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SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) NAME sc - spreadsheet calculator SYNOPSIS sc [ -c ] [ -m ] [ -n ] [ -r ] [ -x ] [ _f_i_l_e ] DESCRIPTION The spreadsheet calculator _s_c is based on rectangular tables much like a financial spreadsheet. When invoked it presents you with a table organized as rows and columns of cells. If invoked without a _f_i_l_e argument, the table is initially empty. Otherwise _f_i_l_e is read in (see the _G_e_t command below). Each cell may have associated with it a numeric value, a label string, and/or an expression (formula) which evaluates to a numeric value or label string, often based on other cell values. For a on-line tutorial, type the command: sc tutorial.sc To print a quick reference card, type the command: scqref | [your_printer_commmand] OPTIONS -c Start the program with the recalculation being done in column order. -m Start the program with automatic recalculation dis- abled. The spreadsheet will be recalculated only when the ``@'' command is used. -n Start the program in quick numeric entry mode (see below). -r Start the program with the recalculation being done in row order (default option). -x Cause the _G_e_t and _P_u_t commands (see below) to encrypt and decrypt data files. -R Start the program with automatic newline action set to increment the row (see below). -C Start the program with automatic newline action set to increment the column (see below). All of these options can be changed with the ^_T and _S com- mands (see below) while _s_c is running. Options specified when _s_c is invoked override options saved in the data file. 1 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) General Information The screen is divided into four regions. The top line is for entering commands and displaying cell values. The second line is for messages from _s_c. The third line and the first four columns show the column and row numbers, from which are derived cell addresses, e.g. _A_0 for the cell in column A, row 0. Note that column names are case- insensitive: you can enter _A_0 or _a_0. The rest of the screen forms a window looking at a portion of the table. The total number of display rows and columns available, hence the number of table rows and columns displayed, is set by _c_u_r_s_e_s(3) and may be overridden by set- ting the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables, respec- tively. The screen has two cursors: a cell cursor, indicated by a highlighted cell and a ``<'' on the screen, and a character cursor, indicated by the terminal's hardware cursor. The cell and character cursors are often the same. They differ when you type a command on the top line. If a cell's numeric value is wider than the column width (see the _f command), the cell is filled with asterisks. If a cell's label string is wider than the column width, it is truncated at the start of the next non-blank cell in the row, if any. Cursor control commands and row and column commands can be prefixed by a numeric argument which indicates how many times the command is to be executed. You can type ^_U before a repeat count if quick numeric entry mode is enabled or if the number is to be entered while the character cursor is on the top line. Commands which use the terminal's control key, such as ^_N, work both when a command is being typed and when in normal mode. Changing Options ^T_o Toggle options. This command allows you to switch the state of one option selected by _o. A small menu lists the choices for _o when you type ^_T. The options selected are saved when the data and formulas are saved so that you will have the same setup next time you enter the spreadsheet. a Automatic Recalculation. When set, each change in the spreadsheet causes the entire spreadsheet be recalculated. Normally this is not noticeable, but for very large spreadsheets, it may be faster 2 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) to clear automatic recalculation mode and update the spreadsheet via explicit ``@'' commands. Default is automatic recalculation on. c Current cell highlighting. If enabled, the current cell is highlighted (using the terminal's standout mode, if available) in addition to being marked by the cell cursor. e External function execution. When disabled, external functions (see @_e_x_t() below) are not called. This saves a lot of time at each screen update. External functions are disabled by default. If disabled, and external functions are used anywhere, a warning is printed each time the screen is updated, and the result of @_e_x_t() is the value from the previous call, if any, or a null string. l Autolabeling. If enabled, using the define com- mand (/d) causes a label to be automatically gen- erated in the cell to the left of the defined cell. This is only done if the cell to the left is empty. Default is enabled. n Quick numeric entry. If enabled, a typed digit is assumed to be the start of a numeric value for the current cell, not a repeat count, unless preceded by ^_U. The cursor controls (^_P, ^_N, ^_B, ^_F) in this mode will end a numeric entry. t Top line display. If enabled, the name and value of the current cell is displayed on the top line. If there is an associated label string, the first character of the string value is ``|'' for a cen- tered string, ``<'' for a leftstring or ``>'' for a rightstring (see below), followed by "_s_t_r_i_n_g" for a constant string or {_e_x_p_r} for a string expression. A constant string may be preceeded with a backslash (`\'). In this case the constant string will be used as a ``wheel'' to fill a column, e.g. "\-" for a line in a column, and "\Yeh " for "Yeh Yeh Ye". If the cell has a numeric value, it follows as [_v_a_l_u_e], which may be a constant or expression. x Encryption. See the -x option. $ Dollar prescale. If enabled, all numeric con- stants (not expressions) which you enter are mul- tipled by 0.01 so you don't have to keep typing the decimal point if you enter lots of dollar 3 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) figures. r Newline action. This option toggles between three cases. The default is no action. If this option is used once, after each command which is ter- minated by a newline character is completed, the current cell will be moved down one row. If this option is used again, after each command