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----L----l----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----j----J----8 PC Windows Phase I Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 By Stan Milam Introduction PC windows, called PCW, is a library of C and assembler routines designed to give you control over the video of your computer. PCW has been written to work with the IBM family of personal computers and 100% compatibles using Microsoft C version 5.0, Turbo C version 1.5 and up, and Mix Software's Power C version 1.1.6 and up. PCW is a powerful tool designed to give you, the C programmer, complete power over the video hardware of your PC. PCW features automatic detection of the video hardware, windows, quick direct memory screen writes, video BIOS support, MOUSE support, keyboard support, pop-up menus (using the Mouse), and a Lotus style menu with a twist. There is nothing fancy about the format of this document. What I will tell you here will concern PCW global variables, PCW functions, and PCW manifest constants. Global variables are few - the fewer the better. All functions will include a description of use and an example program. Manifest constants will have to live with just a description. Compiling and Linking with PC Windows How you compile and link with PCW depends on the compiler you are using and how you have set up your computer system and the DOS environment variables used by your compiler. We will examine compiling and linking with Power C, Microsoft C, and Turbo C with both the command line version and the Integrated Environment version. The Header Files In all cases you should copy the PC Windows header files into the include directory used by your compiler. The include directory will be different for each compiler. If you have any doubts where or what your include directory is refer to your compiler manual. Listed below are the normal location and name of the include directory for each compiler: c:\powerc /* Or whatever */ c:\include /* Microsoft C */ c:\turboc\include /* Turbo C */ Now perform the following copy operations: copy *.h [to one of the directories listed above] copy *.i [to one of the directories listed above] The Libraries There should be three files with the .LIB extension on the distribution diskette. These .LIB files match to the compilers as follows: mspcwmm.lib - Microsoft C V5.0 and up and Quick C. tcpcwmm.lib - Turbo C pcpcwmm.lib - Power C ztpcwmm.lib - Zortech C V2.1 These are medium model libraries and need to be copied to the directory that you have set up for use by the linker for your libraries. Here are some examples of what we mean: copy tc*.lib c:\turboc\lib /* Turbo C */ copy ms*.lib c:\lib /* Microsoft */ copy pc*.lib c:\powerc /* Power C */ copy zt*.lib c:\zt\lib /* Zortech */ Power C Here we examine how you might compile using the Power C compiler. First lets assume you have all of your Power C executables, header files, and libraries in a directory on C: drive called POWERC. The c:\powerc directory will need to be included in the DOS PATH statement. You may set the DOS PATH in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file which is executed when the computer boots up as follows: set path=c:\dos;c:\powerc; This will ensure that DOS finds the Power C executables when you invoke them. However, before you can compile you must set some DOS environment variables that will be used by the compiler to identify what directories you have placed header files and libraries. The environment variables are LIBRARY, PCOPTIONS, LIBNAMES. LIBNAMES only pertains if you are using Power C version 1.2 or later. The LIBRARY variable will tell the Power C linker what directory you have placed the standard linkage libraries, while PCOPTIONS can be used to point the compiler to a directory where header files can be found, and LIBNAMES will be used to point the Power C linker to external libraries like PC Windows. Again, you must set these variables in the AUTOEXEC.BAT using the DOS SET command. Assuming we wanted to do all of our work out of the C:\POWERC directory we would set our environment variables as follows: SET PCOPTIONS=/IC:\POWERC SET LIBRARY=C:\POWERC SET LIBNAMES=C:\POWERC\PCPCWMM.LIB /* version 1.2 and up only */ If you are using a version of Power C earlier than version 1.2 you will not be able to use the LIBNAMES variable, although it does not hurt to add it in case you plan to upgrade. If you can not use the LIBNAMES variable you must use the following command line to link your program to the PC Windows library: pcl myprog;c:\powerc\pcpcwmm.lib You must do this every time you link (its enough to make you want to upgrade!). Turbo C Okay, so you don't want to mess around with Power C -- you want to use Turbo C. First you will need to make sure the Turbo C directory is in the DOS PATH. What happens next depends on which version of the compiler you are going to use. If you are a very serious programmer you will probably use the command line version (TCC) and if you are a casual or beginning C programmer you will probably use the Integrated Environment (TC). We will cover both, but separately. First if you are using the command line version you will need to check the contents of a file called TURBOC.CFG. This file points Turbo C (TCC) to the directories where your include files and libraries are. They might look something like this: -IC:\TURBOC\INCLUDE -LC:\TURBOC\LIB The TURBOC.CFG file contains information that you would like the compiler to use every time you compile. For example, if you always wanted type char to default to unsigned every time you compiled you would add the -K option to the TURBOC.CFG file. As it is, it should always contain the PATH to the include directory and the library directory. Now, you should copy the PC Windows Libraries for Turbo C to the C:\TURBOC\LIB directory (above). copy tcpcw*.lib c:\turboc\lib The command line compiler can not only compile your program it can link it too. For example: tcc -mm -K menudemo pdemo ldemo tcpcwmm.lib The above example would compile the Menu Demo program in the medium memory model and link it with the PC Windows library, TCPCWMM.LIB. Turbo C Integrated Environment: If you are using the Integrated Environment to edit, compile, link, and run your program you will need to do a couple of extra things to make a program work with PC Windows. First you will need to set the memory model you wish to compile with to medium using the key commands ALT O/C/M (We use medium memory model in these directions because it is the only library we ship on the distribution diskette). Next you need to be sure the Integrated Environment is using the correct directories. Use the key commands ALT O/D to get to the directories window and make sure the INCLUDE DIRECTORIES: is set to C:\TURBOC\INCLUDE, and the LIBRARY DIRECTORY: is set to C:\TURBOC\LIB. Now, you are almost ready to run with PC Windows, but first we need a way to tell the Integrated Environment that we will need to link to a user library. To do this we use Turbo C's Project Manager. It is very simple to do: first you create and edit a new file in which you place all the names of your source modules and include the name of the PC Windows library, TCPCWMM.LIB, and finally save the file with the name of your main program with a .PRJ extension. Next use the key commands ALT /P/P to notify the Integrated Environment of your project name. Now you are ready to run. For example to run the example program MENUDEMO out of the Integrated Environment you would create a project file called MENUDEMO.PRJ with these contents: MENUDEMO.C PDEMO.C LDEMO.C TCPCWMM.LIB Next you would set the PROJECT FILE to MENUDEMO.PRJ. Now you would edit MENUDEMO.C and run or compile as a normal program and Turbo C would know to compile the three C source files and link with TCPCWMM.LIB. Microsoft C V5.1 Okay, now you've hit the big time and are using Microsoft C V5.0 or