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GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE geqn - format equations for troff SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS ggggeeeeqqqqnnnn [ ----rrrrvvvvCCCCNNNNRRRR ] [ ----dddd_c_c ] [ ----TTTT_n_a_m_e ] [ ----MMMM_d_i_r ] [ ----ffff_F ] [ ----ssss_n ] [ ----pppp_n ] [ ----mmmm_n ] [ _f_i_l_e_s... ] DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN This manual page describes the GNU version of eeeeqqqqnnnn, which is part of the groff document formatting system. eeeeqqqqnnnn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within ttttrrrrooooffffffff input files into commands that are understood by ttttrrrrooooffffffff. Normally, it should be invoked using the ----eeee option of ggggrrrrooooffffffff. The syntax is quite compatible with Unix eqn. The output of GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with GNU troff. If no files are given on the command line, the standard input will be read. A filename of ---- will cause the standard input to be read. eeeeqqqqnnnn searches for the file eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc using the path ....::::////uuuussssrrrr////llllooooccccaaaallll////lllliiiibbbb////ggggrrrrooooffffffff////ttttmmmmaaaacccc::::////uuuussssrrrr////lllliiiibbbb////ttttmmmmaaaacccc. If it exists, eqn will process it before the other input files. The ----RRRR option prevents this. GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices (although it may work adequately for very simple input). OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS ----CCCC Recognize ....EEEEQQQQ and ....EEEENNNN even when followed by a character other than space or newline. ----NNNN Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This option allows eeeeqqqqnnnn to recover better from missing closing delimiters. ----vvvv Print the version number. ----rrrr Only one size reduction. ----mmmm_n The minimum point-size is _n. eqn will not reduce the size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size than _n. ----TTTT_n_a_m_e The output is for device _n_a_m_e. The only effect of this is to define a macro _n_a_m_e with a value of 1111. Typically eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc will use this to provide definitions appropriate for the output device. The default output device is ppppssss. ----MMMM_d_i_r Page 1 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) Search _d_i_r for eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc before the default directories. ----RRRR Don't load eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc. ----ffff_F This is equivalent to a ggggffffoooonnnntttt _F command. ----ssss_n This is equivalent to a ggggssssiiiizzzzeeee _n command. This option is deprecated. eqn will normally set equations at whatever the current point size is when the equation is encountered. ----pppp_n This says that subscripts and superscripts should be _n points smaller than the surrounding text. This option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding text. UUUUSSSSAAAAGGGGEEEE Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here. Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TEX. There are some references to the differences between TEX and GNU eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know TEX. AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg eeeeqqqqnnnn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing between components using that type. Possible types are: ordinary an ordinary character such as 1 or _x; operator a large operator such as R; binary a binary operator such as +; relation a relation such as =; opening a opening bracket such as (; closing a closing bracket such as ); punctuation a punctuation character such as ,; inner a subformula contained within brackets; suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment. Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways. Page 2 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) ttttyyyyppppeeee _t _e This yields an equation component that contains _e but that has type _t, where _t is one of the types mentioned above. For example, ttttiiiimmmmeeeessss is defined as ttttyyyyppppeeee """"bbbbiiiinnnnaaaarrrryyyy"""" \\\\((((mmmmuuuu The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting protects from macro expansion. cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee _t _t_e_x_t Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual characters, and the type of each character is looked up; this changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that the characters in _t_e_x_t from now on have type _t. For example, cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee """"ppppuuuunnnnccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn"""" ....,,,,;;;;:::: would make the characters ....,,,,;;;;:::: have type punctuation whenever they subsequently appeared in an equation. The type _t can also be lllleeeetttttttteeeerrrr or ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt; in these cases cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee changes the font type of the characters. See the Fonts subsection. NNNNeeeewwww pppprrrriiiimmmmiiiittttiiiivvvveeeessss _e_1 ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr _e_2 This is similar to oooovvvveeeerrrr; ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr reduces the size of _e_1 and _e_2; it also puts less vertical space between _e_1 or _e_2 and the fraction bar. The oooovvvveeeerrrr primitive corresponds to the TEX \\\\oooovvvveeeerrrr primitive in display styles; ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr corresponds to \\\\oooovvvveeeerrrr in non-display styles. vvvvcccceeeennnntttteeeerrrr _e This vertically centers _e about the math axis. The math axis is the vertical