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- SORT(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES SORT(1L)
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- NAME
- sort - sort lines of text files
-
- SYNOPSIS
- sort [-cmus] [-t separator] [-o output-file] [-bdfiMnr]
- [+POS1 [-POS2]] [-k POS1[,POS2]] [file...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of sort. sort
- sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given
- files, or the standard input if no files are given. A file
- name of `-' means standard input. By default, sort writes
- the results to the standard output.
-
- sort has three modes of operation: sort (the default),
- merge, and check for sortedness. The following options
- change the operation mode:
-
- -¢4mc¢24m Check whether the given files are already sorted: if
- they are not all sorted, print an error message and
- exit with a status of 1.
-
- -¢4mm¢24m Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each
- input file should already be individually sorted. It
- always works to sort instead of merge; merging is pro-
- vided because it is faster, in the case where it works.
-
- A pair of lines is compared as follows: if any key fields
- have been specified, sort compares each pair of fields, in
- the order specified on the command line, according to the
- associated ordering options, until a difference is found or
- no fields are left.
-
- If any of the global options ¢4mMbdfinr¢24m are given but no key
- fields are specified, sort compares the entire lines accord-
- ing to the global options.
-
- Finally, as a last resort when all keys compare equal (or if
- no ordering options were specified at all), sort compares
- the lines byte by byte in machine collating sequence. The
- -¢4ms¢24m option disables this last resort comparison, producing a
- stable sort.
-
- GNU sort has no limits on input line length or restrictions
- on bytes allowed within lines. In addition, if the final
- byte of an input file is not a newline, GNU sort silently
- supplies one. In some cases, such as exactly what the -¢4mb¢24m
- and -¢4mf¢24m options do, BSD and System V sort programs produce
- different output; GNU sort follows the POSIX behavior, which
- is usually like the System V behavior.
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- If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, sort uses it as
- the directory in which to put temporary files instead of the
- default, /tmp.
-
- The following options affect the ordering of output lines.
- They may be specified globally or as part of a specific key
- field. If no key fields are specified, global options apply
- to comparison of entire lines; otherwise the global options
- are inherited by key fields that do not specify any special
- options of their own.
-
- -¢4mb¢24m Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each
- line.
-
- -¢4md¢24m Sort in `dictionary order': ignore all characters
- except letters, digits and blanks when sorting.
-
- -¢4mf¢24m Fold lower case characters into the equivalent upper
- case characters when sorting so that, for example, `b'
- is sorted the same way `B' is.
-
- -¢4mi¢24m Ignore characters outside the ASCII range 040-0176
- (inclusive) when sorting.
-
- -¢4mM¢24m An initial string, consisting of any amount of white
- space, followed by three letters abbreviating a month
- name, is folded to lower case and compared in the order
- `jan' < `feb' < ... < `dec.' Invalid names compare low
- to valid names. This option implies -¢4mb¢24m.
-
- -¢4mn¢24m Compare according to arithmetic value an initial
- numeric string consisting of optional white space, an
- optional - sign, and zero or more digits, optionally
- followed by a decimal point and zero or more digits.
- This option implies -¢4mb¢24m.
-
- -¢4mr¢24m Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with
- greater key values appear earlier in the output instead
- of later.
-
- Other options are:
-
- -¢4mo¢24m ¢4moutput¢24m-¢4mfile¢24m
- Write output to ¢4moutput¢24m-¢4mfile¢24m instead of to the standard
- output. If ¢4moutput¢24m-¢4mfile¢24m is one of the input files, sort
- copies it to a temporary file before sorting and writ-
- ing the output to ¢4moutput¢24m-¢4mfile¢24m.
-
- -¢4mt¢24m ¢4mseparator¢24m
- Use character ¢4mseparator¢24m as the field separator when
- finding the sort keys in each line. By default, fields
- are separated by the empty string between a non-
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- whitespace character and a whitespace character. That
- is to say, given the input line ` foo bar', sort breaks
- it into fields ` foo' and ` bar'. The field separator
- is not considered to be part of either the field
- preceding or the field following it.
-
- -¢4mu¢24m For the default case or the -¢4mm¢24m option, only output the
- first of a sequence of lines that compare equal. For
- the -¢4mc¢24m option, check that no pair of consecutive lines
- compares equal.
-
- +¢4mPOS1¢24m [-¢4mPOS2¢24m]
- Specify a field within each line to use as a sorting
- key. The field consists of the portion of the line
- starting at POS1 and up to (but not including) POS2 (or
- to the end of the line if POS2 is not given). The
- fields and character positions are numbered starting
- with 0.
-
- -¢4mk¢24m ¢4mPOS1¢24m[,¢4mPOS2¢24m]
- An alternate syntax for specifying sorting keys. The
- fields and character positions are numbered starting
- with 1.
-
- A position has the form ¢4mf¢24m.¢4mc¢24m, where ¢4mf¢24m is the number of the
- field to use and ¢4mc¢24m is the number of the first character from
- the beginning of the field (for +¢4mpos¢24m) or from the end of the
- previous field (for -¢4mpos¢24m). The .¢4mc¢24m part of a position may be
- omitted in which case it is taken to be the first character
- in the field. If the -¢4mb¢24m option has been given, the .¢4mc¢24m part
- of a field specification is counted from the first nonblank
- character of the field (for +¢4mpos¢24m) or from the first nonblank
- character following the previous field (for -¢4mpos¢24m).
-
- A +¢4mpos¢24m or -¢4mpos¢24m argument may also have any of the option
- letters ¢4mMbdfinr¢24m appended to it, in which case the global
- ordering options are not used for that particular field.
- The -¢4mb¢24m option may be independently attached to either or
- both of the +¢4mpos¢24m and -¢4mpos¢24m parts of a field specification,
- and if it is inherited from the global options it will be
- attached to both. If a -¢4mn¢24m or -¢4mM¢24m option is used, thus imply-
- ing a -¢4mb¢24m option, the -¢4mb¢24m option is taken to apply to both the
- +¢4mpos¢24m and the -¢4mpos¢24m parts of a key specification. Keys may
- span multiple fields.
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