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- .\" soelim cvs.ms | pic | tbl | troff -ms
- .\" @(#)cvs.ms 1.2 92/01/30
- .\"
- .\" troff source to the cvs USENIX article, Winter 1990, Washington, D.C.
- .\" Copyright (c) 1989, Brian Berliner
- .\"
- .\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
- .\" any later version.
- .\"
- .\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- .\" GNU General Public License for more details.
- .\"
- .\" The author can be reached at: berliner@prisma.com
- .\"
- .de SP
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- .TL
- .ps 14
- .ft B
- .nf
- CVS II:
- Parallelizing Software Development
- .fi
- .ft
- .ps
- .AU
- .ps 12
- .ft I
- Brian Berliner
- .ft
- .ps
- .AI
- .ps 12
- .ft I
- Prisma, Inc.
- 5465 Mark Dabling Blvd.
- Colorado Springs, CO 80918
- berliner@prisma.com
- .ft
- .ps
- .AB
- The program described in this paper fills a need in the UNIX
- community for a freely available tool to manage software revision and
- release control in a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group
- environment.
- This tool also addresses the increasing need for tracking third-party vendor
- source distributions while trying to maintain local modifications to
- earlier releases.
- .AE
- .NH
- Background
- .PP
- In large software development projects, it is usually necessary for more
- than one software developer to be modifying (usually different) modules of the
- code at the same time.
- Some of these code modifications are done in an
- experimental sense, at least until the code functions correctly, and some
- testing of the entire program is usually necessary.
- Then, the modifications are returned to a master source repository
- so that others in the project can
- enjoy the new bug-fix or functionality.
- In order to manage such a project, some sort of revision control system is
- necessary.
- .PP
- Specifically, UNIX\**
- .FS
- UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
- .FE
- kernel development is an excellent example of the
- problems that an adequate revision control system must address.
- The SunOS\**
- .FS
- SunOS is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- .FE
- kernel is composed of over a thousand files spread across a
- hierarchy of dozens of directories.\**
- .FS
- Yes, the SunOS 4.0 kernel is composed of over a \fIthousand\fP files!
- .FE
- Pieces of the kernel must be edited
- by many software developers within an organization.
- While undesirable in
- theory, it is not uncommon to have two or more people making
- modifications to the same file within the kernel sources in
- order to facilitate a desired change.
- Existing revision control systems like
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- [Tichy] or
- .SM
- SCCS
- .LG
- [Bell] serialize file modifications by
- allowing only one developer to have a writable copy of a particular file at
- any one point in time.
- That developer is said to
- have \*Qlocked\*U the file for his exclusive use, and no other developer is
- allowed to check out a writable copy of the file until the locking
- developer has finished impeding others' productivity.
- Development pressures of productivity and deadlines
- often force organizations to require that multiple developers be able to
- simultaneously edit
- copies of the same revision controlled file.
- .PP
- The necessity for multiple developers to modify the same file concurrently
- questions the value of serialization-based policies in traditional revision
- control.
- This paper discusses the approach that
- Prisma took in adapting a standard revision control system,
- .SM
- RCS\c
- .LG
- , along with an existing public-domain collection of shell scripts that sits
- atop
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- and provides the basic conflict-resolution algorithms.
- The resulting
- program, \fBcvs\fP, addresses not only the issue of conflict-resolution in
- a multi-developer open-editing environment, but also the issues of
- software release control and vendor source support and integration.
- .NH
- The CVS Program
- .PP
- \fBcvs\fP
- (Concurrent Versions System)
- is a front end to the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- revision control system which extends
- the notion of revision control from a collection of files in a single
- directory to a hierarchical collection of directories each containing
- revision controlled files.
- Directories and files in the \fBcvs\fP system can be combined together in
- many ways to form a software release.
- \fBcvs\fP
- provides the functions necessary to manage these software releases and to
- control the concurrent editing of source files among multiple software
- developers.
- .PP
- The six major features of \fBcvs\fP are listed below, and will be
- described in more detail in the following sections:
- .RS
- .IP 1.
- Concurrent access and conflict-resolution algorithms to guarantee that
- source changes are not \*Qlost.\*U
- .IP 2.
