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- From: df@sei.cmu.edu (Dan Farmer)
- Newsgroups: alt.sources,alt.security,comp.lang.perl
- Subject: what cops is
- Message-ID: <25576@as0c.sei.cmu.edu>
- Date: 17 May 91 15:39:48 GMT
-
-
- Well, hello once more. Here's a quick overview, taken from the normal
- release of cops -- I hate it when people post and don't tell you what the
- hell it is, don't you? The perl version attempts (barring bugs) to
- duplicate all of this, and definitely will, when the final release it out
- (both shell and perl versions will be posted together.)
-
- -- dan
-
- ======================================================
- slightly modified blurb, stolen from the shell version
- ======================================================
-
- Welcome! This is a quick intro to COPS (Computer Oracle and Password
- System.) COPS is a collection of security tools that are designed
- specifically to aid the typical UNIX systems administrator, programmer,
- operator, or consultant in the oft neglected area of computer security.
-
- 1) Specifics
- -------------
-
- COPS is a collection of about a dozen (actually, a few more, but
- a dozen is such a good sounding number) programs that each attempt
- to tackle a different problem area of UNIX security. Here is what it
- currently checks:
-
- o file, directory, and device permissions/modes.
-
- o poor passwords.
-
- o content, format, and security of password and group files.
-
- o the programs and files run in /etc/rc* cron(tab) files.
-
- o finds SUID files, and checks for their writability and if they are
- shell scripts.
-
- o runs a crc check against important binaries or key files, and reports
- any changes therein.
-
- o writability of users home directories and startup files (.profile,
- .cshrc, etc.), as well as the readability of .netrc and .rhosts files.
-
- o anonymous ftp setup.
-
- o unrestricted tftp, decode alias in sendmail, SUID uudecode problems.
-
- o miscellaneous root checks -- current directory in the search path,
- a "+" in /etc/host.equiv, unrestricted NFS mounts, ensures root is
- in /etc/ftpusers, etc.
-
- o includes the Kuang expert system, that takes a set of rules and tries
- to determine if your system can be compromised (for a more complete list
- of all of the checks, look at the kuang documentation.)
-
- All of the programs merely warn the user of a potential problem --
- COPS DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO CORRECT OR EXPLOIT ANY OF THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
- IT FINDS! COPS either mails or creates a file (user selectable) of any
- of the problems it finds while running on your system. And because COPS
- does not correct potential hazards it finds, it does _not_ have to be
- run by a privileged account (i.e. root or whomever.) The only security
- check that should be run by root to get maximum results is the SUID checker;
- although it can be run as an unprivileged user, to find all the SUID files
- in a system, it should be run as root. In addition, COPS cannot used to
- probe a host remotely; all the tests and checks made require a shell that
- is on the site being tested.
-
- 2) What COPS is _not_
- ----------------------
-
- COPS merely provides a method of checking for common procedural errors.
- It is not meant to be used as a replacement for common sense or user/
- operator/administrative alertness! Think of it as an aid, a first line
- of defense -- not as an impenetrable shield against security woes. An
- experienced wrong-doer could easily circumnavigate _any_ protection that
- COPS can give. However, COPS _can_ aid a system in protecting its users
- from (their own?) ignorance, carelessness, and the occasional malcontent
- user.
-
- Once again, COPS does not correct any errors found. There are several
- reasons for this; first and foremost, computer security is a slippery
- beast. What is a major breach in security at one site may be a standard
- policy of openness at another site. Additionally, in order to correct all
- problems it finds, it would have to be run as a privileged user; and I'm
- not going to go into the myriad problems of running SUID shell scripts
- (See the bibliography at the end of the technical report for pointer to a
- good paper on this subject by Matt Bishop.)
-
- At this time, COPS does not attempt to detect bugs or features (such
- as infamous ftpd, fingerd, etc) that may cause security problems. Although
- this may change in future versions, the current line of reasoning to avoid
- general publication of programs such as these is that all the problems that
- COPS detects can be repaired on any system it runs on. However, many bugs
- can be readily repaired only be having source code (and possibly a good
- vendor to repair it), and many sites would have serious troubles if they
- suddenly discovered unrepairable problems that could compromise their
- livelihood.
-
- Summary
- --------
-
- COPS is meant to be a tool to aid in the tightening of security, not
- as a weapon to be used by an enemy to find security flaws in a system.
- It may be argued that allowing anyone to have access to such a tool may
- be dangerous. But hopefully the overall benefit for systems that use
- this package will outweigh any negative impact. To me it is akin to a
- law enforcement problem -- that although telling the public how to break
- into a house may foster a slight rise in break-in attempts, the overall
- rise in public awareness on how to defend themselves would actually result
- in a drop in break-ins. The crackers with black hats already know how
- to crush system defenses and have similar tools, I'm sure. It's time
- we fought back.
-
- COPS is not the final answer to anyone's security woes. You can use
- the system as long as you realize that COPS has no warranty, implied
- or otherwise, and that any problems that you may have with it are
- not my or any of the other authors' fault. I will certainly attempt to
- help you solve them, if I am able. If you have ideas for additional
- programs, or a better implementation of any of the programs here, I would
- be very interested in seeing them.
-
- So good luck, and I hope you find COPS useful as we plunge into UNIX
- of the 1990's.
-
- dan
- df@cert.sei.cmu.edu
-
- May 17, 1991
-