position about which characters such as + and - are centered; also it is the vertical position used for the bar of fractions. For example, ssssuuuummmm is defined as {{{{ ttttyyyyppppeeee """"ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr"""" vvvvcccceeeennnntttteeeerrrr ssssiiiizzzzeeee ++++5555 \\\\((((****SSSS }}}} _e_1 aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt _e_2 This sets _e_2 as an accent over _e_1. _e_2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a lowercase letter; _e_2 will be moved down according if _e_1 is taller or shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, hhhhaaaatttt is defined as aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt {{{{ """"^^^^"""" }}}} ddddoooottttddddooootttt, ddddooootttt, ttttiiiillllddddeeee, vvvveeeecccc and ddddyyyyaaaadddd are also defined using Page 3 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) the aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt primitive. _e_1 uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt _e_2 This sets _e_2 as an accent under _e_1. _e_2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a character without a descender; _e_2 will be moved down if _e_1 has a descender. uuuuttttiiiillllddddeeee is pre-defined using uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt as a tilde accent below the baseline. sssspppplllliiiitttt """"_t_e_x_t"""" This has the same effect as simply _t_e_x_t but _t_e_x_t is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted; _t_e_x_t will be split up and the spacing between individual characters will be adjusted. nnnnoooosssspppplllliiiitttt _t_e_x_t This has the same effect as """"_t_e_x_t"""" but because _t_e_x_t is not quoted it will be subject to macro expansion; _t_e_x_t will not be split up and the spacing between individual characters will not be adjusted. _e oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee This is a variant of pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee that acts as an operator on _e. It produces a different result from pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee in a case such as AAAA oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee ssssuuuubbbb 1111: with oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee the 1111 will be tucked under the prime as a subscript to the AAAA (as is conventional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee the 1111 will be a subscript to the prime character. The precedence of oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee is the same as that of bbbbaaaarrrr and uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr, which is higher than that of everything except aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt and uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt. In unquoted text a '''' that is not the first character will be treated like oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee. ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll _t_e_x_t _e This constructs a new object from _e using a ggggttttrrrrooooffffffff(1) macro named _t_e_x_t. When the macro is called, the string 0000ssss will contain the output for _e, and the number registers 0000wwww, 0000hhhh, 0000dddd, 0000sssskkkkeeeerrrrnnnn and 0000sssskkkkeeeewwww will contain the width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of _e. (The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t _k_e_r_n of an object says how much a subscript on that object should be tucked in; the _s_k_e_w of an object says how far to the right of the center of the object an accent over the object should be placed.) The macro must modify 0000ssss so that it will output the Page 4 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) desired result with its origin at the current point, and increase the current horizontal position by the width of the object. The number registers must also be modified so that they correspond to the result. For example, suppose you wanted a construct that `cancels' an expression by drawing a diagonal line through it. ....EEEEQQQQ ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee ccccaaaannnncccceeeellll ''''ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll CCCCaaaa'''' ....EEEENNNN ....ddddeeee CCCCaaaa ....ddddssss 0000ssss \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\\\\\****((((0000ssss''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu''''\\\\DDDD''''llll \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu'''' ........ Then you could cancel an expression _e with ccccaaaannnncccceeeellll {{{{ _e }}}} Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box round an expression: ....EEEEQQQQ ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee bbbbooooxxxx ''''ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll BBBBxxxx'''' ....EEEENNNN ....ddddeeee BBBBxxxx ....ddddssss 0000ssss \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\hhhh''''1111nnnn''''\\\\\\\\****((((0000ssss''''\\\\ \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu++++1111nnnn''''\\\\DDDD''''llll \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu++++2222nnnn 0000''''\\\\DDDD''''llll 0000 ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu----2222nnnn''''\\\\ \\\\DDDD''''llll ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu----2222nnnn 0000''''\\\\DDDD''''llll 0000 \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu++++\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu++++2222nnnn''''''''\\\\hhhh''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu++++2222nnnn'''' ....nnnnrrrr 0000wwww ++++2222nnnn ....nnnnrrrr 0000dddd ++++1111nnnn ....nnnnrrrr 0000hhhh ++++1111nnnn ........ CCCCuuuussssttttoooommmmiiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parameters. These can be set using the sssseeeetttt command. sssseeeetttt _p _n This sets parameter _p to value _n ; _n is an integer. For example, sssseeeetttt xxxx____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt 44445555 says that eeeeqqqqnnnn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems. Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in units of hundredths of an em unless otherwise stated. These descriptions are intended to be expository rather than definitive. Page 5 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) mmmmiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm____ssssiiiizzzzeeee eeeeqqqqnnnn will not set anything at a smaller point-size than this. The value is in points. ffffaaaatttt____ooooffffffffsssseeeetttt The ffffaaaatttt primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting two copies of the equation horizontally offset by this amount. oooovvvveeeerrrr____hhhhaaaannnngggg A fraction bar will be longer by twice this amount than the maximum of the widths of the numerator and denominator; in other words, it will overhang the numerator and denominator by at least this amount. aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt____wwwwiiiiddddtttthhhh When bbbbaaaarrrr or uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr is applied to a single character, the line will be this long. Normally, bbbbaaaarrrr or uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr produces a line whose length is the width of the object to which it applies; in the case of a single character, this tends to produce a line that looks too long. ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrr Extensible delimiters produced with the lllleeeefffftttt and rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt primitives will have a combined height and depth of at least this many thousandths of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis. ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____sssshhhhoooorrrrttttffffaaaallllllll Extensible delimiters produced with the lllleeeefffftttt and rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt primitives will have a combined height and depth not less than the difference of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and this amount. nnnnuuuullllllll____ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____ssssppppaaaacccceeee This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a fraction. Page 6 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) ssssccccrrrriiiipppptttt____ssssppppaaaacccceeee The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by this amount. tttthhhhiiiinnnn____ssssppppaaaacccceeee This amount of space is automatically inserted after punctuation characters. mmmmeeeeddddiiiiuuuummmm____ssssppppaaaacccceeee This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of binary operators. tttthhhhiiiicccckkkk____ssssppppaaaacccceeee This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of relations. xxxx____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as x. aaaaxxxxiiiissss____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt The height above the baseline of the center of characters such as + and -. It is important that this value is correct for the font you are using. ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt____rrrruuuulllleeee____tttthhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss This should set to the thickness of the \\\\((((rrrruuuu character, or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the \\\\DDDD escape sequence. nnnnuuuummmm1111 The oooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift up the numerator by at least this amount. nnnnuuuummmm2222 The ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift up the numerator by at least this amount. ddddeeeennnnoooommmm1111 The oooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift down the denominator by at least this amount. ddddeeeennnnoooommmm2222 The ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift down the denominator by at least this amount. ssssuuuupppp1111 Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at least this amount. Page 7 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) ssssuuuupppp2222 Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits or numerators of ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr fractions will be shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup1. ssssuuuupppp3333 Superscripts within denominators or square roots or subscripts or lower limits will be shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup2. ssssuuuubbbb1111 Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at least this amount. ssssuuuubbbb2222 When there is both a subscript and a superscript, the subscript will be shifted down by at least this amount. ssssuuuupppp____ddddrrrroooopppp The baseline of a superscript will be no more than this much amount below the top of the object on which the superscript is set. ssssuuuubbbb____ddddrrrroooopppp The baseline of a subscript will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the subscript is set. bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg1111 The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg2222 The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the limit is set. bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg3333 The bottom of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg4444 The top of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on which Page 8 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) the limit is set. bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg5555 This much vertical space will be added above and below limits. bbbbaaaasssseeeelllliiiinnnneeee____sssseeeepppp The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix will normally be this far apart. In most cases this should