- Support for tracking third-party vendor source distributions while
- maintaining the local modifications made to those sources.
- .IP 3.
- A flexible module database that provides a symbolic mapping of names to
- components of a larger software distribution.
- This symbolic mapping provides for location independence within the software
- release and, for example, allows one to check out a copy of the \*Qdiff\*U
- program without ever knowing that the sources to \*Qdiff\*U actually reside
- in the \*Qbin/diff\*U directory.
- .IP 4.
- Configurable logging support allows all \*Qcommitted\*U source file changes
- to be logged using an arbitrary program to save the log messages in a file,
- notesfile, or news database.
- .IP 5.
- A software release can be symbolically tagged and checked out at any time
- based on that tag.
- An exact copy of a previous software release can be checked out at
- any time, \fIregardless\fP of whether files or directories have been
- added/removed from the \*Qcurrent\*U software release.
- As well,
- a \*Qdate\*U can be used to check out the \fIexact\fP version of the software
- release as of the specified date.
- .IP 6.
- A \*Qpatch\*U format file [Wall] can be produced between two software
- releases, even if the releases span multiple directories.
- .RE
- .PP
- The sources maintained by \fBcvs\fP are kept within a single directory
- hierarchy known as the \*Qsource repository.\*U
- This \*Qsource repository\*U holds the actual
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- \*Q,v\*U files directly, as well as a special per-repository directory
- (\c
- .SM
- CVSROOT.adm\c
- .LG
- ) which contains a small number of administrative files that describe the
- repository and how it can be accessed.
- See Figure 1 for a picture of the \fBcvs\fP tree.
- .KF
- .hl
- .DS B
- .PS
- line from 4.112,9.200 to 5.550,8.887
- line from 5.447,8.884 to 5.550,8.887 to 5.458,8.933
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- line from 4.451,8.978 to 4.550,8.950 to 4.476,9.021
- line from 4.112,9.200 to 3.737,8.887
- line from 3.798,8.971 to 3.737,8.887 to 3.830,8.932
- line from 3.612,8.762 to 4.737,8.137
- line from 4.638,8.164 to 4.737,8.137 to 4.662,8.208
- line from 3.612,8.762 to 3.737,8.137
- line from 3.693,8.231 to 3.737,8.137 to 3.742,8.240
- line from 3.612,8.762 to 2.612,8.200
- line from 2.687,8.271 to 2.612,8.200 to 2.712,8.227
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- line from 1.992,9.028 to 1.925,8.950 to 2.021,8.988
- line from 3.362,9.762 to 4.050,9.387
- line from 3.950,9.413 to 4.050,9.387 to 3.974,9.457
- line from 3.362,9.762 to 2.487,9.387
- line from 2.570,9.450 to 2.487,9.387 to 2.589,9.404
- .ps 11
- "newfs.c,v" at 4.487,8.043 ljust
- .ps 11
- "mkfs.c,v" at 3.487,8.043 ljust
- .ps 11
- "Makefile,v" at 2.237,8.043 ljust
- .ps 11
- "newfs" at 3.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "halt.c,v" at 5.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "Makefile,v" at 4.237,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "modules,v" at 2.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "loginfo,v" at 1.488,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "etc" at 3.987,9.293 ljust
- .ps 11
- "CVSROOT.adm" at 1.988,9.293 ljust
- .ps 11
- "/src/master" at 2.987,9.793 ljust
- .PE
- .DE
- .hl
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBFigure 1.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Source Repository
- .ce 0
- .sp
- .KE
- .NH 2
- Software Conflict Resolution\**
- .FS
- The basic conflict-resolution algorithms
- used in the \fBcvs\fP program find their roots
- in the original work done by Dick Grune at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam
- and posted to \fBcomp.sources.unix\fP in the volume 6 release sometime in 1986.
- This original version of \fBcvs\fP was a collection of shell scripts that
- combined to form a front end to the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- programs.
- .FE
- .PP
- \fBcvs\fP allows several software developers to edit personal copies of a
- revision controlled file concurrently.