greater. To use PC Windows with MSC you must be sure the header files are copied to the INCLUDE directory and the PCW library is copied to the LIB directory. copy *.h c:\include copy *.i c:\include copy mspcw*.lib c:\lib Now you are ready to write and compile programs using PC Windows. To compile and link with PC Windows in one step you may use the following command line as a model: cl -AM yourpgm.c /link mspcwam.lib /* OR..... */ cl -AM yourpgm.c mspcwam.lib For example to compile and link the MENUDEMO program you would supply the following command line: cl -AM menudemo.c pdemo.c ldemo.c /link mspcwam NOTE: If your are using Microsoft's Quick C version 2.0 you may use the exact same command lines shown above to compile and link your programs with one exception: change cl to qcl. If you are using version 1.x of Quick C you may still compile and link with the MSPCWAM library, but the command line options will be different. Please refer to your Quick C manual for details, and please consider an upgrade to version 2.0. Quick C Version 2.0 Integrated Environment: Here we discuss using the integrated environment using Microsoft's Quick C version 2.0. Note you can use version 1.x of Quick C but there are very big differences between the two versions. We only discuss version 2.0, but the idea is the same. If you are using version 1.x of Quick C refer to MULTIPLE-MODULE PROGRAMS in chapter 6 of your Quick C manual. To compile and link with PC Windows and Quick C's integrated environment you will have to set up a program list for every program you run. Do not despair as this is a simple operation. Futhermore, you will need to set your memory model to medium. From Quick C's menu you will need to select the MAKE option (ALT M) and then select the (S)et Program List option. Quick C will show you a list of available program lists already saved on disk. If your program is contained in one of these lists then select it and continue on your merry way. However, if this is the first time you are compiling your program you will need to create a new program list. In the program list you will need to include every source code member needed and one of these members will need to be MSPCWAM.LIB. This will notify Quick C that your program needs to be linked with the PC Windows library. For example, to compile, link, and run the menudemo program from the Integrated Environment you would build a list with the following members: menudemo.c ldemo.c pdemo.c mspcwam.lib Once you have built this list you will need to save it. Once saved you are ready to compile (provided you have set your memory model to medium). For information concerning program lists refer to the section labeled Creating a Program List in your UP AND RUNNING manual. The Function Classes The functions in PCW can be divided into classes. First come the "Quick" screen write functions. These functions all start with the letter "q". These functions do as their name implies - write to the screen very, very, very quickly. There is no character filtering with these functions. This means if you send the string "Hello World\n" to the screen the '\n' newline character would not be filtered and would appear as a funny little glitch on your video screen. Next would come the window functions. All of the window functions, with the exception of wexplode, wpush, and wframe, require a window handle as an argument. A window handle is obtained by using one of the above functions. PCW supports overlapping windows, and any window that has been established can be addressed at any time, even if the windows are overlapped. PCW will make the window that is addressed the "active" window. This means if the window is overlapped and addressed with any window function, that window will be "floated" to the top and made to be the active window. For example, you are using three windows concurrently on the screen and your window handles are wnd1, wnd2, and wnd3. The third window would be the active window. Now suppose they overlapped as shown: +---------------+ | wnd1 | | | | +----------------+ | | wnd2 | | | | | | +------------+ | | | wnd3 | | | | | | | +------------+ +-----| | +----------------+ Now suppose you addressed wnd2 with a window function. The windows would be reordered as follows: +---------------+ | wnd1 | | +----------------+ | | wnd2 | | | | | | |----+ | | |3 | | | | | | | |----+ +------| | +----------------+ Notice that wnd2 now covers wnd3 as well as wnd1. The only time this will not work is when a window is hidden. If it is hidden the the window function is ignored. It is wise to keep your windows simple and try to avoid overlaps to keep them from thrashing around on the screen and wasting time. Another class of functions would be the Mouse functions. These functions implement usage of a Microsoft compatible Mouse. Other function classes would be, Keyboard, BIOS dependant, Miscellaneous, and PCW Environment functions. Global Variables A few words about global variables declared and maintained by PC Windows is in order. The keywords here are "maintained by PC Windows". What this means is you should let PC Windows worry about what values are stored in them. You may inquire as to what their values are, but NEVER, NEVER, NEVER change the values in your program or it is guaranteed PC Windows will not work properly. The global variables are declared in the PCWPROTO.H header file. Following is a description of each variable and the usage of each. _adaptor Description: The _adaptor global variable is set by the PCW startup code to a value that indicates what video adaptor is used on the host system. The manifest constants MDA, CGA, EGA, VGA can be used by your program to query the value in the _adaptor variable. For example, if (_adaptor > CGA), could be used to determine if your are dealing with an EGA or VGA adapter. _monitor Description: The _monitor global variable is set by the PCW startup code to a value that indicates whether the monitor is a color or monochrome monitor. The manifest constants MONO and COLOR can be used to determine the value of the _monitor variable. _video_ram Description: The _video_ram global variable is set by the PCW startup code to a value that indicates the amount of RAM that is allocated by the host video system for use by the video system. The value in this variable is expressed in K bytes. mpresent Description: The mpresent variable is set by the init_mouse() function when it is determined whether there is a mouse attached to the host system. This is a neccessary and useful variable in that the Mouse software is independent of PC Windows and it is helpful to know if the Mouse is home or not. For example, if your program uses the Mouse you will want to check to see if the Mouse is home before using any PCW function. Example: if (mpresent) hide_mouse(); /* if Mouse home hide it */ wnd = wpop(wnd); /* Remove the window */ if (mpresent) show_mouse(); /* Reshow the Mouse if home */ Vbump Description: The Vbump variable is set by PCW at startup and is updated continually by PCW every time one of PCW's functions is called. It is used internally by PCW in the calculation of offsets into video memory. CheckSnow Description: The CheckSnow variable is set by PCW at startup and is used by PC Windows' assembly modules whether to execute the code to reduce the snow that appears when using a CGA adapter. Window Functions wframe() #include <pcwproto.h> WNDPTR *wframe(int ur,int uc,int lr, int lc,int fcolr,int bcolr); Description: The wframe() function will frame a window at the specified coordinates. Ur, uc, lr, and lc are the upper and lower rows and columns of the window. Fcolr and bcolr are the foreground and background colors of the window. The window is added into an internal list of windows. The type of frame and its color are determined by the functions setborder() and bordercolor respectively. Returns: A pointer to type WNDPTR, which will be used as a handle to the window on all subsequent window operations. If wframe() could not create the window for any reason a NULL pointer will be returned. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; setborder(DOUBLEALL); bordercolor(WHITE,BLUE); wnd = wframe(6,20,18,60,BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); if (!wnd) exit(3); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } wexplode() #include <pcwproto.h> WNDPTR *wexplode(int ur,int uc,int lr,int lc,int fcolor,int bcolor); Description: The wexplode() function is very similar to the wframe function. It also frames a window at the specified coordinates and returns a window handle. The only difference is the window explodes from a central point specified by the coordinates quickly, and smoothly. The border type and color is determined by the values last passed to the setborder() and bordercolor() functions respectively. Returns: A pointer of type WNDPTR, which will be used as a window handle on all subsequent window functions that affect the window. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; setborder(DOUBLEALL); bordercolor(WHITE,BLUE); wnd = wexplode(6,20,18,60,BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); if (!wnd) exit(3); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } wpush() #include <pcwproto.h> WNDPTR *wpush(int urow, int ucol, int lrow, int lcol); Description: The wpush() function will save the contents of the screen specified by the coordinates. The contents of the "window" can be restored at a later time. The "pushed" area is treated just like any other window by the window routines. Returns: A pointer to type WNDPTR, which can be used as a handle to the window in subsequent window operations. Returns a NULL pointer if the operation failed for any reason. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *savewnd; int mxr, mxc; if (!get_video_state(&mxr,&mxc)) exit(3); savewnd = wpush(1,1,mxr,mxc); vcls(); qfill(6,20,18,60,RED,RED,32); swait(5); savewnd = wpop(savewnd); } wprintf() #include <pcwproto.h> int wprintf(WNDPTR *wnd, int row, int col, char *format,...); Description: The wprintf() function writes formatted output strings to a specified window similar to the standard printf() function. The WNDPTR pointer is a handle to the window. The row & col variables specify the row and column IN THE WINDOW that you wish to place the output, and the format string is used just as a format string in printf(). The color of the output is determined by the color attributes used when framing or exploding the window. The color attributes can be changed by using the set_wnd_attr() function. Returns: A non-zero value is returned if the function was completed successfully and a zero value will be returned for any reason the function could not perform its operation. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { static char format[] = "This is a format string. Line = %d"; WNDPTR *wnd; int lcv; pcwinit(AUTOEXIT); wnd = wframe(6,10,18,70,RED,LIGHTGRAY); if (!wnd) exit(3); for (lcv = 1; lcv < 10; lcv++) wprintf(wnd,lcv,CENTER,format,lcv); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } wputs() #include <pcwproto.h> int wputs(WNDPTR *wnd, int row, int col, char str[]); Description: Wputs() writes a string of characters into the specified window at the specified row and column in the window. The WNDPTR pointer is a handle to the specified window. The row and col variables are the specified row and column INSIDE THE WINDOW. The character string str[] is the string to be written in the window. If the string is too long to be displayed entirely in the window then it is truncated. The color of the characters in the window are determined by the colors specified when the window was created with wframe, wexplode, or wpush. If the window was created with wpush the default colors of LIGHTGRAY on BLACK are used. If the window is overlapped by any other window then the window will be "floated" to the top and made the top window. If row and column are outside of the window boundaries the string will not be printed and a zero value will be returned. Returns: Non-zero if completed successfully. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { static char hello[] = "Hello World!! PC Windows Here!"; WNDPTR wnd; pcwinit(NOEXIT); wnd = wexplode(6,10,18,70,BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); wputs(wnd,5,CENTER,hello); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } wtitle() #include <pcwproto.h> int wtitle(WNDPTR wnd,int top_bottom,int mid_left_right,char *title); Description: The wtitle() function will title a window that has been previously established. The WNDPTR pointer is a handle to the window to be titled. The top_bottom parameter is used to specify whether the title is to be placed at the top or bottom of the window. Use the manifest constants TOP or BOTTOM to specify the value. The mid_left_rite parameter specifies whether the title will be at the left, or in the middle, or at the right of the window. Use the manifest constants LEFT, RITE, MIDDLE to specify this value. The color of the title is specified by using the titlecolor() function. If the window is overlapped by any other window it will be promoted to the top and be made the active window. Return: A non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; bordercolor(BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); titlecolor(RED,LIGHTGRAY); setborder(SINGLESIDES); wnd = wframe(6,10,18,70,BLACK,LIGHTGRAY); wtitle(wnd,TOP,LEFT," Top Left "); wtitle(wnd,TOP,MIDDLE, " Top Middle "); wtitle(wnd,TOP,RITE, " Top Right "); wtitle(wnd,BOTTOM,MIDDLE," Bottom Middle "); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } whide() #include "pcpwproto.h" int whide(WNDPTR *wnd); Description: The whide() function will hide the window specified with the WNDPTR pointer-handle. When the window is hidden it is removed from the screen and all subsequent addresses to the window are ignored. However, the window can be moved. The window can be made visible again by using the wshow() function. Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; wnd = wframe(6,10,18,70,LIGHTGRAY,RED); if (wnd == NULL) exit(3); swait(5); whide(wnd); swait(3); wndmove(wnd, 10,20); wshow(wnd); swait(5); wnd = wpop(wnd); } wshow() #include <pcwproto.h> int wshow(WNDPTR *wnd) { Description: The wshow() function will re-show a window that was previously hidden with the whide function. The WNDPTR pointer variable is a handle to the window to be re-shown. Returns: A non-zero value if the function was successful. Example: See previous example for whide() function. wndmove() #include <pcwproto.h> int wndmove(WNDPTR *wnd, int row, int col); Description: The wndmove() function will move the window specified with the WNDPTR pointer variable to the specified coordinates, row & col. The variables row and col are coordinates on the physical screen and mark where the upper left corner of the window will be. The wndmove() function checks to make sure that the window will fit on to the physical screen and if not, will adjust the coordinates so that it will fit. Returns: A non-zero result if the move was successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; int lcv; wnd = wexplode(1,1,5,20,RED,LIGHTGRAY); if (wnd == (WNDPTR *) 0) exit(3); wtitle(wnd,TOP,MIDDLE, " Moving! "); for (lcv = 1; lcv < 11; lcv++) { wndmove(wnd,lcv*2,lcv*5); rest(9); } wnd = wpop(wnd); } w_chg_attr() #include <pcwproto.h> int w_chg_attr(WNDPTR *wnd,int row,int col,int fclr,int bclr,int count); Description: The w_chg_attr() function will change the color attributes starting at row and col coordinates INSIDE THE WINDOW addressed by WNDPTR and repeated count times. This function is useful for menus that use a color bar to indicate a selection. If the change of attributes attempts to move outside of the window the function is aborted and no change of attributes occurs. Returns: A non-zero value if the function was