory /pub/mvs/netnews.  The current version is Version 3
 Release 2.  There's also an object-code-only distribution for folks
 without C compilers, but that's an at-your-own-risk distribution,
 and requires the IBM C/370 run-time library.  The source code
 distribution can be compiled with either C/370 or SAS/C.

 Newsfeed management software
 ------------------------

 Gup, the Group Update Program is a Unix mail-server program that lets a
 remote site change their newsgroups subscription on their news feed
 without requiring the intervention of the news administrator at the feed
 site.  Gup operates with the INN (and likely the C News) batching
 mechanisms.  The news administrators at the remote sites simply mail
 commands to gup to make changes to their own site's subscription list.
 The mail/interface is password protected.  Gup checks the requests for
 valid newsgroup names, patterns that have no effect and so on. Gup's
 authors are Mark Delany <[e-mail]> and Andrew Herbert
 <[e-mail]>.  Its official ftp location is
 bushwire.mira.net.au:/pub/external/gup-0.4.tar.gz, but since that's not
 as well connected as uunet, people are strongly advised to obtain it from
 a mirror site. eg.  ftp.uu.net:/networking/news/misc/gup-0.4.tar.gz

 dynafeed is a package from Looking Glass Software Limited that maintains a
 .newsrc for every remote site and generates the batches for them.  Remote
 sites can use uucp or run a program to change their .newsrc dynamically.  It
 comes with a program that the remote site can run to monitor readership in
 newsgroups and dynamically update the feed list to match reader interest.
 The goal of this is to get a feed that sends only exactly the groups
 currently being read.  dynafeed can be obtained from ftp.clarinet.com as
 sources/dynafeed.tar.Z.

 News processing software
 ------------------------

 Software also exists to automatically archive Usenet newsgroups.  The package
 rkive, written by Kent Landfield <[e-mail]> can be configured to
 archive news automatically based on different headers -- Archive-Name,
 Volume-Issue, Chronological, Subject and External-Command to name a few.  It
 can be run in batch mode from the command line or from cron.  It can also be
 installed in the sys/newsfeeds file to process articles as they are
 received.  rkive supports local spool directories as well as NNTP based
 access.  rkive is available via ftp from ftp.sterling.com in the directory
 /rkive.

 Newsclip is a programming language for writing news filtering programs, from
 Looking Glass Software Limited, marketed by ClariNet Communications Corp.  It
 is C-like, and translates to C, so a C compiler is required.  It has
 data-types to represent the kinds of things found in article headers and
 bodies.  It can maintain databases of users, message-ids, patterns,
 subjects, etc.  These can be used to decide whether to ignore or select an
 article.  Newsclip can either operate as a standalone program or as part of
 rn. It is free for non-commercial use and is available from ftp.clarinet.com
 as sources/nc.tar.Z.  Contact [e-mail] with
 a subject line of "newsclip" for more info.

 Special note on "notes" and old versions of news
 ------------------------------------------------

 Many years ago, there was another distributed "news" system called
 "notes".  The "notes" software package used a different internal
 organization of articles, and a different interchange format than that
 of the standard Usenet software.  It was inspired by the notesfiles
 available in the PLATO system and was developed independently from the
 Usenet news.  Eventually, the "notes" network and Usenet were joined
 via gateways doing (sometimes imperfect) protocol translation.
 "notes" was written in 1980-1981 by Ray Essick and Rob Kolstad, (then)
 grad students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  The
 first public release of "notes" was at the January 1982 Usenix
 conference.  The last release of notes was version 1.7; it is no
 longer being actively maintained.

 "B" news software is currently considered obsolete.  Unix sites
 joining the Usenet should install C news or INN to ensure proper
 behavior and good performance.  Most old B news software had
 compiled-in limits on the number of newsgroups and the number of
 articles per newsgroup; the increasing volume of news means that B
 news software cannot reliably cope with a moderately-full newsfeed.


 Software versions & availability
 --------------------------------

 You can obtain the version number of your news software by issuing
 some form of "v" command to show the current version -- consult the
 man page for details.  Current software is obtainable from almost any
 major Usenet site as well as the sites noted in the body of the
 article, above.

 The following sites probably have sources to the current news software
 available for anyone needing a copy:

                Site            Contact
                ----            -------
                munnari         [e-mail]
                osu-cis         [e-mail]
                philabs         [e-mail]
                pyramid         [e-mail]
                rutgers         [e-mail]
                tektronix       [e-mail]
                watmath         [e-mail]
                uunet           [e-mail]

 Sources for most of the news readers and software, including news
 2.11, C News, "rn", and "trn" are also available in the
 comp.sources.unix archives.  European sites should request the sources
 from their nearest backbone site.