- The revision number of each checked out file is maintained independently
- for each user, and \fBcvs\fP forces the checked out file to be current with
- the \*Qhead\*U revision before it can be \*Qcommitted\*U as a permanent change.
- A checked out file is brought up-to-date with the \*Qhead\*U revision using
- the \*Qupdate\*U command of \fBcvs\fP.
- This command compares the \*Qhead\*U revision number with that of the user's
- file and performs an
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- merge operation if they are not the same.
- The result of the merge is a file that contains the user's modifications
- and those modifications that were \*Qcommitted\*U after the user
- checked out his version of the file (as well as a backup copy of the
- user's original file).
- \fBcvs\fP points out any conflicts during the merge.
- It is the user's responsibility to resolve these conflicts
- and to \*Qcommit\*U his/her changes when ready.
- .PP
- Although the \fBcvs\fP conflict-resolution algorithm was defined in 1986,
- it is remarkably similar to the \*QCopy-Modify-Merge\*U scenario included
- with NSE\**
- .FS
- NSE is the Network Software Environment, a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- .FE
- and described in [Honda] and [Courington].
- The following explanation from [Honda] also applies to \fBcvs\fP:
- .QP
- Simply stated, a developer copies an object without locking it, modifies
- the copy, and then merges the modified copy with the original.
- This paradigm allows developers to work in isolation from one another since
- changes are made to copies of objects.
- Because locks are not used, development is not serialized and can proceed
- in parallel.
- Developers, however, must merge objects after the changes have been made.
- In particular, a developer must resolve conflicts when the same object has
- been modified by someone else.
- .PP
- In practice, Prisma has found that conflicts that occur when the same
- object has been modified by someone else are quite rare.
- When they do happen, the changes made by the other developer are usually
- easily resolved.
- This practical use has shown that the \*QCopy-Modify-Merge\*U paradigm is a
- correct and useful one.
- .NH 2
- Tracking Third-Party Source Distributions
- .PP
- Currently, a large amount of software is based on source
- distributions from a third-party distributor.
- It is often the case that local modifications are to be made to this
- distribution, \fIand\fP that the vendor's future releases should be
- tracked.
- Rolling your local modifications forward into the new vendor release is a
- time-consuming task, but \fBcvs\fP can ease this burden somewhat.
- The \fBcheckin\fP program of \fBcvs\fP initially sets up a source
- repository by integrating the source modules directly from the vendor's
- release, preserving the directory hierarchy of the vendor's distribution.
- The branch support of
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- is used to build this vendor release as a branch of the main
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- trunk.
- Figure 2 shows how the \*Qhead\*U tracks a sample vendor
- branch when no local modifications have been made to the file.
- .KF
- .hl
- .DS B
- .PS
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- "\"HEAD\"" at 1.550,8.231 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'SunOS'" at 2.987,6.293 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1" at 3.050,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1" at 1.613,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.1" at 4.487,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
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- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.3" at 4.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.4" at 4.487,9.793 ljust
- .ps 11
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- .ps 11
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- .ps 11
- "rcsfile.c,v" at 2.987,5.543 ljust
- .PE
- .DE
- .hl
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBFigure 2.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Vendor Branch Example
- .ce 0
- .sp .3
- .KE
- Once this is done, developers can check out files and make local changes to
- the vendor's source distribution.
- These local changes form a new branch to the tree which is then used as the
- source for future check outs.
- Figure 3 shows how the \*Qhead\*U moves to the main
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- trunk when a local modification is made.
- .KF
- .hl
- .DS B
- .PS
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- line from 4.237,8.012 to 5.237,8.012 to 5.237,7.513 to 4.237,7.513 to 4.237,8.012
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- .ps 11
- "\"HEAD\"" at 2.862,9.043 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'SunOS'" at 2.987,6.293 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1" at 3.050,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1" at 1.613,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.1" at 4.487,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.2" at 4.487,7.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.3" at 4.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "1.1.1.4" at 4.487,9.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'SunOS_4_0'" at 5.487,6.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'SunOS_4_0_1'" at 5.487,7.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'YAPT_5_5C'" at 5.487,8.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "'SunOS_4_0_3'" at 5.487,9.793 ljust
- .ps 11
- "rcsfile.c,v" at 2.987,5.543 ljust
- .PE
- .DE
- .hl
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBFigure 3.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Local Modification to Vendor Branch
- .ce 0
- .sp
- .KE
- .PP
- When a new version of the vendor's source distribution arrives, the
- \fBcheckin\fP program adds the new and changed vendor's files to the
- already existing source repository.
