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- January 1986, Computerized Investing
- Formula Timing Plans
- By Robert Osterlund
-
- The spreadsheet template set forth in this article is based on the
- discussion of formula timing plans in the "Investor workshop"
- column of the July 1985 AAII Journal. Readers should refer to that
- article for a more detailed treatment of the topic.
-
- Formula timing plans offer a relatively simple, mechanical
- alternative to the subjective timing of investments and portfolio
- composition changes. To implement the formula plans dealt with in
- the article, the investor must first divide the total portfolio
- into an aggressive half and a conservative half. Growth stocks with
- long-term favorable fundamentals, stocks with high beta values, and
- aggressive mutual funds are usually suggested for the aggressive
- portfolio, while defensive investments such as bonds and
- conservative mutual funds typically make up the conservative
- portfolio. The more negatively correlated the movement of the two
- portfolios and the more volatile the aggressive portfolio is
- relative to the conservative portfolio, the more effective the
- formula plan.
-
- The article described three types of formula plans: constant
- dollar, constant ratio, and variable ratio.
-
- The constant dollar plan requires the investor to manage the two
- portfolios over time so as to maintain the original value of the
- aggressive portfolio. If the aggressive portfolio increases in
- value, the increase is sold and the proceeds are invested in the
- conservative portfolio. If the aggressive portfolio decreases in
- value, the opposite occurs: enough assets are shifted from the
- conservative portfolio to the aggressive portfolio to restore the
- latter to its original value. The underlying idea is to induce the
- investor to buy stocks in the aggressive portfolio when prices are
- low and sell when prices are high. Care must be taken not to set
- the target aggressive portfolio value so high that a substantial
- fall in security prices might force a total depletion of the
- conservative portfolio.
-
- Under the constant ratio plan, the investor manages the two
- portfolios so as to maintain a constant ratio of the aggressive
- portfolio value to the conservative portfolio value (or in other
- words, to maintain the aggressive portfolio at a constant per-
- centage of the total). Whenever the two portfolios get out of
- balance, securities are bought and sold between them to restore the
- original balance. When setting the ratio, the investor should take
- into account his or her individual risk preference. The higher the
- proportion of aggressive portfolio value, the greater the overall
- portfolio risk.
-
- With variable ratio plans, the investor sets several
- aggressive/conservative ratios, each of them tied to the aggressive
- portfolio's average security value or to a general market or
- economic indicator. For instance, if the aggressive portfolio's
- price rises (falls) a certain number of percentage points above
- (below) average, a lower (higher) aggressive/ conservative ratio
- takes effect, and assets are shifted between the two portfolios in
- accordance with the new ratio. If the price subsequently falls
- (rises) back to its average level, the original ratio is restored.
-
- All three plans leave unanswered the question of how often the
- portfolios are to be rebalanced. Too frequent rebalancing will lead
- to excessive transactions, administrative, and tax-related costs.
- If the portfolios are rebalanced too infrequently, favorable
- movements in the aggressive portfolio may be missed. One timing
- rule is to rebalance when the triggering indicator (aggressive
- portfolio value, aggressive/conservative ratio, average security
- price, or general market indicator) deviates a certain percentage
- from its average, target, or former value. Another timing rule is
- to rebalance at periodic intervals, say every six months (in order
- to take advantage of the capital gains tax preferment).
-
- To use the template, enter data in all tinted cells. (Actually, if
- you are interested in only one type of plan, there is no need to
- fill in the data in rows 9-16 for the other plans.) Indicate the
- plan you want to follow in cell A6 (R6C1); in the example, plan #3
- has been selected. If you are following the variable ratio plan,
- cell E15 (R15C5) should be filled with the initial or projected
- average value of the rebalancing "trigger." This could be the
- average aggressive portfolio stock price, as in the example, or it
- could be the projected average value for some general market or
- economic indicator, such as the S&P 500 index. If you select the
- average aggressive portfolio stock price--the APprice, cell B31
- (R31C2)--as your rebalancing trigger, you could use the spreadsheet
- to calculate its initial value, then plug this as a permanent value
- into cell E15. For each security's target percentage of the total
- portfolio, F25..F28 (R25:28C6) and F40..F41 (R40:41C6), you will
- probably want to use the initial actual percentages as your
- subsequent target percentages.
-
- Execute the recalculate command on your spreadsheet, and the
- indicated portfolio rebalancings are computed and displayed in
- F9..F16 (R9:16C6) and G9..G16 (R9:16C7). A positive number means to
- increase the indicated portfolio by that amount, while a negative
- number signifies a decrease. You can distribute the increase
- (decrease) any way you want, or you can follow the pattern
- suggested in column G (7): buy and sell securities in order to
- bring the actual portfolio distribution back in line with the
- target distribution. The effect is to take the idea of "buy low,
- sell high" one step further: sell more of (or buy relatively less
- of) those securities that have risen more in price, and buy more of
- (or sell relatively less of) those that have fallen more in price.
- In the example, the rebalancing "trigger" (the APprice, $25.26) has
- risen more than 20% above average ($20.00), and a transfer of
- $5,400 from the aggressive portfolio to the conservative portfolio
- is indicated.
-
- You can use the template over time to guide your investment
- actions, or you can use it to play "whatif": for instance, to test
- which formula plan would perform the best in a generally. rising
- (or falling or meandering) market; or to test the effect of chang-
- ing various targets (the targeted AP value, percentage price
- deviation, etc.) under varying market environments. You can also
- expand the template by, for example, incorporating more and
- narrower price zones into the variable ratio plan. The template is
- not cast in stone, and you are encouraged to mold it to match your
- own ideas and needs.
-
- (c) Copyright 1991 by the
- American Association of Individual Investors