which is terminated by a newline character is completed, the current cell will be moved right one column. Another use of this option will restore the default action. z Set newline action limits. This option sets lim- its to the newline action option above. When this option is invoked, the row and column of the current cell are remembered. If a later newline action would take the current cell to the right of the remembered column, then the current cell is instead moved to the first column of the next row. If a newline action would take the current cell below the remembered row, then the current cell is instead moved to the top row of the next column. The quick numeric entry, newline action and set newline action limits options can be combined to allow very quick entry of large amounts of data. If all the data to be entered is in a single row or column then setting the quick numeric entry and the appropriate newline action will allow the numbers to be entered without any explicit commands to position the current cell or enter a number. If the data entry involves several entries in each row for many rows, then setting the quick numeric entry option, setting the newline action to move right after each entry and setting the newline action limits on the last column on which data should be entered will allow the data to entered quickly. If necessary, columns which do not need data to be entered can be hidden with the z command. Similar arrangements can be made for entering several rows of data in each column. S Set options. This command allows you to set various options. A small menu lists the options that cannot be changed through ^_T above. byrows/bycols Specify the order cell evaluation when updating. These options also affect the order in which cells are filled (see /_f) and whether a row or column is cleared by an _x command. 4 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) iterations=_n Set the maximum number of recalculations before the screen is displayed again. _I_t_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s is set to 10 by default. tblstyle=_s Control the output of the _T command. _s can be: 0 (default) to give colon delimited fields, with no _t_b_l control lines; tbl to give colon delimited fields, with _t_b_l(1) control lines; latex to give a _L_a_T_e_X tabular environment; slatex to give a _S_L_a_T_e_X (_S_c_a_n_d_i_n_a_v_i_a_n _L_a_T_e_X) tabular environment; tex to give a _T_e_X simple tabbed alignment with ampersands as delimiters; and frame to give a tblstyle output for FrameMaker. Other _S_e_t options are normally used only in _s_c data files since they are available through ^_T. You can also use them interactively autocalc/!autocalc Set/clear auto recalculation mode. numeric/!numeric Set/clear numeric mode. prescale/!prescale Set/clear numeric prescale mode. extfun/!extfun Enable/disable external functions. cellcur/!cellcur Set/clear current cell highlighting mode. toprow/!toprow Set/clear top row display mode. rndinfinity/!rndinfinity default: round-to-even (banker's round), *.5 will round to the closest even number; doing a 'set rndinfinity' will round *.5 up to the next integer (rounding to infinity). craction=_n Set the newline action. _n can be: 0 (default) to give no action; 1 to move down after each entry; or 2 to move right after each entry. rowlimit=_n Set the remembered limit for the maximum row below which the current cell will be moved to the top of 5 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) the next column if the newline action is set to move the current cell down. _n can be -1 (default) to disable this facility. collimit=_n Set the remembered limit for the maximum column to the right of which the current cell will be moved to the left of the next row if the newline action is set to move the current cell right. _n can be -1 (default) to disable this facility. Cursor Control Commands ^P Move the cell cursor up to the previous row. ^N Move the cell cursor down to the next row. ^B Move the cell cursor backward one column. ^F Move the cell cursor forward one column. h, j, k, l If the character cursor is not on the top line, these are alternate, _v_i-compatible cell cursor controls (left, down, up, right). Space is just like l (right). H, J, K, L If the character cursor is not on the top line, these move the cursor by half pages (left, down, up, right). ^H If the character cursor is not on the top line, ^_H is the same as ^_B. SPACE If the character cursor is not on the top line, the space bar is the same as ^_F. TAB If the character cursor is on the top line, TAB starts a range (see below). Otherwise, it is the same as ^_F. Arrow Keys The terminal's arrow keys provide another alternate set of cell cursor controls if they exist and are supported in the appropriate _t_e_r_m_c_a_p entry. Some terminals have arrow keys which conflict with other control key codes. For example, a terminal might send ^_H when the back arrow key is pressed. In these cases, the conflicting arrow key performs the same function as the key combi- nation it mimics. ^ Move the cell cursor up to row 0 of the current column. 6 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) # Move the cell cursor down to the last valid row of the current column. 0 Move the cell cursor backward to column A of the current row. This command must be prefixed with ^_U if quick numeric entry mode is enabled. $ Move the cell cursor forward to the last valid column of the current row. b Scan the cursor backward (left and up) to the previous valid cell. w Scan the cursor forward (right and down) to the next valid cell. ^E_d Go to end of range. Follow ^_E by a direction indicator such as ^_P or _j. If the cell cursor starts on a non- blank cell, it goes in the indicated direction until the last non-blank adjacent cell. If the cell cursor starts on a blank cell, it goes in the indicated direc- tion until the first non-blank cell. This command is useful when specifying ranges of adjacent cells (see below), especially when the range is bigger than the visible window. g Go to a cell. _s_c prompts for a cell's name, a regular expression surrounded by quotes, or a number. If a cell's name such as _a_e_1_2_2 or a the name of a defined range is given, the cell cursor goes directly to that cell. If a quoted regular expression such as " _T_a_x _T_a_b_l_e " or " ^_J_a_n [_0-_9]*$ " is given, _s_c searches for a cell containing a string matching the regular expres- sion. See _r_e_g_e_x(_3) or _e_d(_1) for more details on the form of regular expressions. If a number is given, _s_c will search for a cell containing that number. Searches for either strings or numbers proceed forward from the current cell, wrapping back to a0 at the end of the table, and terminate at the current cell if the string or number is not found. You may also go to a cell with an ERROR (divide by zero, etc in this cell) or INVALID (references a cell containing an ERROR). _g _e_r_r_o_r will take you to the next ERROR, while _g _i_n_v_a_l_i_d take you to the next invalid. The last _g command is saved, and can be re-issued by entering _g<_r_e_t_u_r_n>. Cell Entry and Editing Commands Cells can contain both a numeric value and a string value. Either value can be the result of an expression, but not both at once, i.e. each cell can have only one expression associated with it. Entering a valid numeric expression 7 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) alters the cell's previous numeric value, if any, and replaces the cell's previous string expression, if any, leaving only the previously computed constant label string. Likewise, entering a valid string expression alters the cell's the previous label string, if any, and replaces the cell's previous numeric expression, if any, leaving only the previously computed constant numeric value. = Enter a numeric constant or expression into the current cell. _s_c prompts for the expression on the top line. The usual way to enter a number into a cell is to type ``='', then enter the number in response to the prompt on the top line. The quick numeric entry option, enabled through the -n option or ^_T command, shows the prompt when you enter the first digit of a number (you can skip typing ``=''). < Enter a label string into the current cell to be flushed left against the left edge of the cell. " Enter a label string into the current cell to be cen- tered in the column. > Enter a label string into the current cell to be flushed right against the right edge of the cell. F Enter a format string into the current cell. This for- mat string overrides the precision specified with the ``f'' command. The format only applies to numeric values. The following characters can be used to build a format string: # Digit placeholder. If the number has fewer digits on either side of the decimal point than there are `#' characters in the format, the extra `#' characters are ignored. The number is rounded to the number of digit placeholders as there are to the right of the decimal point. If there are more digits in the number than there are digit place- holders on the left side of the decimal point, then those digits are displayed. 0 Digit placeholder. Same as for `#' except that the number is padded with zeroes on either side of the decimal point. The number of zeroes used in padding is determined by the number of digit placeholders after the `0' for digits on the left side of the decimal point and by the number of digit placeholders before the `0' for digits on the right side of the decimal point. . Decimal point. Determines how many digits are 8 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) placed on the right and left sides of the decimal point in the number. Note that numbers smaller than 1 will begin with a decimal point if the left side of the decimal point contains only a `#' digit placeholder. Use a `0' placeholder to get a leading zero in decimal formats. % Percentage. For each `%' character in the format, the actual number gets multiplied by 100 (only for purposes of formatting -- the original number is left unmodified) and the `%' character is placed in the same position as it is in the format. , Thousands separator. The presence of a `,' in the format (multiple commas are treated as one) will cause the number to be formatted with a `,' separating each set of three digits in the integer part of the number with numbering beginning from the right end of the integer. \ Quote. This character causes the next character to be inserted into the formatted string directly with no special interpretation. E- E+ e- e+ Scientific format. Causes the number to formatted in scientific notation. The case of the `E' or `e' given is preserved. If the format uses a `+', then the sign is always given for the exponent value. If the format uses a `-', then the sign is only given when the exponent value is negative. Note that if there is no digit placeholder follow- ing the `+' or `-', then that part of the format- ted number is left out. In general, there should be one or more digit placeholders after the `+' or `-'. ; Format selector. Use this character to separate the format into two distinct formats. The format to the left of the `;' character will be used if the number given is zero or positive. The format to the right of the `;' character is used if the number given is negative. Some example formats are integer (``0'' or ``#''), fixed (``0.00''), percentage (``0%'' or ``0.00%''), scientific (``0.00E+00''), and currency (``$#,0.00;($#,0.00)''). Strings you enter must start with ". You can leave off the trailing " and _s_c will add it for you. You can also enter a string expression by backspacing over the opening " in the 9 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) prompt. e Edit the value associated with the current cell. This is identical to ``='' except that the command line starts out containing the old numeric value or expres- sion associated with the cell. The editing in this mode is vi-like. ^h Move back a character + Forward through history (neat) (same as j) - Backward through history (neat) (same as k) ESC Done editing TAB Mark && append a range (ex: A0:A0) TAB, move around within a range; TAB, append range string. CR Save $ Goto last column . Insert current dot buffer / Search for a string in the history ESC edit the string you typed CR search ^h backspace 0 Goto column 0 D Delete to send I Insert at column 0; ESC revert back to edit mode R Replace mode; ESC revert back to edit mode X Delete the char to the left a Append after cursor; ESC revert back to edit mode b Move back a word c Change mode; ESC revert back to edit mode d Delete ... b back word f forward (right) h back char l forward 10 