- For files that have not been changed locally, the new file from the
- vendor becomes the current \*Qhead\*U revision.
- For files that have been modified locally, \fBcheckin\fP warns that the
- file must be merged with the new vendor release.
- The \fBcvs\fP \*Qjoin\*U command is a useful tool that aids this process by
- performing the necessary
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- merge, as is done above when performing an \*Qupdate.\*U
- .PP
- There is also limited support for \*Qdual\*U derivations for source files.
- See Figure 4 for a sample dual-derived file.
- .KF
- .hl
- .DS B
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- .ps 11
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- .ps 11
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- .ps 11
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- .PE
- .DE
- .hl
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBFigure 4.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Support For \*QDual\*U Derivations
- .ce 0
- .sp
- .KE
- This example tracks the SunOS distribution but includes major changes from
- Berkeley.
- These BSD files are saved directly in the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- file off a new branch.
- .NH 2
- Location Independent Module Database
- .PP
- \fBcvs\fP contains support for a simple, yet powerful, \*Qmodule\*U database.
- For reasons of efficiency, this database is stored in \fBndbm\fP\|(3) format.
- The module database is used to apply names to collections of directories
- and files as a matter of convenience for checking out pieces of a large
- software distribution.
- The database records the physical location of the sources as a form of
- information hiding, allowing one to check out whole directory hierarchies
- or individual files without regard for their actual location within the
- global source distribution.
- .PP
- Consider the following small sample of a module database, which must be
- tailored manually to each specific source repository environment:
- .DS
- \f(CW #key [-option argument] directory [files...]
- diff bin/diff
- libc lib/libc
- sys -o sys/tools/make_links sys
- modules -i mkmodules CVSROOT.adm modules
- kernel -a sys lang/adb
- ps bin Makefile ps.c\fP
- .DE
- .PP
- The \*Qdiff\*U and \*Qlibc\*U modules refer to whole directory hierarchies that
- are extracted on check out.
- The \*Qsys\*U module extracts the \*Qsys\*U hierarchy, and runs the
- \*Qmake_links\*U program at the end of the check out process (the \fI-o\fP
- option specifies a program to run on check\fIo\fPut).
- The \*Qmodules\*U module allows one to edit the module database file and
- runs the \*Qmkmodules\*U program on check\fIi\fPn to regenerate the
- \fBndbm\fP database that \fBcvs\fP uses.
- The \*Qkernel\*U module is an alias (as the \fI-a\fP option specifies)
- which causes the remaining arguments after the \fI-a\fP to be interpreted
- exactly as if they had been specified on the command line.
- This is useful for objects that require shared pieces of code from far away
- places to be compiled (as is the case with the kernel debugger, \fBkadb\fP,
- which shares code with the standard \fBadb\fP debugger).
- The \*Qps\*U module shows that the source for \*Qps\*U lives in the \*Qbin\*U
- directory, but only \fIMakefile\fP and \fIps.c\fP are required to build the
- object.
- .PP
- The module database at Prisma is now populated for the entire UNIX
- distribution and thereby allows us to issue the
- following convenient commands to check out components of the UNIX
- distribution without regard for their actual location within the master source
- repository:
- .DS
- \f(CW example% cvs checkout diff
- example% cvs checkout libc ps
- example% cd diff; make\fP
- .DE
- .PP
- In building the module database file, it is quite possible to have name
- conflicts within a global software distribution.
- For example, SunOS provides two \fBcat\fP programs:
- one for the standard environment, \fI/bin/cat\fP, and one for the System V
- environment, \fI/usr/5bin/cat\fP.
- We resolved this conflict by naming the standard \fBcat\fP module
- \*Qcat\*U, and the System V \fBcat\fP module \*Q5cat\*U.