 The "archie" service can be used to locate ftp archives containing
 various news software packages.  There are regular postings in the
 comp.answers newsgroup about how to use the "archie" service.

 For a relatively low price, you can buy one of many CD-ROM distributions
 of freely-redistributable software.  This may be cheaper than a
 long-distance phone call.

 Standards
 ---------

 News programs communicate with each other according to standard
 protocols, some of which are described by RFCs.  An RFC is a Request For
 Comment, a de facto standard in the Internet Community.  It is a form of
 software standard, published by the Internet Network Information Center
 (InterNIC).  Copies of RFCs are often posted to the net and obtainable
 from archive sites.  Current news-related RFCs include the following:

     RFC 822 specifies the format of messages; RFC 1036 uses this.
     RFC 977 specifies NNTP, the Network News Transfer Protocol.
     RFC 1036 specifies the format of Usenet articles.
     RFC 1123 amends RFC 822.
     RFC 1153 specifies the digest format some moderated groups use.

 See the accompanying posting "How to Get Information about Networks"
 for instructions on getting copies of the RFCs.

 Henry Spencer has a draft of a successor to RFC1036 that attempts to
 document and explain all subsequent enhancements and existing practice as
 implemented in the newer news systems.  This draft (often called
 son-of-1036) can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ftp.zoo.toronto.edu as
 /pub/news.txt.Z (the text version) or /pub/news.ps.Z (a PostScript
 version).  Son-of-1036 is intended to be stand-alone reading and does not
 require that one also read RFCs 822 or 1123.

 Newsgroups
 ----------

 The following newsgroups cover issues discussed in this article, and can
 be consulted for recent developments.

 bit.listserv.netnws-l  Discussion about NetNews on VM systems.
 gnu.emacs.gnews                News reading under GNU Emacs using Weemba's Gnews.
 gnu.emacs.gnus         News reading under GNU Emacs using GNUS (in English).
 news.software.anu-news VMS B-news software from Australian National Univ.
 news.software.b                Discussion about B-news-compatible software.
 news.software.nn       Discussion about the "nn" news reader package.
 news.software.notes    Notesfile software from the Univ. of Illinois.
 news.software.readers  General discussion about news reading software.
 news.software.nntp     The Network News Transfer Protocol.
 comp.os.msdos.mail-news        Administering mail & network news systems under MS-DOS.
 comp.protocols.tcp-ip   TCP and IP network protocols.
 comp.protocols.tcp-ip.ibmpc     TCP/IP for IBM(-like) personal computers.
 alt.usenet.offline-reader      Packages for reading mail/news off-line.


 The following periodic postings in the news.software.b and news.answers
 newsgroups are useful for people interested in news transport software.

 Mark Linimon   "News.software.b: Introduction to news.software.b"
 Mark Linimon   "News.software.b Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
 Mark Linimon   "C News Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
 Rob Robertson  "FAQ: Overview database / NOV General Information"
 Tom Limoncelli "INN FAQ Part 1/4: General Information"
 Tom Limoncelli "INN FAQ Part 2/4: Debugging Guide & Tutorial"
 Tom Limoncelli "INN FAQ Part 3/4: Operational and Misc. Questions"
 Tom Limoncelli "INN FAQ Part 4/4: Appendix A: Norman's install guide"


 The following FAQ is posted periodically to news.software.anu-news
 and news.answers.

 Bob Sloane     "FAQ: news.software.anu-news"


 Users on MS-DOS machines should take a look at the FAQ posted periodically
 to comp.os.msdos.mail-news.

 Russell Schulz "comp.os.msdos.mail-news FAQ (01/02) intro"
 Russell Schulz "comp.os.msdos.mail-news FAQ (02/02) intro"


 The following FAQs posted to alt.usenet.offline-reader and news.answers
 are useful for people interested in off-line news readers.

 Russell Schulz "alt.usenet.offline-reader FAQ (01/02) intro"
 Russell Schulz "alt.usenet.offline-reader FAQ (02/02) software"

 Acknowledgements
 ----------------

 The preparation of this article (and Usenet itself!) was greatly
 enhanced by the contributions and assistance of the following persons:
 Steve Bellovin, Ray Essick, Mark Horton, Brian Kantor, Phil Lapsley,
 Bob Page, Rich Salz, Tom Truscott, and Larry Wall.  Thanks, folks.

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