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) t delete forward up to a given char (next char typed) w delete next word forward f Find the next char typed h Move left a char i Insert before cursor; ESC revert back to edit mode j Forward through history (neat) (same as +) k Backward through history (neat) (same as -) l Move right a char n Continue search q Stop editing r Replace char t Goto a char u Undo w Forward a word x Delete the current char (moving to the right) E Edit the string associated with the current cell. This is identical to ``<'', ``"'', or ``>'' except that the command line starts out containing the old string value or expression associated with the cell. SEE e ABOVE. To enter and edit a cell's number part, use the ``='' and _e commands. To enter and edit a cell's string part, use the ``<'', ``"'', ``>'', and _E commands. See the sections below on numeric and string expressions for more information. x Clear the current cell. Deletes the numeric value, label string, and/or numeric or string expression. You can prefix this command with a count of the number of cells on the current row to clear. The current column is used if column recalculation order is set. Cells cleared with this command may be recalled with any of the _p_u_l_l commands (see below). m Mark a cell to be used as the source for the _c_o_p_y com- mand. c Copy the last marked cell to the current cell, updating 11 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) row and column references in its numeric or string expression, if any. + If not in numeric mode, add the current numeric argu- ment (default 1) to the value of the current cell. In numeric mode, ``+'' introduces a new numeric expression or value, the same as ``=''. - If not in numeric mode, subtract the current numeric argument (default 1) from the value of the current cell. In numeric mode, ``-'' introduces a new, nega- tive, numeric expression or value, like ``=''. RETURN If you are not editing a cell (top line is empty), pressing RETURN will make _s_c enter insert mode. At this point you may type any valid command or press ESC once to edit. File Commands G Get a new database from a file. If encryption is enabled, the file is decrypted before it is loaded into the spreadsheet. P Put the current database into a file. If encryption is enabled, the file is encrypted before it is saved. W Write a listing of the current database into a file in a form that matches its appearance on the screen. This differs from the _P_u_t command in that its files are intended to be reloaded with _G_e_t, while _W_r_i_t_e produces a file for people to look at. Hidden rows or columns are not shown when the data is printed. T Write a listing of the current database to a file, but include delimiters suitable for processing by the _t_b_l, _L_a_T_e_X, or _T_e_X table processors. The delimiters are controlled by the _t_b_l_s_t_y_l_e option. See _S_e_t above. The delimiters are are a colon (:) for style _0 or _t_b_l and an ampersand (&) for style _l_a_t_e_x or _t_e_x. With the _P_u_t, _W_r_i_t_e, and _T_a_b_l_e commands, the optional range argument writes a subset of the spreadsheet to the output file. With the _W_r_i_t_e and _T_a_b_l_e commands, if you try to write to the last file used with the _G_e_t or _P_u_t commands, or the file specified on the command line when _s_c was invoked, you are asked to confirm that the (potentially) dangerous operation is really what you want. 12 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) The three output commands, _P_u_t, _W_r_i_t_e, and _T_a_b_l_e, can pipe their (unencrypted only) output to a program. To use this feature, enter ``| program'' to the prompt asking for a filename. For example, to redirect the output of the _W_r_i_t_e command to the printer, you might enter ``| lpr -p''. M Merge the database from the named file into the current database. Values and expressions defined in the named file are read into the current spreadsheet overwriting the existing entries at matching cell locations. R Run macros. Since _s_c files are saved as ASCII files, it is possible to use them as primitive macro defini- tion files. The _R_u_n command makes this easier. It's like the _M_e_r_g_e command, but prints a saved path name as the start of the filename to merge in. The string to use is set with the _D_e_f_i_n_e command. To write macros, you must be familiar with the file format written by the _P_u_t command. This facility is still primitive and could be much improved. D Define a path for the _R_u_n command to use. All file operations take a filename as the first argument to the prompt on the top line. The prompt supplies a " to aid in typing in the filename. The filename can also be obtained from a cell's label string or string expression. In this case, delete the leading " with the backspace key and enter a cell name such as _a_2_2 instead. If the resulting string starts with ``|'', the rest of the string is inter- preted as a UNIX command, as above. Row and Column Commands These commands can be used on either rows or columns. The second letter of the command is either a row designator (one of the characters _r, ^_B, ^_F, _h, _l) or a column designator (one of _c, ^_P, ^_N, _k, _j). A small menu lists the choices for the second letter when you type the first letter of one of these commands. Commands which move or copy cells also modify the row and column references in affected cell expressions. The references may be frozen by using the _f_i_x_e_d operator or using the $ character in the reference to the cell (see below). ir, ic Insert a new row (column) by moving the row (column) containing the cell cursor, and all following rows (columns), down (right) one row (column). The new row (column) is empty. ar, ac Append a new row (column) immediately following the 13 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) current row (column). It is initialized as a copy of the current one. dr, dc Delete the current row (column). pr, pc, pm Pull deleted rows (columns) back into the spreadsheet. The last deleted set of cells is put back into the spreadsheet at the current location. _p_r inserts enough rows to hold the data. _p_c inserts enough columns to hold the data. _p_m (merge) does not insert rows or columns; it overwrites the cells beginning at the current cell cursor location. vr, vc Remove expressions from the affected