- Similar name modifications must be applied to other conflicting names, as
- might be found between a utility program and a library function, though
- Prisma chose not to include individual library functions within the module
- database at this time.
- .NH 2
- Configurable Logging Support
- .PP
- The \fBcvs\fP \*Qcommit\*U command is used to make a permanent change to the
- master source repository (where the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- \*Q,v\*U files live).
- Whenever a \*Qcommit\*U is done, the log message for the change is carefully
- logged by an arbitrary program (in a file, notesfile, news database, or
- mail).
- For example, a collection of these updates can be used to produce release
- notices.
- \fBcvs\fP can be configured to send log updates through one or more filter
- programs, based on a regular expression match on the directory that is
- being changed.
- This allows multiple related or unrelated projects to exist within a single
- \fBcvs\fP source repository tree, with each different project sending its
- \*Qcommit\*U reports to a unique log device.
- .PP
- A sample logging configuration file might look as follows:
- .DS
- \f(CW #regex filter-program
- DEFAULT /usr/local/bin/nfpipe -t %s utils.updates
- ^diag /usr/local/bin/nfpipe -t %s diag.updates
- ^local /usr/local/bin/nfpipe -t %s local.updates
- ^perf /usr/local/bin/nfpipe -t %s perf.updates
- ^sys /usr/local/bin/nfpipe -t %s kernel.updates\fP
- .DE
- .PP
- This sample allows the diagnostics and performance groups to
- share the same source repository with the kernel and utilities groups.
- Changes that they make are sent directly to their own notesfile [Essick]
- through the \*Qnfpipe\*U program.
- A sufficiently simple title is substituted for the \*Q%s\*U argument before
- the filter program is executed.
- This logging configuration file is tailored manually to each specific
- source repository environment.
- .NH 2
- Tagged Releases and Dates
- .PP
- Any release can be given a symbolic tag name that is stored directly in the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- files.
- This tag can be used at any time to get an exact copy of any previous
- release.
- With equal ease, one can also extract an exact copy of the source files as
- of any arbitrary date in the past as well.
- Thus, all that's required to tag the current kernel, and to tag the kernel
- as of the Fourth of July is:
- .DS
- \f(CW example% cvs tag TEST_KERNEL kernel
- example% cvs tag -D 'July 4' PATRIOTIC_KERNEL kernel\fP
- .DE
- The following command would retrieve an exact copy of the test kernel at
- some later date:
- .DS
- \f(CW example% cvs checkout -fp -rTEST_KERNEL kernel\fP
- .DE
- The \fI-f\fP option causes only files that match the specified tag to be
- extracted, while the \fI-p\fP option automatically prunes empty directories.
- Consequently, directories added to the kernel after the test kernel was
- tagged are not included in the newly extracted copy of the test kernel.
- .PP
- The \fBcvs\fP date support has exactly the same interface as that provided
- with
- .SM
- RCS\c
- .LG
- , however \fBcvs\fP must process the \*Q,v\*U files directly due to the
- special handling required by the vendor branch support.
- The standard
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- date handling only processes one branch (or the main trunk) when checking
- out based on a date specification.
- \fBcvs\fP must instead process the current \*Qhead\*U branch and, if a
- match is not found, proceed to look for a match on the vendor branch.
- This, combined with reasons of performance, is why \fBcvs\fP processes
- revision (symbolic and numeric) and date specifications directly from the
- \*Q,v\*U files.
- .NH 2
- Building \*Qpatch\*U Source Distributions
- .PP
- \fBcvs\fP can produce a \*Qpatch\*U format [Wall] output file which can be
- used to bring a previously released software distribution current with the
- newest release.
- This patch file supports an entire directory hierarchy within a single
- patch, as well as being able to add whole new files to the previous
- release.
- One can combine symbolic revisions and dates together to display changes in
- a very generic way:
- .DS
- \f(CW example% cvs patch -D 'December 1, 1988' \e
- -D 'January 1, 1989' sys\fP
- .DE
- This example displays the kernel changes made in the month of December,
- 1988.