be equal to the sum of nnnnuuuummmm1111 and ddddeeeennnnoooommmm1111. sssshhhhiiiifffftttt____ddddoooowwwwnnnn The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom baseline in a matrix or pile will be shifted down by this much from the axis. In most cases this should be equal to aaaaxxxxiiiissss____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt. ccccoooolllluuuummmmnnnn____sssseeeepppp This much space will be added between columns in a matrix. mmmmaaaattttrrrriiiixxxx____ssssiiiiddddeeee____sssseeeepppp This much space will be added at each side of a matrix. ddddrrrraaaawwww____lllliiiinnnneeeessss If this is non-zero, lines will be drawn using the \\\\DDDD escape sequence, rather than with the \\\\llll escape sequence and the \\\\((((rrrruuuu character. bbbbooooddddyyyy____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt The amount by which the height of the equation exceeds this will be added as extra space before the line containing the equation (using \\\\xxxx.) The default value is 85. bbbbooooddddyyyy____ddddeeeepppptttthhhh The amount by which the depth of the equation exceeds this will be added as extra space after the line containing the equation (using \\\\xxxx.) The default value is 35. nnnnrrrrooooffffffff If this is non-zero, then nnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will behave like ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee and ttttddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will be ignored, otherwise ttttddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will behave like ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee and nnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will be ignored. The default value is Page 9 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) 0 (This is typically changed to 1 by the eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc file for the aaaasssscccciiiiiiii and llllaaaattttiiiinnnn1111 devices.) A more precise description of the role of many of these parameters can be found in Appendix H of _T_h_e _T_E_X_b_o_o_k. MMMMaaaaccccrrrroooossss Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $$$$_n where _n is between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the _n-_t_h argument if the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer than _n arguments, it will be replaced by nothing. A word containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word before the left parenthesis has been defined using the ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee command will be recognized as a macro call with arguments; characters following the left parenthesis up to a matching right parenthesis will be treated as comma- separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not terminate an argument. ssssddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X This is like the ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee command, but _n_a_m_e will not be recognized if called with arguments. iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee """"_f_i_l_e"""" Include the contents of _f_i_l_e. Lines of _f_i_l_e beginning with ....EEEEQQQQ or ....EEEENNNN will be ignored. iiiiffffddddeeeeffff _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X If _n_a_m_e has been defined by ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee (or has been automatically defined because _n_a_m_e is the output device) process _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g; otherwise ignore _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g. _X can be any character not appearing in _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g. FFFFoooonnnnttttssss eeeeqqqqnnnn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font for letters, and a roman font for everything else. The existing ggggffffoooonnnntttt command changes the font that is used as the italic font. By default this is IIII. The font that is used as the roman font can be changed using the new ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt command. ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt _f Set the roman font to _f. The iiiittttaaaalllliiiicccc primitive uses the current italic font set by ggggffffoooonnnntttt; the rrrroooommmmaaaannnn primitive uses the current roman font set by ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt. There is also a new ggggbbbbffffoooonnnntttt command, which changes the font used by the bbbboooolllldddd primitive. If you only use the rrrroooommmmaaaannnn, iiiittttaaaalllliiiicccc and bbbboooolllldddd primitives to changes fonts within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by your equations just by using ggggffffoooonnnntttt, ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt and ggggbbbbffffoooonnnntttt Page 10 (printed 3/9/94) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111)))) commands. You can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore set in italics) by using the cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee command described above. A type of lllleeeetttttttteeeerrrr will cause a character to be set in italic type. A type of ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt will cause a character to be set in roman type. FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS ////uuuussssrrrr////llllooooccccaaaallll////lllliiiibbbb////ggggrrrrooooffffffff////ttttmmmmaaaacccc////eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc Initialization file. BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS Inline equations will be set at the point size that is current at the beginning of the input line. SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO ggggrrrrooooffffffff(1), ggggttttrrrrooooffffffff(1), ggggrrrrooooffffffff____ffffoooonnnntttt(5), _T_h_e _T_E_X_b_o_o_k Page 11 (printed 3/9/94) 