rows (columns), leaving only the values which were in the cells before the command was executed. zr, zc Hide (``zap'') the current row (column). This keeps a row (column) from being displayed but keeps it in the data base. The status of the rows and columns is saved with the data base so hidden rows and columns will be still be hidden when you reload the spreadsheet. Hid- den rows or columns are not printed by the _W command. sr, sc Show hidden rows (columns). Enter a range of rows (columns) to be revealed. The default is the first range of rows (columns) currently hidden. This command ignores the repeat count, if any. f Set the output format to be used for printing the numeric values in each cell in the current column. Enter three numbers: the total width in characters of the column, the number of digits to follow decimal points, and the format type. Format types are 0 for fixed point, 1 for scientific notation, 2 for engineer- ing notation, and 3 for dates. Values are rounded off to the least significant digit displayed. The total column width affects displays of strings as well as numbers. A preceding count can be used to affect more than one column. This command has only a column ver- sion (no second letter). @myrow, @mycol Are functions that return the row or column of the current cell respectively. ex: The cell directly above a cell in the D column could then be accessed by @nval("d",@myrow-1). NOTE: @myrow and @mycol can't be 14 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) used in specifying ranges. Range Commands Range operations affect a rectangular region on the screen defined by the upper left and lower right cells in the region. All of the commands in this class start with a slash; the second letter of the command indicates which com- mand. A small menu lists the choices for the second letter when you type ``/''. _s_c prompts for needed parameters for each command. Phrases surrounded by square brackets in the prompt are informational only and may be erased with the backspace key. Prompts requesting variable names may be satisfied with either an explicit variable name, such as _A_1_0, or with a variable name previously defined in a /_d command (see below). Range name prompts require either an explicit range such as _A_1_0:_B_2_0, or a range name previously defined with a /_d command. A default range shown in the second line is used if you omit the range from the command or press the TAB key (see below). The default range can be changed by moving the cell cursor via the control commands (^_P, ^_N, ^_B, ^_F) or the arrow keys. The cells in the default range are highlighted (using the terminal's standout mode, if avail- able). /x Clear a range. Cells cleared with this command may be recalled with any of the _p_u_l_l commands. /v Values only. This command removes the expressions from a range of cells, leaving just the values of the expressions. /c Copy a source range to a destination range. The source and destination may be different sizes. The result is always one or more full copies of the source. Copying a row to a row yields a row. Copying a column to a column yields a column. Copying a range to anything yields a range. Copying a row to a column or a column to a row yields a range with as many copies of the source as there are cells in the destination. This command can be used to duplicate a cell through an arbitrary range by making the source a single cell range such as _b_2_0:_b_2_0. /f Fill a range with constant values starting with a given value and increasing by a given increment. Each row is filled before moving on to the next row if row order recalculation is set. Column order fills each column in the range before moving on to the next column. The start and increment numbers may be positive or nega- tive. To fill all cells with the same value, give an 15 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) increment of zero. /d Use this command to assign a symbolic name to a single cell or a rectangular range of cells on the screen. The parameters are the name, surrounded by "", and either a single cell name such as _A_1_0 or a range such as _a_1:_b_2_0. Names defined in this fashion are used by the program in future prompts, may be entered in response to prompts requesting a cell or range name, and are saved when the spreadsheet is saved with the _P_u_t command. Names defined must be more than two alpha characters long to differentiate them from a column names, and must not have embedded special characters. Names may include the character ``_'' or numerals as long as they occur after the first three alpha charac- ters. /l Use this command to lock the current cell or a range of cells, i.e make them immune to any type of editing. A locked cell can't be changed in anyway until it is unlocked. /U This command is the opposite of the /_l command and thus unlocks a locked cell and makes it editable. /s This command lists (shows) the currently defined range names. If there are no defined range names, then a message is given, otherwise it pipes output to _s_o_r_t, then to _l_e_s_s. If the environment variable PAGER is set, its value is used in place of _l_e_s_s. /u Use this command to undefine a previously defined range name. /F Use this command to assign a value format string (see the ``F'' cell entry command) to a range of cells. Miscellaneous Commands Q q ^C Exit from _s_c. If you made any changes since the last _G_e_t or _P_u_t, _s_c asks about saving your data before exit- ing. ^G ESC Abort entry of the current command. ? Enter an interactive help facility. Lets you look up brief summaries of the main features of the program. The help facility is structured like this manual page so it is easy to find more information on a particular 16 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) topic. ! Shell escape. _s_c prompts for a shell command to run. End the command line with the RETURN key. If the environment variable SHELL is defined, that shell is run. If not, /bin/sh is used. Giving a null command line starts the shell in interactive mode. A second ``!'' repeats the previous command. ^L Redraw the screen. ^R Redraw the screen with special highlighting of cells to be filled in. This is useful for finding values you need to provide or update in a form with which you aren't familiar or of which you have forgotten the details. It's also