- To release a patch file, for example, to take the \fBcvs\fP distribution
- from version 1.0 to version 1.4 might be done as follows:
- .DS
- \f(CW example% cvs patch -rCVS_1_0 -rCVS_1_4 cvs\fP
- .DE
- .NH
- CVS Experience
- .NH 2
- Statistics
- .PP
- A quick summary of the scale that \fBcvs\fP is addressing today
- can be found in Table 1.
- .KF
- .TS
- box center tab(:);
- c s
- c s
- c | c
- l | n .
- \fB\s+2Revision Control Statistics at Prisma
- as of 11/11/89\fP\s-2
- _
- How Many...:Total
- =
- Files:17243
- Directories:1005
- Lines of code:3927255
- Removed files:131
- Software developers:14
- Software groups:6
- Megabytes of source:128
- .TE
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBTable 1.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Statistics
- .ce 0
- .sp .3
- .KE
- Table 2 shows the history of files changed or added and the number
- of source lines affected by the change at Prisma.
- Only changes made to the kernel sources are included.
- .KF
- .TS
- box center tab(:);
- c s s s s
- c s s s s
- c || c | c || c | c
- c || c | c || c | c
- l || n | n || n | n.
- \fB\s+2Prisma Kernel Source File Changes
- By Month, 1988-1989\fP\s-2
- _
- Month:# Changed:# Lines:# Added:# Lines
- \^:Files:Changed:Files:Added
- =
- Dec:87:3619:68:9266
- Jan:39:4324:0:0
- Feb:73:1578:5:3550
- Mar:99:5301:18:11461
- Apr:112:7333:11:5759
- May:138:5371:17:13986
- Jun:65:2261:27:12875
- Jul:34:2000:1:58
- Aug:65:6378:8:4724
- Sep:266:23410:113:39965
- Oct:22:621:1:155
- Total:1000:62196:269:101799
- .TE
- .ce 100
- .LG
- \fBTable 2.\fP
- .SM
- \fBcvs\fP Usage History for the Kernel
- .ce 0
- .sp
- .KE
- The large number of source file changes made in September are the result of
- merging the SunOS 4.0.3 sources into the kernel.
- This merge process is described in section 3.3.
- .NH 2
- Performance
- .PP
- The performance of \fBcvs\fP is currently quite reasonable.
- Little effort has been expended on tuning \fBcvs\fP, although performance
- related decisions were made during the \fBcvs\fP design.
- For example, \fBcvs\fP parses the
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- \*Q,v\*U files directly instead of running an
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- process.
- This includes following branches as well as integrating with the vendor
- source branches and the main trunk when checking out files based on a date.
- .PP
- Checking out the entire kernel source tree (1223 files/59 directories)
- currently takes 16 wall clock minutes on a Sun-4/280.
- However, bringing the tree up-to-date with the current kernel sources, once
- it has been checked out, takes only 1.5 wall clock minutes.
- Updating the \fIcomplete\fP 128 MByte source tree under \fBcvs\fP control
- (17243 files/1005 directories) takes roughly 28 wall clock minutes and
- utilizes one-third of the machine.
- For now this is entirely acceptable; improvements on these numbers will
- possibly be made in the future.
- .NH 2
- The SunOS 4.0.3 Merge
- .PP
- The true test of the \fBcvs\fP vendor branch support came with the arrival
- of the SunOS 4.0.3 source upgrade tape.
- As described above, the \fBcheckin\fP program was used to install the new
- sources and the resulting output file listed the files that had been
- locally modified, needing to be merged manually.
- For the kernel, there were 94 files in conflict.
- The \fBcvs\fP \*Qjoin\*U command was used on each of the 94 conflicting
- files, and the remaining conflicts were resolved.
- .PP
- The \*Qjoin\*U command performs an \fBrcsmerge\fP operation.
- This in turn uses \fI/usr/lib/diff3\fP to produce a three-way diff file.
- As it happens, the \fBdiff3\fP program has a hard-coded limit of 200
- source-file changes maximum.
- This proved to be too small for a few of the kernel files that needed
- merging by hand, due to the large number of local changes that Prisma had
- made.
- The \fBdiff3\fP problem was solved by increasing the hard-coded limit by an
- order of magnitude.
