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-
-
-
- LOCAL A2P(1)
-
-
-
- NAME
- a2p - Awk to Perl translator
-
- SYNOPSIS
- a2p [options] filename
-
- DESCRIPTION
- A2p takes an awk script specified on the command line (or
- from standard input) and produces a comparable perl script
- on the standard output.
-
- Options
-
- Options include:
-
- -D<number>
- sets debugging flags.
-
- -F<character>
- tells a2p that this awk script is always invoked with
- this -F switch.
-
- -n<fieldlist>
- specifies the names of the input fields if input does
- not have to be split into an array. If you were
- translating an awk script that processes the password
- file, you might say:
-
- a2p -7 -nlogin.password.uid.gid.gcos.shell.home
-
- Any delimiter can be used to separate the field names.
-
- -<number>
- causes a2p to assume that input will always have that
- many fields.
-
- Considerations
-
- A2p cannot do as good a job translating as a human would,
- but it usually does pretty well. There are some areas where
- you may want to examine the perl script produced and tweak
- it some. Here are some of them, in no particular order.
-
- There is an awk idiom of putting int() around a string
- expression to force numeric interpretation, even though the
- argument is always integer anyway. This is generally
- unneeded in perl, but a2p can't tell if the argument is
- always going to be integer, so it leaves it in. You may
- wish to remove it.
-
- Perl differentiates numeric comparison from string com-
- parison. Awk has one operator for both that decides at run
- time which comparison to do. A2p does not try to do a com-
- plete job of awk emulation at this point. Instead it
- guesses which one you want. It's almost always right, but
- it can be spoofed. All such guesses are marked with the
- comment "#???". You should go through and check them. You
- might want to run at least once with the -w switch to perl,
- which will warn you if you use == where you should have used
- eq.
-
- Perl does not attempt to emulate the behavior of awk in
- which nonexistent array elements spring into existence sim-
- ply by being referenced. If somehow you are relying on this
- mechanism to create null entries for a subsequent for...in,
- they won't be there in perl.
-
- If a2p makes a split line that assigns to a list of vari-
- ables that looks like (Fld1, Fld2, Fld3...) you may want to
- rerun a2p using the -n option mentioned above. This will
- let you name the fields throughout the script. If it splits
- to an array instead, the script is probably referring to the
- number of fields somewhere.
-
- The exit statement in awk doesn't necessarily exit; it goes
- to the END block if there is one. Awk scripts that do con-
- tortions within the END block to bypass the block under such
- circumstances can be simplified by removing the conditional
- in the END block and just exiting directly from the perl
- script.
-
- Perl has two kinds of array, numerically-indexed and associ-
- ative. Awk arrays are usually translated to associative
- arrays, but if you happen to know that the index is always
- going to be numeric you could change the {...} to [...].
- Iteration over an associative array is done using the keys()
- function, but iteration over a numeric array is NOT. You
- might need to modify any loop that is iterating over the
- array in question.
-
- Awk starts by assuming OFMT has the value %.6g. Perl starts
- by assuming its equivalent, $#, to have the value %.20g.
- You'll want to set $# explicitly if you use the default
- value of OFMT.
-
- Near the top of the line loop will be the split operation
- that is implicit in the awk script. There are times when
- you can move this down past some conditionals that test the
- entire record so that the split is not done as often.
-
- For aesthetic reasons you may wish to change the array base
- $[ from 1 back to perl's default of 0, but remember to
- change all array subscripts AND all substr() and index()
- operations to match.
-
- Cute comments that say "# Here is a workaround because awk
- is dumb" are passed through unmodified.
-
- Awk scripts are often embedded in a shell script that pipes
- stuff into and out of awk. Often the shell script wrapper
- can be incorporated into the perl script, since perl can
- start up pipes into and out of itself, and can do other
- things that awk can't do by itself.
-
- Scripts that refer to the special variables RSTART and
- RLENGTH can often be simplified by referring to the vari-
- ables $`, $& and $', as long as they are within the scope of
- the pattern match that sets them.
-
- The produced perl script may have subroutines defined to
- deal with awk's semantics regarding getline and print.
- Since a2p usually picks correctness over efficiency. it is
- almost always possible to rewrite such code to be more effi-
- cient by discarding the semantic sugar.
-
- For efficiency, you may wish to remove the keyword from any
- return statement that is the last statement executed in a
- subroutine. A2p catches the most common case, but doesn't
- analyze embedded blocks for subtler cases.
-
- ARGV[0] translates to $ARGV0, but ARGV[n] translates to
- $ARGV[$n]. A loop that tries to iterate over ARGV[0] won't
- find it.
-
- ENVIRONMENT
- A2p uses no environment variables.
-
- AUTHOR
- Larry Wall <lwall@jpl-devvax.Jpl.Nasa.Gov>
-
- FILES
- SEE ALSO
- perl The perl compiler/interpreter
- s2p sed to perl translator
-
- DIAGNOSTICS
- BUGS
- It would be possible to emulate awk's behavior in selecting
- string versus numeric operations at run time by inspection
- of the operands, but it would be gross and inefficient.
- Besides, a2p almost always guesses right.
-
- Storage for the awk syntax tree is currently static, and can
- run out.
-