useful for checking a form you are creating. All cells which contain constant numeric values (not the result of a numeric expression) are highlighted temporarily, until the next screen change, however minor. To avoid ambiguity, the current range (if any) and current cell are not highlighted. ^X This command is similar to ^_R, but highlights cells which have expressions. It also displays the expres- sions in the highlighted cells as left-flushed strings, instead of the numeric values and/or label strings of those cells. This command makes it easier to check expressions, at least when they fit in their cells or the following cell(s) are blank so the expressions can slop over (like label strings). In the latter case, the slop over is not cleared on the next screen update, so you may want to type ^_L after the ^_X in order to clean up the screen. @ Recalculates the spreadsheet. ^V Type, in the command line, the name of the current cell (the one at the cell cursor). This is useful when entering expressions which refer to other cells in the table. ^W Type, in the command line, the expression attached to the current cell. If there is none, the result is ``?''. ^A Type, in the command line, the numeric value of the current cell, if any. The ^_V, ^_W, and ^_A commands only work when the character cursor is on the command line and beyond the first 17 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) character. TAB When the character cursor is on the top line, defines a range of cells via the cursor control commands or the arrow keys. The range is highlighted, starts at the cell where you typed TAB, and continues through the current cell cursor. Pressing TAB again causes the highlighted range to be entered into the command line and the highlighting to be turned off. This is most useful for defining ranges to functions such as @_s_u_m(). Pressing ``)'' acts just like typing the TAB key the second time and adds the closing ``)''. Note that when you give a range command, you don't need to press the first TAB to begin defining a range starting with the current cell. Variable Names Normally, a variable name is just the name of a cell, such as _K_2_0. The value is the numeric or string value of the cell, according to context. When a cell's expression (formula) is copied to another location via _c_o_p_y or _r_a_n_g_e-_c_o_p_y, variable references are by default offset by the amount the formula moved. This allows the new formula to work on new data. If cell references are not to change, you can either use the _f_i_x_e_d operator (see below), or one of the following variations on the cell name. _K_2_0 References cell _K_2_0; the reference changes when the formula is copied. $_K$_2_0 Always refers to cell _K_2_0; the reference stays fixed when the formula is copied. $_K_2_0 Keeps the column fixed at column K; the row is free to vary. _K$_2_0 Similarly, this fixes the row and allows the column to vary. These conventions also hold on defined ranges. Range refer- ences vary when formulas containing them are copied. If the range is defined with fixed variable references, the refer- ences do not change. fixed To make a variable not change automatically when a cell moves, put the word _f_i_x_e_d in front of the reference, for example: B1 * fixed C3. 18 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) Numeric Expressions Numeric expressions used with the ``='' and _e commands have a fairly conventional syntax. Terms may be constants, vari- able names, parenthesized expressions, and negated terms. Ranges may be operated upon with range functions such as sum (@_s_u_m()) and average (@_a_v_g()). Terms may be combined using binary operators. -e Negation. e+e Addition. e-e Subtraction. e*e Multiplication. e/e Division. e1%e2 e1 mod e2. e^e Exponentiation. e<e e<=e e=e e!=e e>=e e>e Relationals: true (1) if and only if the indicated relation holds, else false (0). Note that ``<='', ``!='', and ``>='' are converted to their ``~()'' equivalents. ~e Boolean operator NOT. e&e Boolean operator AND. e|e Boolean operator OR. @if(e,e,e) e?e:e Conditional: If the first expression is true then the value of the second is returned, otherwise the value of the third. Operator precedence from highest to lowest is: -, ~ ^ *, / +, - <, <=, =, !=, >=, > & | 19 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) ?: Built-in Range Functions These functions return numeric values. @sum(r) Sum all valid (nonblank) entries in the region whose two corners are defined by the two variable names (e.g. _c_5:_e_1_4) or the range name specified. @prod(r) Multiply together all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @avg(r) Average all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @count(r) Count all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @max(r) Return the maximum value in the specified region. See also the multi argument ver- sion of @_m_a_x below. @min(r) Return the minimum value in the specified region. See also the multi argument ver- sion of @_m_i_n below. @stddev(r) Return the sample standard deviation of the cells in the specified region. @lookup(e,r) @lookup(se,r) Evaluates the expression then searches through the range _r for a matching value. The range should be either a single row or a single column. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expres- sion, the range is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, the string portions of the cells in the range are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value from the next row and the same column as the match, if the range was a single row, or the value from the next column and the same row as the match if the range was a single column. @hlookup(e,r,n) @hlookup(se,r,n) Evaluates the expression then searches through the first row in the range _r for a matching value. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expres- sion, the row is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, the string portions of the cells in the row are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value 20 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) from the same column _n rows below the match. @vlookup(e,r,n) @vlookup(se,r,n) Evaluates the expression then searches through the first column in the range _r for a matching value. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expres- sion, the column is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, the string portions of the cells in the column are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value from the same row _n columns to the right of the match. @index(e,r) Use the value of the expression _e to index into the range _r. The numeric value at that position is returned. The value 1 selects the first item in the range, 2 selects the second item, etc. _R should be either a single row or a single column. @stindex(e,r) Use the value of _e to index into the range _r. The string value at that position is returned. The value 1 selects the first item in the range, 2 selects the second item, etc. The range should be either a single row or a single column. Built-in Numeric Functions All of these functions operate on floating point numbers (doubles) and return numeric values. Most of them are stan- dard system functions more fully described in _m_a_t_h(3). The trig functions operate with angles in radians. @sqrt(e) Return the square root of _e. @exp(e) Return the exponential function of _e. @ln(e) Return the natural logarithm of _e. @log(e) Return the base 10 logarithm of _e. @floor(e) Return the largest integer not greater than _e. @ceil(e) Return the smallest integer not less than _e. 21 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) @rnd(e) Round _e to the nearest integer. default: round-to-even (banker's round), *.5 will round to the closest even number; 'set rndinfinity' will round *.5 up to the next integer. @round(e,n) Round _e to _n decimal places. n may be positive to round off the right side of the decimal, and negative to round off the left side. See @rnd(e) above for rounding types. @abs(e) @fabs(e) Return the absolute value of _e. @pow(e1,e2) Return _e_1 raised to the power of _e_2. @hypot(e1,e2) Return sqrt(e1*e1+e2*e2), taking precau- tions against unwarranted overflows. pi @pi A constant quite close to pi. @dtr(e) Convert _e in degrees to radians. @rtd(e) Convert _e in radians to degrees. @sin(e) @cos(e) @tan(e) Return trigonometric functions of radian arguments. The magnitude of the arguments are not checked to assure meaningful results. @asin(e) Return the arc sine of _e in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. @acos(e) Return the arc cosine of _e in the range 0 to pi. @atan(e) Return the arc tangent of _e in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. @atan2(e1,e2) Returns the arc tangent of _e_1/_e_2 in the range -pi to pi. @max(e1,e2,...) Return the maximum of the values of the expressions. Two or more expressions may be specified. See also the range version of @_m_a_x above. @min(e1,e2,...) Return the minimum of the values of the expressions. Two or more expressions may be specified. See also the range version of @_m_i_n above. @ston(se) Convert string expression _s_e to a numeric value. 22 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) @eqs(se1,se2) Return 1 if string expression _s_e_1 has the same value as string expression _s_e_2, 0 otherwise. @nval(se,e) Return the numeric value of a cell selected by name. String expression _s_e must evaluate to a column name (``A''- ``AE'') and _e must evaluate to a row number (0-199). If _s_e or _e is out of bounds, or the cell has no numeric value, the result is 0. You can use this for simple table lookups. Be sure the table doesn't move unexpectedly! See also @_s_v_a_l() below. String Expressions String expressions are made up of constant strings (charac- ters surrounded by double quotation marks), variables (cell names, which refer to the cells's label strings or expres- sions), and string functions. Note that string expressions are only allowed when entering a cell's label string, not its numeric part. Also note that string expression results may be left or right flushed or centered, according to the type of the cell's string label. # Concatenate strings. For example, the string expres- sion A0 # "zy dog" displays the string ``the lazy dog'' in the cell if the value of _A_0's string is ``the la''. Built-in String Functions @substr(se,e1,e2) Extract and return from string expression _s_e the substring indexed by character number _e_1 through character number _e_2 (defaults to the size of _s_e if beyond the end of it). If _e_1 is less than 1 or greater than _e_2, the result is the null string. For example, @substr ("Nice jacket", 4, 7) returns the string ``e jac''. @fmt(se,e) Convert a number to a string. The argu- ment _s_e must be a valid _p_r_i_n_t_f(3) format string. _e is converted according to the standard rules. For example, the expres- sion 23 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) @fmt ("**%6.3f**", 10.5) yields the string ``**10.500**''. _e is a double, so applicable formats are e, E, f, g, and G. Try ``%g'' as a starting point. @sval(se,e) Return the string value of a cell selected by name. String expression _s_e must evalu- ate to a column name (``A''-``AE'') and _e must evaluate to a row number (0-199). If _s_e or _e is out of bounds, or the cell has no string value, the result is the null string. You can use this for simple table lookups. Be sure the table doesn't move unexpectedly! @upper(e) and @lower(e) will case the string expres- sion to upper or lower. @capital(e) will convert the first letter of words in a string into upper case and other letters to lower case (the latter if all letters of the string are upper case). @upper(e) and @lower(e) will case the string expres- sion to upper or lower. @capital(e) will convert the first letter of words in a string into upper case. @ext(se,e) Call an external function (program or script). The purpose is to allow arbi- trary functions on values, e.g. table lookups and interpolations. String expression _s_e is a command or command line to call with _p_o_p_e_n(3). The value of _e is converted to a string and appended to the command line as an argument. The result of @_e_x_t() is a string: the first line printed to standard output by the command. The command should emit exactly one output line. Additional output, or output to standard error, messes up the screen. @_e_x_t() returns a null string and prints an appropriate warning if external functions are disabled, _s_e is null, or the attempt to run the command fails. External functions can be slow to run, and if enabled are called at each screen update, so they