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- Why do we make both MaxThink and Houdini?
- =========================================
-
- What are the differences between MaxThink (a hierarchy manipulator) and
- HOUDINI (a network manipulator)? Isn't a hierarchy a subset of a network?
- If so, then why the two programs?
-
- Good questions ... and you're right. A hierarchy is a subset of a network,
- graph, or lattice. But while MaxThink and HOUDINI share many of the same
- commands, the screens are radically different. Here's why.
-
- MaxThink centers on three features -- lots of ways to move, display, and
- organize information, whether text, files, or graphics. For example:
-
- The ways you move information defines a style of thinking.
- MaxThink supports many styles such as analytical, evaluative,
- synthesis, and focused thinking. <FILE54 TYPES OF THINKING>
-
- The ways information is displayed affects perception. MaxThink
- easily displays information using formats that emphasize either
- transitions (text), sequences (lists), similarities (hierarchies),
- or boundaries (segmented lists). <FILE50 PERCEPTION>
-
- The ways to organize information are the same with all kinds of
- information. The same commands organize words, lines, sentences,
- paragraphs, disk files, pictures, or software macros.
-
- At the outer limits, MaxThink is a tool for philosophers and linguists as it
- helps users to find and define boundaries of ideas and language.
-
- Ideas and language are alien concepts to traditional users who see computers
- primarily as go-faster hunks of iron and silicon <FILE71 SPEED>. However,
- language is the source of understanding and insights <FILE52 INSIGHTS>. So,
- that's MaxThink.
-
- Now HOUDINI. Given the capabilities listed for MaxThink, what's left in
- the field of software that aids thinking? <FILE54 THINKING> Surprise --
- Houdini supports generalizing, abstracting, completeness, balancing, and
- indexing. These concepts are fundamental with interactive information, and
- are issues that HOUDINI handles with ease. For example:
-
- Generalizing -- In a hierarchy, information remains independent.
- In HOUDINI, repeated information automatically links together.
-
- Abstracting -- Organizing information into a hierarchy clarifies
- thinking. HOUDINI easily finds and displays the natural modularity
- or hierarchies in complex networks of information.
-
- Completeness -- Most failures in thinking occur with unanticipated
- interactions between ideas, people, objects, processes, or
- environments. HOUDINI quickly locates all possible interactions to
- insure completeness in thinking.
-
- Balancing -- In cases where many acceptable solutions exist,
- HOUDINI includes commands that rapidly find the best possible
- solutions.
-
- Indexing -- A network indexes information from multiple criteria
- once. This is especially useful in constructing hypertext
- systems.
-
- In one sense, MaxThink organizes information as objects by moving it into
- selected slots in a hierarchy. In contrast, HOUDINI organizes information,
- not by moving it but by stringing threads (links) between the various
- units.
-
- MaxThink is movement of objects; HOUDINI is link construction. At the
- theoretical limits, all organizational processes are totally defined by either
- process (movement or linking). In operation research and philosophy, this
- mirror symmetry is called duality.
-
- But don't let duality scare you. In mechanical terms, one program simply
- moves text into desired locations with other text; the other program just links
- text to other units of text.
-
- To become a bit abstract, both MaxThink and HOUDINI handle multiple
- dimensions of information, but in radically different ways.
-
- MaxThink With MaxThink, each level in a hierarchy organizes information
- ======== into categories (or dimensions). For example, two dimensional
- data (i.e., software programs by category) might be represented
- as a list with two fields at each level, or as a hierarchy with
- categories of software at the first level and programs at the
- second level.
-
- With low-order dimensions (2-3), hierarchies work if you put the
- levels in the right order. However, with information having
- 5-30 dimensions, hierarchies don't work. That leads us to
- HOUDINI.
-
- Houdini Each unit of information in HOUDINI (called a node or topic) can
- ======= link to as many as 2,500 other units (or dimensions). This only
- seems very complex. HOUDINI rapidly links information to
- multiple dimensions using a technique called matrix outlining.
- Once understood, this feature is considered the most important
- benefit of HOUDINI by people who wish to classify information
- from many viewpoints simultaneously.
-
- While pointing out the differences between MaxThink and HOUDINI, the two
- products do work together. For example, you can transfer a hierarchy from
- MaxThink into HOUDINI, either as a hierarchy (don't merge duplicate topics) or
- as a network (do merge duplicate topics).
-
- The inverse is also possible. HOUDINI has commands that find both subset and
- superset hierarchies within a HOUDINI network as well as commands that
- transfer such hierarchies into MaxThink formats.
-
- Hierarchies are a universally understood method of communicating information.
- However, in searching for the best hierarchical format <FILE75 STRUCTURE> for
- your information, a network is often the best place to start. Network
- environments allow you to rapidly classify your information by multiple
- dimensions without forcing you to immediately choose which dimension belongs
- at each level in your ultimate hierarchy.
-
- What does all this have to do with hypertext? Well, it is your ability to
- categorize and classify ideas in ways that match the needs of the users that
- creates great hypertext <FILE64 TOOLS USED>. For that reason, both MaxThink
- and HOUDINI are essential <FILE30 HOW TO USE>.
-
- However, if you need details on the uses of both hierarchies and networks
- in tasks of writing, thinking, planning, organizing, or hypertext
- construction, phone me at MaxThink between 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
- California time.
-
- References: ----------------------------------
- Comments from reviews <FILE15>
-
- Neil Larson 1/16/88 FILE26
- 44 Rincon Rd., Kensington, CA 94707
- Copyright MaxThink 1988 -- Call 415-428-0104 for permission to reprint
-