successful. Example: See the menudemo program: The menu functions make extensive use of w_chg_attr. wscroll() #include <pcwproto.h> int wscroll(WNDPTR *wnd, int action, int count); Description: The wscroll() function will scroll the window referenced by the WNDPTR pointer variable. The action flag determines if the entire area of the window is scrolled or just the area inside of the borders. Setting this parameter to 0 will scroll the entire area of the window (this includes the borders). Setting it to a non-zero value will scroll the area inside of the borders. The count parameter will specify the number of rows to scroll as well as the direction to scroll. When the count parameter is a positive value the scrolling will be down, and when the count is a negative value the scrolling will be up. Again, if the window is overlapped by any other window it will be promoted to the top. Returns: A non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; wnd = wpush(6,10,18,70); /* Save area on screen */ set_wnd_attr(wnd,RED,RED); /* Set window colors */ while(!kbhit()) { wscroll(wnd,0,3); /* Scroll wnd down 3 lines */ wscroll(wnd,0,-3); /* Scroll wnd up 3 lines */ } getch(); wnd = wpop(wnd); /* Clear keyboard & remove wnd */ } w_block_write() #include <pcwproto.h> int w_block_write(WNDPTR *wnd, int row, int col, char *block[]); Description: The w_block_write() function will write an array of strings to the window referenced by WNDPTR *, starting at the row & column specified and continuing on a new line until the entire array of strings has been written to the window or until no more lines can be written into the window, whichever occurs first. NOTE the array of strings must be NULL terminated. The color of the text will be determined by the color used when the window was defined or set by the set_wnd_attr() function. Returns: A non-zero value if completed successfully. If the entire array of strings could not be written to the window then a zero value will be returned. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { static char *msgs[] = { "Description: w_block_write will write an array of strings", "into your window in one fell swoop. This is very convenient", "and keeps you from having to set up loops to do this function", NULL }; WNDPTR *wnd; bordercolor(BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); titlecolor(BLACK,LIGHTGRAY); wnd = wframe(6,5,12,75,RED,LIGHTGRAY); wtitle(wnd, TOP,MIDDLE," w_block_write "); w_block_write(wnd,2,CENTER,msgs); keywait(10); wnd = wpop(wnd); } pcwinit() #include <pcwproto.h> void pcwinit(int action); Description: The pcwinit() function initializes the PC Windows library functions. It is not necessary to call this function in every program because almost all (but not all) of the functions in the library check to see if the library has been initialized and call pcwinit() if it has not. The integer parameter, action, is used to notify PCW whether an automatic exit is desired. The default (if you let PCW initialize for you) is to set an automatic exit to remove all windows from the screen. To disable this feature you must invoke pcwinit() with an action of NOEXIT before you invoke any other PCW function. To invoke pcwinit() and install the automatic exit use the manifest constant AUTOEXIT. Returns: Nothing Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { pcwinit(NOEXIT); /* or AUTOEXIT */ vcls(); qputs(10,1,RED,BLACK,"The library is initialized!"); } clr_wnd() #include <pcwproto.h> int clr_wnd(WNDPTR *wnd, int action); Description: The clr_wnd() function will clear the contents of a window specified with the WNDPTR variable. The action parameter specifies whether the area to be cleared includes the border of the window or not. If this parameter is non-zero only the area inside of the borders will be cleared, otherwise the borders will be cleared too. Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd1, *wnd2; bordercolor(BLUE,LIGHTGRAY); wnd1 = wframe(1,1,10,40,BLACK,BROWN); wnd2 = wframe(5,15,15,55,BLACK,LIGHTGRAY); keywait(5); clr_wnd(wnd1,0); wputs(wnd1,1,1,"The borders were cleared"); keywait(10); clr_wnd(wnd2,1); wputs(wnd2,1,1,"Borders are not cleared"); keywait(10); wnd1=wpop(wnd1);swait(3);wnd2= wpop(wnd2); } set_wnd_attr() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_wnd_attr(WNDPTR *wnd, int fcolor, int bcolor); Description: The set_wnd_attr() function can be used to change the color attributes of a window. When a window is created the attributes of that window are stored and used on all subsequent accesses to the window. set_wnd_attr() allows these color attributes to be changed after the window has been created so that subsequent accesses to the window will now use the new color attributes. Returns: Nothing Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; wnd = wpush(6,20, 18, 60); wputs(wnd, 1, CENTER, "Lightgray on Black"); keywait(3); set_wnd_attr(wnd,WHITE,RED); wputs(wnd, 2, CENTER, "White on Red"); keywait(3); clr_wnd(wnd,0); keywait(3); } Quick Screen Routines qputchar() #include <pcwproto.h> int qputchar(int row,int col,int fclr,int bclr,char ch); Description: The qputchar() function writes the character (ch) to the video screen at the specified row and column (col) using the specified foreground color (fclr) and the specified background color (bclr). Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int rw, cl, cnt = 0; vcls(); for (rw = 0; rw < 16; rw++) { for (cl = 0; cl < 16; cl++) { qputchar(5+rw,32+cl,BLUE,LIGHTGRAY,cnt++); } } } qfill() #include <pcwproto.h> int qfill(int ur,int uc,in lr,int lc,int fclr,int bclr,int chr); Description: The qfill() function will fill a specified rectangular area on the video screen with the specified characters (chr) in the specified colors (fclr & bclr). The area on the screen to be filled is demarcated by the upper row and upper column (ur & uc) and lower row and lower column (lr & lc). Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; wnd = wpush(6,10,18,70); qfill(6,10,18,70,RED,RED); keywait(10); wnd = wpop(wnd); } qbox() #include <pcwproto.h> int qbox(int urow, int ucol, int lrow, int lcol); Description: The qbox() function will draw a box on the screen. The characters used to draw the box are specified with the setborder() function. The color of the box is specified with the bordercolor() function. Returns: Nothing Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int ur, uc, lr, lc; vcls(); setborder(SINGLESIDES); bordercolor(CYAN,BLACK); for (ur=1,uc=1,lr=25,lc=80;ur < lr && uc < lc; ur += 1, uc += 4) qbox(ur,uc,lr,lc); } qvchar() #include <pcwproto.h> int qvchar(int row,int col,int fclr,int bclr,char chr,int count); Description: The qvchar() function repeats the specified character (chr) count times vertically on the screen originating at row & column (col) using the colors specified by fclr and bclr. Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int row, col, chr; vcls(); for (row=1,col=1,chr=33; row < 25; row++, col+=3,chr++) qvchar(row,col,7,0,chr,25-row); } qhchar() #include <pcwproto.h> int qhchar(int row,int col,int fclr,int blcr,char chr,int count); Description: The qhchar() function repeats the specified character (chr) count times horizontally on the screen originating at row and column (col) using the color attributes specified by fclr and bclr. Returns: Non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int row, col, chr; vcls(); for (row=1,col=1,chr=65; row < 25;row++,col+=3,chr++) qhchar(row,col,4,0,chr,80-col); } qputs() #include <pcwproto.h> int qputs(int row,int col,int fclr,int bclr,char *string); Description: The qputs() function writes the character string (*string) to the video display at the coordinates (row & col) in the specified color attributes (fclr & bclr). No character filtering takes place and no line-feed character is inserted at the end of the string. Returns: A non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { char *string = "Hello World...PCW is here!"; vcls(); qputs(12,CENTER,WHITE,BLACK+BLINK,string); } qvputs() #include <pcwproto.h> int qvputs(int row, int col, int fclr, int bclr, char *string); Description: The qvputs() function writes the character string (*string) to video display vertically originating from row and column (col) with the specified color attributes (fclr & bclr). Returns: A non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int lcv,mxr,mxc; if (!chk_video_state(&mxr,&mxc)) exit(3); for (lcv = 1; lcv <= mxc; lcv++) qvputs(1,lcv,15,0,"Hello World PCW Here!"); } q_block_write() #include <pcwproto.h> int q_block_write(int row,int col,int fclr,int blcr,char *block[]); Description: The q_block_write() function will accept an array of pointers to character strings (*block[]) and write the character strings to the video display in one fell swoop. The first character string is written at row and col and the row is incremented before each string is written to the display. The color is specified with the fclr and bclr variables. The array of pointers should be NULL terminated. Returns: A non-zero value if successful. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> static char *block[] = { "q_block_write() make writing arrays of character", "strings a breeze because you do not have to set", "up loops to do it yourself", NULL }; void main(void) { vcls(); q_block_write(10,25,4,0,block); } qprintf() #include <pcwproto.h> int qprintf(int row,int col,int fclr,int bclr,char *format,...); Description: The qprintf() function writes a formatted string to the video display much the same as the standard printf() function does, however, no character filtering takes place. This means newline characters are not interpreted and are written to the video display. The string is written at the row and column (col) specified using the color attributes specified by the fclr and bclr variables. Returns: A non-zero value if successful completed. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { char *format = "qprintf is very quick and fast. Row = %0d"; int row; for (row=1,row < 26; row++) qprintf(row,CENTER,BLUE,LIGHTGRAY,format,row); } scroll() #include <pcwproto.h> int scroll(int ur,int uc,int lr,int lc,int fclr,int bclr,int count); Description: The scroll() function will scroll the rectangular area of the screen demarcated by the ur uc (upper row & col-upper left corner) and the lr & lc (lower row & col - lower right corner) variables. The scroll function will not cause flicker as does the BIOS scrolling on some video adapters. As the demarcated area is scrolled the color attributes fclr and bclr specify the color of the blanked lines added to the scroll region. The count variable determines the number of lines scrolled. Furthermore, the count variable determines the direction. If the count variable is positive the scroll region is scrolled downward and if negative the scroll region is scrolled up. Returns: A non-zero value if completed successfully. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR wnd; wnd = wpush(6,10,18,70); while(!keypressed()) { scroll(6,10,18,70,RED,RED, 3);/* Scroll region down 3 */ scroll(6,10,18,70,BLUE,BLUE,-3);/* Scroll region up 3 lines */ } keybrd_flush(); wnd = wpop(wnd); } getattr() #include <pcwproto.h> int getattr(int row, int col); Description: The getattr() function returns the color attribute at the specified row and column. Returns: The color attribute at row and column. Returns -1 if unsuccessful. getchr() #include <pcwproto.h> int getchr(int row, int col); Description: The getchr() function returns the character at the specified row and column. Returns a -1 if unsuccessful. Bios Dependant Functions get_cursor_size() #include <pcwproto.h> void get_cursor_size(int *tline, int *bline); Description: The get_cursor_size() function returns the beginning and ending scan lines of the text cursor in the integer pointers. You should use this function at the beginning of your program if you are planning to turn the cursor off at any time during the execution of your program. Returns: Nothing. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int tl, bl; vcls(); get_cursor_size(&tl, &bl); set_cursor_size(0,0); keywait(10); set_cursor_size(tl,bl); } set_cursor_size() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_cursor_size(int tline, bline); Description: The set_cursor_size() function will set the beginning and ending scan lines of the text cursor. This function is used in conjunction with get_cursor_size() function to turn the cursor on and off frequently. If both scan line values passed to the set_cursor_size function are zero the cursor will be turned off. Returns: Nothing Example: See above example. get_cursor_pos() #include <pcwproto.h> void get_cursor_pos(int *row, int *col); Description: The get_cursor_pos() returns the position of the text cursor on the current video page in the two integer pointers. Returns: Nothing Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int row, col set_cursor_pos(12,40); get_cursor_pos(&row, &col); qprintf(12,CENTER,RED,0,"Cursor Row = %d Cursor Col = %d",row,col); } set_cursor_pos() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_cursor_pos(int row, int col); Description: The set_cursor_pos() function sets the cursor position to the the row and column specified in the argument list. Returns: Nothing. Example: See above expample. switchpage() #include <pcwproto.h> void switchpage(int videopage); Description: The switchpage() function will switch the current video page to the one specified by the videopage parameter. With adapters such as the CGA, EGA, and VGA there are more than one video page in which to display video output, however only one video page at a time may be displayed. It is possible, therefore, to build a screen in the background on a video page not displayed and then switch to it. The number of video pages depend on the video adapter you are using and the video mode you are using. See also the setpage() function. Returns: Nothing Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int i; pcwinit(); setpage(1); for (i=1;i<25;i++) qputs(i,CENTER,RED,BLACK,"Hello World!"); keywait(5); switchpage(1); keywait(5); switchpage(0); } vcls() #include <pcwproto.h> void vcls(void); Description: The vcls() function will clear the video display and set the color attributes to lightgray on black much like the DOS cls command. However, unlike the DOS cls command if your display is using the EGA 43 line mode or the VGA 50 line mode all 25, 43, or 50 lines will be cleared. Returns: Nothing. vgetmode() #include <pcwproto.h> void vgetmode(int *cols, int *mode, int *activepage); Description: The vgetmode function is used to return the number of columns, the video mode, and the active video page of the current display. Returns: Nothing. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int cols,mode,ap; vgetmode(&cols,&mode,&ap); printf("The mode is %d, the number of columns is %d, acivepage is %d", mode, cols, ap); } vgetattr() #include <pcwproto.h> int vgetattr(void); Description: The vgetattr() function returns the color attribute on the video display at the cursor location. Returns: The color attribute. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int attr, chr; set_cursor_pos(1,1); attr = vgetattr(); chr = vgetchr(); printf("Attribute = %x, Character = %c",attr,chr); } vgetchr() #include <pcwproto.h> int vgetattr(void); Description: The vgetchr() function returns the character from the video display at the current cursor position. Example: See above example. vsetmode() #include <pcwproto.h> void vsetmode(int mode); Description: The vsetmode() function will set the video mode of the EGA/VGA/CGA/MDA adapter. For color adapters the video mode used for text processing is mode 3, while for monochrome monitors the most frequently used mode is mode 7. When the mode is set the screen is cleared and the contents are lost. Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { pcwinit(NOEXIT); (_monitor == COLOR) ? vsetmode(3) : vsetmode(7); } set_vga_scan_lines() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_vga_scan_lines(int arg); Description: Sets the number of scan lines to be used on the display of a VGA unit. The value for arg can be one of three: CGA200, EGA350, VGA400. Using CGA200 will cause the VGA adapter to use 200 scan lines for its display which will look just like a CGA display. Using EGA350 will cause 350 scan lines to be used which is equivelant to an EGA display and VGA400 will use 400 scan lines for VGA resolution (which is what you paid for). Example: #include <stdlib.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int lcv; for (lcv = 0; lcv <= EGA400; lcv++) { set_vga_scan_lines(lcv); system("dir"); keywait(10); } } fload() #include <pcwproto.h> void fload(int block, int font); Description: The fload() function will load one of the three standard fonts on the EGA/VGA and reprogram the video controller and will ensure the cursor works correctly. On all adapters an 8x8 font can be loaded to create 43 text line mode on the EGA and 50 text line mode on the VGA. An 8x14 font can be loaded on the EGA/VGA, however this will cause 28 text line mode on the VGA unless the number of scan lines is set to 350. If a VGA is active an 8x16 font can be loaded (this is the normal font for VGA). The value used for the 'block' parameter can be 0-3 with 0 being the most used. The legitimate values for 'font' are 8, 14, and 16. Example: (Assumes an EGA/VGA) #include <stdlib.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { system("dir"); fload(0,8); keywait(10); (_adaptor == EGA) ? fload(0,14) : fload(0,16); } download_rom_font() #include <pcwproto.h> int download_rom_font(int font, char *buffer); Description: The download_rom_font() function will copy the specified font, either 8x14 or 8x16, from the EGA or VGA ROM into the user supplied buffer. Use the manifest constant values EGA14 and VGA16 for the font parameter. The user supplied buffer must be large enough to hold (16 * 256) bytes for the 8x16 font or (14 * 256) bytes for the 8x14 font. Returns: The number of bytes per character are returned if the function is successful, otherwise zero is returned. Example: See example below. load_user_font() #include <pcwproto.h> int load_user_font(int bpc,int blk,int nchrs,int fchr,char *buffer); Description: The load_user_font() function is used to load a user's "soft font" into the EGA/VGA registers. The parameters are explained as follows: 1. bpc - bytes per character, use either EGA14 or VGA16. 2. blk - video block to load the font (usually 0). 3. nchrs - number of characters in the font buffer. 4. fchr - first character in font buffer 5. *buffer - the font buffer (can be obtained by using download_rom_font()). Following the load of a user font, a video reset will reload the default ROM font. Returns: A non-zero value is returned if the function is successful. Example: void main(void) { /* make 'a' into 'b' and 'b' into 'c'.... */ int i, j, k, x; static char ftable[16*256]; pcwinit(NOEXIT); if (_adaptor > CGA) { k = (_adaptor == EGA) ? EGA14 : VGA16; if ((k = download_rom_font(k, ftable)) != 0) { for (i = 'a'; i <= 'z'; i++) { j = i * k; x = j + k; while (j < x) { ftable[j] = ftable[j + k]; j++; } } load_user_font(k, 0, 256, 0, ftable); } } else puts("Must have an EGA or VGA to run this demo"); } get_ega_palette() #include <pcwproto.h> char *get_ega_palette(int mode); Description: Makes an internal copy of the values in the EGA palette regsisters specified by mode into an internal buffer and returns a pointer to the buffer. The size of the buffer is 17 bytes and represents the values in the 16 EGA palette registers with the overscan regsiter. The values in this table may be modified and reloaded into the palette registers using the load_ega_palette() function. Together these functions allow you to use all 64 of the available colors in text mode on the EGA/VGA. Returns: Pointer to internal register buffer, NULL if unsuccessful. Example: See example below. set_palette() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_palette(int attribute_register, int color); Description: Sets the attribute register in the internal register table to the specified color. The attribute_register value must be 0 through 15 and the color can be 0 through 63. This function allows you to set all 16 palette registers to desired colors in memory and use those colors with load_ega_palette(). load_ega_palette() #include <pcwproto.h> void load_ega_palette(void); Description: Loads the internal attribute register table into the EGA/VGA palette registers causing any changes in color to immediately take effect. set_load_palette() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_load_palette(int palette_register, int color); Description: Changes the value in the internal attribute register table to the specified color and reloads the EGA/VGA palette registers immediately. This is equivalent to calling set_palette() followed by a call to load_ega_palette(). Example: #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { WNDPTR *wnd; int i; if (get_ega_palette(22) != (char *) 0) { bordercolor(RED,RED); wnd = wframe(6, 20, 18, 60, RED, RED); for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) { set_load_palette(RED, i); swait(1); } } } set_int24() #include <pcwproto.h> int set_int24(void); Description: The set_int24() function will install a custom critical interrupt handler under the control of your program. The critical interrupt handler will then be responsible for disk errors, printer time outs or any other device type error. When an error occurs the critical interrupt handler will open a window in the current video page, display a title with the error message, display a menu, and a few words of encouragement, and if the error was a disk error, a message appears in the middle of the window identifying the offending disk(ett) drive. When a selection is made control returns to DOS and then back to your program (hopefully), or the program is aborted depending on the user's choice. In all cases the window is removed from the screen and the hated message "Abort, Retry or Ignore" is avoided. Upon return to DOS the interrupt vector will automatically be reset by DOS. Returns: Non-zero value if successful Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { FILE *fp; char *filename = "a:dummy.txt"; pcwinit(0); if (set_int24() ) { puts("Please open the door to drive A: "); puts("and press a key to continue"); while(!keypressed()); keyin(); fp = fopen(filename, "r"); if (fp == NULL) puts("Could not open file"); } } set_int29() The set_int29() function captures the DOS fast output interrupt, interrupt 29h so that when DOS is writing characters out from standard output or standard error devices, the output will be captured in a PCW window. The reset_int29() function will remove the hooks that set_int29() used to capture DOS fast output. NOTE!!!! If you use set_int29() anywhere in a program you must call reset_int29() before the program ends. If you do not most likely your PC will lock up. NOTE: the set_int29() function does not work at all when using Zortech and limps along when using Power C. Using Turbo C and MSC there were no problems at all. Furthermore, the set_int29() function does not work at all under Power C when compiled in the small memory model. Example: #include <stdio.