- .PP
- The SunOS 4.0.3 kernel source upgrade distribution contained
- 346 files, 233 of which were modifications to previously released files,
- and 113 of which were newly added files.
- \fBcheckin\fP added the 113 new files to the source repository
- without intervention.
- Of the 233 modified files, 139 dropped in cleanly by \fBcheckin\fP, since
- Prisma had not made any local changes to them, and 94 required manual
- merging due to local modifications.
- The 233 modified files consisted of 20,766 lines of differences.
- It took one developer two days to manually merge the 94 files using the
- \*Qjoin\*U command and resolving conflicts manually.
- An additional day was required for kernel debugging.
- The entire process of merging over 20,000 lines of differences was
- completed in less than a week.
- This one time-savings alone was justification enough for the \fBcvs\fP
- development effort; we expect to gain even more when tracking future SunOS
- releases.
- .NH
- Future Enhancements and Current Bugs
- .PP
- Since \fBcvs\fP was designed to be incomplete, for reasons of design
- simplicity, there are naturally a good
- number of enhancements that can be made to make it more useful.
- As well, some nuisances exist in the current implementation.
- .RS
- .IP \(bu 3
- \fBcvs\fP does not currently \*Qremember\*U who has a checked out a copy of a
- module.
- As a result, it is impossible to know who might be working on the same
- module that you are.
- A simple-minded database that is updated nightly would likely suffice.
- .IP \(bu 3
- Signal processing, keyboard interrupt handling in particular, is currently
- somewhat weak.
- This is due to the heavy use of the \fBsystem\fP\|(3) library
- function to execute
- .SM
- RCS
- .LG
- programs like \fBco\fP and \fBci\fP.
- It sometimes takes multiple interrupts to make \fBcvs\fP quit.
- This can be fixed by using a home-grown \fBsystem\fP\|() replacement.
- .IP \(bu 3
- Security of the source repository is currently not dealt with directly.
- The usual UNIX approach of user-group-other security permissions through
- the file system is utilized, but nothing else.
- \fBcvs\fP could likely be a set-group-id executable that checks a
- protected database to verify user access permissions for particular objects
- before allowing any operations to affect those objects.
- .IP \(bu 3
- With every checked-out directory, \fBcvs\fP maintains some administrative
- files that record the current revision numbers of the checked-out files as
- well as the location of the respective source repository.
- \fBcvs\fP does not recover nicely at all if these administrative files are
- removed.
- .IP \(bu 3
- The source code for \fBcvs\fP has been tested extensively on Sun-3 and
- Sun-4 systems, all running SunOS 4.0 or later versions of the operating
- system.
- Since the code has not yet been compiled under other platforms, the overall
- portability of the code is still questionable.
- .IP \(bu 3
- As witnessed in the previous section, the \fBcvs\fP method for tracking
- third party vendor source distributions can work quite nicely.
- However, if the vendor changes the directory structure or the file names
- within the source distribution, \fBcvs\fP has no way of matching the old
- release with the new one.
- It is currently unclear as to how to solve this, though it is certain to
- happen in practice.
- .RE
- .NH
- Availability
- .PP
- The \fBcvs\fP program sources can be found in a recent posting to the
- \fBcomp.sources.unix\fP newsgroup.
- It is also currently available via anonymous ftp from \*Qprisma.com\*U.
- Copying rights for \fBcvs\fP will be covered by the GNU General Public
- License.
- .NH
- Summary
- .PP
- Prisma has used \fBcvs\fP since December, 1988.
- It has evolved to meet our specific needs of revision and release control.
- We will make our code freely available so that others can
- benefit from our work, and can enhance \fBcvs\fP to meet broader needs yet.
- .PP
- Many of the other software release and revision control systems, like the
- one described in [Glew], appear to use a collection of tools that are
- geared toward specific environments \(em one set of tools for the kernel,
- one set for \*Qgeneric\*U software, one set for utilities, and one set for
- kernel and utilities.
- Each of these tool sets apparently handle some specific aspect of the
- problem uniquely.
- \fBcvs\fP took a somewhat different approach.