are disabled by default. You can enable them with ^_T when you 24 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) really want them called. A simple example: @ext ("echo", a1) You can use @_s_t_o_n() to convert the @_e_x_t() result back to a number. For example: @ston (@ext ("form.sc.ext", a9 + b9)) Note that you can built a command line (including more argument values) from a string expression with concatenation. You can also "hide" the second argument by ending the command line (first argument) with `` #'' (shell comment). @coltoa(e) Returns a string name for a column from the numeric argument. For example: @coltoa(@mycol-1) @nval(coltoa(@mycol-1), @myrow+1) Built-in Financial Functions Financial functions compute the mortgage (or loan) payment, future value, and the present value functions. Each accepts three arguments, an amount, a rate of interest (per period), and the number of periods. These functions are the same as those commonly found in other spreadsheets and financial calculators @pmt(e1,e2,e3) @_p_m_t(60000,.01,360) computes the monthly payments for a $60000 mortgage at 12% annual interest (.01 per month) for 30 years (360 months). @fv(e1,e2,e3) @_f_v(100,.005,36) computes the future value for of 36 monthly payments of $100 at 6% interest (.005 per month). It answers the question: "How much will I have in 36 months if I deposit $100 per month in a savings account paying 6% interest com- pounded monthly?" @pv(e1,e2,e3) @_p_v(1000,.015,36) computes the present value of an a ordinary annuity of 36 monthly payments of $1000 at 18% annual interest. It answers the question: "How much can I borrow at 18% for 30 years if I 25 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) pay $1000 per month?" Built-in Date and Time Functions Time for _s_c follows the system standard: the number of seconds since 1970. All date and time functions except @_d_a_t_e() return numbers, not strings. @now Return the current time encoded as the number of seconds since the beginning of the epoch (December 31, 1969, midnight, GMT.) @dts(e1,e2,e3) @_d_t_s(9,14,1988) converts the date Sep- tember 14, 1988 to the number of seconds from the epoch to the first second of 9/14/88, local time. For example, @_d_a_t_e(@_d_t_s(12,14,1976)) yields _T_u_e _D_e_c _1_4 _0_0:_0_0:_0_0 _1_9_7_6 The month should be range from 1 to 12, the day should range from 1 to the number of days in the specified month, and the year should range from 1970 to 1999. @tts(e1,e2,e3) @_t_t_s(8,20,45) converts the time 8:40:45 to the number of seconds since midnight, the night before. The hour should range from 0 to 23; the minutes and seconds should range from 0 to 59. The following functions take the time in seconds (e.g. from @_n_o_w) as an argument and return the specified value. The functions all convert from GMT to local time. @date(e) Convert the time in seconds to a date string 24 characters long in the following form: _S_u_n _S_e_p _1_6 _0_1:_0_3:_5_2 _1_9_7_3 Note that you can extract parts of this fixed-format string with @_s_u_b_s_t_r(). @year(e) Return the year. Valid years begin with 1970. The last legal year is system dependent. @month(e) Return the month, encoded as 1 (January) to 12 (December). @day(e) Return the day of the month, encoded as 1 26 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) to 31. @hour(e) Return the number of hours since midnight, encoded as 0 to 23. @minute(e) Return the number of minutes since the last full hour, encoded as 0 to 59. @second(e) Return the number of seconds since the last full minute, encoded as 0 to 59. Spreadsheet Update Re-evaluation of spreadsheet expressions is done by row or by column depending on the selected calculation order. Evaluation is repeated up to _i_t_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s times for each update if necessary, so forward references usually work as expected. See _s_e_t above. If stability is not reached after ten iterations, a warning is printed. This is usually due to a long series of forward references, or to unstable cyclic references (for example, set _A_0's expression to ``A0+1''). @numiter Returns the number of iterations performed so far. FILES tutorial.sc tutorial spreadsheet SEE ALSO bc(1), dc(1), crypt(1), psc(1) BUGS Top-to-bottom, left-to-right evaluation of expressions is silly. A proper following of the dependency graph with (perhaps) recourse to relaxation should be implemented. Only one previous value is saved from any call of @_e_x_t(). If it is used more than once in a spreadsheet and external functions are enabled and later disabled, the last returned value pops up in several places. On some systems, if the cell cursor is in column 0 with top- line enabled (so the current cell is highlighted), or if any cell in column 0 is highlighted, the corresponding row number gets displayed and then blanked during a screen refresh. This looks like a bug in _c_u_r_s_e_s. Many commands give no indication (a message or beep) if they have null effect. Some should give confirmation of their action, but they don't. 27 SC 6.21 (1) USER COMMANDS SC 6.21 (1) AUTHORS This is a much modified version of a public domain spread sheet originally authored by James Gosling, and subsequently modified and posted to USENET by Mark Weiser under the name _v_c. The program was subsequently renamed _s_c, and further modified by numerous contributors, Jeff Buhrt of Proslink, Inc. ({sequent, uunet}!sawmill!prslnk!buhrt) and Robert Bond of Sequent, prominent among them. Other contributors include: Tom Anderson, Glenn T. Barry, Gregory Bond, Stephen (Steve) M. Brooks, Peter Brower, John Campbell, Lawrence Cipriani, Jim Clausing, Dave Close, Chris Cole, Jonathan Crompron, David I. Dalva, Glen Ditchfield, Sam Drake, James P. Dugal, Paul Eggert, Andy Fyfe, Jack Goral, Piercarlo "Peter" Grandi, Henk Hesselink, Jeffrey C Honig, Kurt Hor- ton, Jonathan I. Kamens, Peter King, Tom Kloos, Casey Lee- dom, Jay Lepreau, Dave Lewis, Rick Linck, Soren Lundsgaard, Tad Mannes, Rob McMahon, Chris Metcalf, Mark Nagel, Ulf Noren, Marius Olafsson, Gene H. Olson, Henk P. Penning, Rick Perry, Larry Philps, Eric Putz, Jim Richardson, Michael Richardson, R. P. C. Rodgers, Kim Sanders, Mike Schwartz, Alan Silverstein, Lowell Skoog, Herr Soeryantono, Tim Theisen, Tom Tkacik, Andy Valencia, Adri Verhoef, Rick Walker, Petri Wessman, and Tim Wilson. 28