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int main ( void ) { WNDPTR *wnd; wnd = wframe(3, 1, 22, 80, BLACK, LIGHTGRAY); set_int29(); system("type pcw.doc"); reset_int29(); wnd = wpop( wnd ); return 0; } Mouse Functions init_mouse() #include <pcwproto.h> int init_mouse(void); Description: The init_mouse() function will initialize the mouse hardware and software driver and return a non-zero value if the mouse driver & hardware are present. A global variable, mpresent, will be set to a non-zero value if the mouse is present. If you want to use the mouse in your program you should call init_mouse() and examine the value of the mpresent variable whenever you wish to determine if the mouse is present. It would also be a good practice to call init_mouse at the end of your program to reset the mouse driver for the next program. Calling init_mouse() a second time will reset the mpresent variable to a FALSE value. Calling init_mouse() always hides the mouse cursor. Returns: A non-zero value if the mouse is present. Example: See the program MOUSDEMO.C for exhaustive examples. get_mpressed() #include <pcwproto.h> int get_mpressed(int button); Description: The get_mpressed() function returns the number of times a mouse button has been pressed since the last call to get_mpressed(). Use the manifest constants LEFTM, and RITEM to specify which button you want to know about. The range can be from 0 to 65535 and the Mouse driver will not check for overflow. Once called for a particular button the count for that button is cleared. Example: See MOUSDEMO.C for exhaustive examples. get_mreleased() #include <pcwproto.h> int get_mreleased(int button); Description: The get_mreleased() function is the compliment of the get_mpressed() function in that it returns the number of times the Mouse key specified by button has been released since the last call to get_mreleased. Use the manifest constants RITEM and LEFTM to specify the button that you want to know about. The range can be from 0 to 65535 and the driver does not check for overflow. Example: See MOUSDEMO.C for examples. show_mouse() #include <pcwproto.h> void show_mouse(); Description: The show_mouse() function will turn on or show the Mouse cursor. Once you have initialized the Mouse with init_mouse() you must use show_mouse() to make the mouse cursor visible. If you have defined a region for the Mouse with mframe() the Mouse cursor will appear in the region. Making subsequent calls to show_mouse() will have no effect. Examples: See MOUSDEMO.C and MENUDEMO.C hide_mouse() #include <pcwproto.h> void hide_mouse(); Description: The hide_mouse() function will hide the mouse cursor. Hiding the Mouse is necessary when using windows or quick screen writes as there is no way to tell where the Mouse is. If your program uses the Mouse you should test the presence of the Mouse by checking the value of the global variable, mpresent, and turn off the Mouse if the value is non-zero. Subsequent calls to hide_mouse() will have no effect. Examples: See MOUSDEMO.C, MENUDEMO.C, PDEMO.C, and LDEMO.C get_mpos() #include <pcwproto.h> void get_mpos(int *row, int *col, int *button_status); Description: The get_mpos() function is primarily intended to retrieve the position of the Mouse cursor, but it can also be used to retrieve the button status. When called the Mouse position is returned in the row & col pointers and the button status is also returned. The values returned for Mouse position are correct for any video mode. The possible return values for button_status and their meanings are as follows: 1 = Left Mouse Button pressed. 2 = Right Mouse Button pressed. 3 = Both Mouse Buttons pressed. Examples: See MOUSDEMO.C set_mpos() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_mpos(int row, int col); Description: The set_mpos() function sets the Mouse cursor position on the video display. set_mtype() #include <pcwproto.h> void set_mtype(int ctype, int arg1, int arg2); Description: The set_mtype() function will set the Mouse cursor type. The two cursor types are the hardware cursor or the software text cursor (Mouse soft cursor). If ctype is 0, set_mtype() selects the software text cursor and arg1 and arg2 must select screen and cursor mask (SEE MOUSDEMO.C). If ctype is equal to 1 the hardware cursor is used and arg1 and arg2 select the beginning and ending scan lines for the cursor much like that of set_cursor_size(). You may set the Mouse cursor type then call show_mouse() to display the results. Examples: See Mousdemo.C also. #include <pcwproto.h> void main(void) { int ctype=1,arg1=1,arg2=0x7; int tl, bl; /* Take over hardware cursor */ /* See MOUSDEMO.C for examples of using soft cursor */ init_mouse(); get_cursor_size(&tl,&bl); set_mtype(ctype,arg1,arg2); show_mouse(); keywait(60); init_mouse(); /* Reset Mouse */ set_cursor_size(tl,bl); /* Set cursor size back */ } save_mouse_state() #include <pcwproto.h> char *save_mouse_state(void); Description: Use the save_mouse_state() function to save the state of the Mouse driver before spawning to another program that uses or may use the Mouse also. The save_mouse_state() function returns a pointer to a buffer where the mouse state information is held. Upon returning from the child process you may make a call to the restore_mouse_state() function using the pointer to the saved area. Returns: A pointer to the saved buffer. NULL if memory could not be allocated. restore_mouse_state() #include <pcwproto.h> void restore_mouse_state(char *buffer); Description: The restore_mouse_state() function uses a pointer to a buffer allocated by the save_mouse_state() function to restore the state of the Mouse driver after returning from a child process or a system() function call. The memory allocated for the buffer is then deallocated and returned to the free pool. Upon completion the Mouse is as it was when the Mouse state was saved. Returns: Nothing. Keyboard Functions With this release of PCW the keyboard functions have been completely re-written to more closely integrate keyboard events and mouse events. Furthermore, support for console redirection has been added. Any program using any of the PCW keyboard functions should include the header file KEYS.H. Also, the return values from these functions have been changed to better isolate the special keys such as the function keys and the arrow keys. These return values are of type int and most times when special keys are involved are not in the range of normal ASCII characters. This has caused problems with the functions declared in CTYPE.H such as toupper(), tolower(), isalpha(), and so on. Most notably the functions (macros) in Microsoft C and Turbo C have problems with the return values from the keyboard functions because they use a table driven method of validation of the characters, and when the integer value from the keyboard function are not in the range of normal characters, problems arise. To alleviate this problem a macro, ischar(), is defined in PCWPROTO.H. An example use of this macro is provided: if ( ischar(ch) ) ch = toupper(ch); return ( ischar(ch) ? isalpha(ch) : 0 ); Keypressed() #include <keys.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int keypressed(void); The keypressed() function was originally used to determine if a character was waiting in the keyboard que, but now is used to determine if one of several input events is true. The keypressed() function can be used to determine if console standard input has been redirector, or if a character is waiting in keyboard que buffer, or if a mouse key has been pressed. The return values from keypressed signify which event is true: 0 = No Event. 1 = Console Standard Input is Redirected. 2 = Character is pending in keyboard que buffer. 3 = A mouse key has been pressed. function c readkey() #include <pcwproto.h> int readkey(void); Description: The readkey() function will (1) return the most recent mouse key that was pressed ( LEFT_MOUSE_KEY, RITE_MOUSE_KEY, BOTH_MOUSE_KEY ), (2) return the character that from a file that has been redirected to standard input, and (3) return a pending character from the keyboard que buffer. If none of these events has occured when keyin() is called, keyin() will wait until one does occur. The Ctrl-C interrupt has no effect on this function. isxkeybd() #include <keys.