- File sharing through symbolic or hard links is not addressed; instead, the
- disk space is simply burned since it is \*Qcheap.\*U
- Support for producing objects for multiple architectures is not addressed;
- instead, a parallel checked-out source tree must be used for each
- architecture, again wasting disk space to simplify complexity and ease of
- use \(em punting on this issue allowed \fIMakefile\fPs to remain
- unchanged, unlike the approach taken in [Mahler], thereby maintaining closer
- compatibility with the third-party vendor sources.
- \fBcvs\fP is essentially a source-file server, making no assumptions or
- special handling of the sources that it controls.
- To \fBcvs\fP:
- .QP
- A source is a source, of course, of course, unless of course the source is
- Mr. Ed.\**
- .FS
- \fBcvs\fP, of course, does not really discriminate against Mr. Ed.\**
- .FE
- .FS
- Yet.
- .FE
- .LP
- Sources are maintained, saved, and retrievable at any time based on
- symbolic or numeric revision or date in the past.
- It is entirely up to \fBcvs\fP wrapper programs to provide for release
- environments and such.
- .PP
- The major advantage of \fBcvs\fP over the
- many other similar systems that have already been designed is the
- simplicity of \fBcvs\fP.
- \fBcvs\fP contains only three programs that do all the work of release
- and revision control, and two manually-maintained administrative
- files for each source repository.
- Of course, the deciding factor of any tool is whether people use it, and if
- they even \fIlike\fP to use it.
- At Prisma, \fBcvs\fP prevented members of the kernel
- group from killing each other.
- .NH
- Acknowledgements
- .PP
- Many thanks to Dick Grune at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam for his work
- on the original version of \fBcvs\fP and for making it available to the
- world.
- Thanks to Jeff Polk of Prisma for helping with the design of the module
- database, vendor branch support, and for writing the \fBcheckin\fP shell
- script.
- Thanks also to the entire software group at Prisma for taking the
- time to review the paper and correct my grammar.
- .NH
- References
- .IP [Bell] 12
- Bell Telephone Laboratories.
- \*QSource Code Control System User's Guide.\*U
- \fIUNIX System III Programmer's Manual\fP, October 1981.
- .IP [Courington] 12
- Courington, W.
- \fIThe Network Software Environment\fP,
- Sun Technical Report FE197-0, Sun Microsystems Inc, February 1989.
- .IP [Essick] 12
- Essick, Raymond B. and Robert Bruce Kolstad.
- \fINotesfile Reference Manual\fP,
- Department of Computer Science Technical Report #1081,
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
- 1982, p. 26.
- .IP [Glew] 12
- Glew, Andy.
- \*QBoxes, Links, and Parallel Trees:
- Elements of a Configuration Management System.\*U
- \fIWorkshop Proceedings of the Software Management Conference\fP, USENIX,
- New Orleans, April 1989.
- .IP [Grune] 12
- Grune, Dick.
- Distributed the original shell script version of \fBcvs\fP in the
- \fBcomp.sources.unix\fP volume 6 release in 1986.
- .IP [Honda] 12
- Honda, Masahiro and Terrence Miller.
- \*QSoftware Management Using a CASE Environment.\*U
- \fIWorkshop Proceedings of the Software Management Conference\fP, USENIX,
- New Orleans, April 1989.
- .IP [Mahler] 12
- Mahler, Alex and Andreas Lampen.
- \*QAn Integrated Toolset for Engineering Software Configurations.\*U
- \fIProceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN Software Engineering Symposium on
- Practical Software Development Environments\fP, ACM, Boston, November 1988.
- Described is the \fBshape\fP toolkit posted to the
- \fBcomp.sources.unix\fP newsgroup in the volume 19 release.
- .IP [Tichy] 12
- Tichy, Walter F.
- \*QDesign, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Revision Control System.\*U
- \fIProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software
- Engineering\fP, IEEE, Tokyo, September 1982.
- .IP [Wall] 12
- Wall, Larry.
- The \fBpatch\fP program is an indispensable tool for applying a diff file
- to an original.
- Can be found on uunet.uu.net in ~ftp/pub/patch.tar.
-