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int isxkeybd(void); Description: The isxkeybd() function determines if the BIOS supports an extended keyboard or not. If the BIOS does support an extended keyboard it does not mean that an extended keyboard is attached to the computer, but it would be reasonable to assume that one is. If the BIOS supports the extended keyboard your program can make use of the F11 & F12 keys with other PCW keyboard functions. keywait() #include <keys.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int keywait(int seconds); Description: The keywait() function will delay program execution for the specified number of seconds or until a key is pressed, keyboard or mouse. keywait() will return a -1 if time elapsed with no key pressed and will return the keyboard character when a key is pressed. keyin() #include <keys.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int keyin(void); Description: With this release of PCW keyin() is an alias for readkey(). keybrd_flush() #include <pcwproto.h> void keybrd_flush(void); Description: The keybrd_flush() function will flush the keyboard buffer of all characters entered since the last access to the keyboard. This is useful if you do not wish users of your programs to enter keystrokes ahead of your prompts. get_chars() #include <keys.h> #include <pcwproto.h> int get_chars(int rw,int cl,int fclr,int bclr,int len,char *buffr); Description: The get_chars() function will accept buffered input from the keyboard at the specified row and column using the foreground and background colors specified by fclr and bclr. The maximum number of characters that may be entered are specified by len and the characters themselves are stored in *buffr. The get_chars() function supports the left and right arrow keys, destructive backspacing, the home and end keys, and inserting and deleting characters. When get_chars() detects an error the bell will be sounded. In addition if *buffr contains a string it will be displayed at row and column when get_chars() is called and the string may be edited. Returns: Returns zero when the enter key is struck and will return the Esc characters when the Esc key is pressed. ENVIRONMENT FUCNTIONS The environment function in PCW are used mostly for internal purposes of PCW, however, some of them could be useful to your programs when used with PCW. Therefore, I document them here. getpage() #include <pcwproto.h> #int getpage(void); Description: The getpage() function returns the current video page in which PCW is operating. The IBM PC color video, when in text mode, can operate on 4 to 16 video pages depending on the video adapter in use and the text mode being used. It is possible with PCW to set a video page with the setpage() function and write to a video page not displayed and later display it with the switchpage() function. getpagesize() #include <pcwproto.h> int getpagesize(void); Description: The getpagesize() function returns current size of a video memory page. Normally this is 4096 (when using 25 X 80 text mode), but it could be different if your monitor is using the EGA 43 line mode or the VGA 50 line mode. This function is used extensively within PCW. setpage() #include <pcwproto.h> int setpage(int page); Description: The setpage() function is used to set the current video page for PCW to work in. Normally the video page is set to zero by the BIOS when the PC is booted up. PCW initializes this value to what the BIOS is using when your program begins execution. It is possible to force PCW to use another video page for screen writing while displaying the current video page (screen writing in the background), and later switch to the video page where all the writing was done. This gives the appearance of instant screen writing. ispcwinit() #include <pcwproto.h> int ispcwinit(void); Description: The ispcwinit function is used internally by PCW to determine if the kernel code of PCW has been initialized. When your program calls one of PCW's functions a check is made to see if the kernal code was initialized, and, if it has not, the call to initialize PCW is made. This keeps you from having to remember to initialize PCW at the beginning of each of your programs. chk_video_state() #include <pcwproto.h> int chk_video_state(int *max_rows, int *max_cols); Description: The chk_video_state() function is a very useful one in that it will do the follow for you: 1. Initialize PCW. 2. Return a value indicating whether or not you can use PCW with the current video environment. 3. Returns the maximum number of rows and columns on the video display. The main purpose of chk_video_state() is to determine whether the video display is in text mode or not. If the display is in graphics mode PCW will not, and can not do its job. If successful, the integer pointers, max_rows & max_cols are returned with the maximum number of rows and columns on the video display. For example, if your display was in 40 column mode this would be reflected in *max_cols, and if the display was in EGA 43 line mode this would be reflected in *max_rows. getscrnseg() #include <pcwproto.h> unsigned getscrnseg(void); Description: The getscrnseg() function will return the segment used to address the video display memory. If the display is a monochrome the getscrnseg() function will return the value (in hex) 0xB000 and will return 0xB800 if a color monitor is in use. getscrnseg() is used internally by PCW. MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS _sound() #include <pcwproto.h> void _sound(unsigned frequency); Description: The _sound() function will create a tone with the specified frequency. The tone will continue to sound until a call to the _nosound() function is made. _nosound() #include <pcwproto.h> void _nosound(void); Description: The _nosound() function will discontinue the tone generated by the _sound() function. rest() #include <pcwproto.h> void rest(unsigned timer_ticks); Description: The rest() function will suspend the execution of the program for the specified number of timer_ticks. Approximately 18 timer_ticks occur each second so calling rest with a value of 9 will be roughly 1/2 a second. swait() #include <pcwproto.h> void swait(unsigned seconds); Description: The swait() function will suspend program execution for the specified number of seconds. swait() functions very much like sleep() in Turbo C and Power C and has been included so there will be a delay function for MSC as well. _delay() #include <pcwproto.h> void _delay(unsigned milliseconds); Description: The _delay() function will suspend program execution for the specified number of milliseconds. To gain this measure of accuracy _delay was written in assembler and programs the 8253 timer chip on the motherboard of the PC. Channel 2 of the 8253 was used for the timing delay because channel 0 is used for the BIOS Time of Day Count and channel 1 is used for memory refresh. Channel 2 is also used to produce sounds on the PC (this is how the _sound() function works). Therefore, using sound functions and _delay() should be mutually exclusive. titlecolor() #include <pcwproto.h> void titlecolor(int fcolor, int bcolor); Description: The titlecolor() function is used to set the title colors when titling a window. If you do not use the titlecolor() function before titling a window the color used will be the default color of lightgray on black. bordercolor() #include <pcwproto.h> void bordercolor(int fcolor, int bcolor); Description: The bordercolor() function is used to set the color attributes for window borders when using the wframe(), qbox(), and wexplode() functions. If you do not use bordercolor() to set the attributes the default of lightgray on black will be used. setborder() #include <pcwproto.h> void setborder(int border_type); Description: The setborder() function will set the border type used in all subsequent calls to qbox(), wframe(), and wexplode(). Use the manifest constants DOUBLEALL, SINGLEALL, SINGLESIDES, DOUBLESIDES, or NOSIDES to specify the type of border you want to use. The default border type is DOUBLEALL.