Programmer's ROM - The Computer Language Library/programmersrom.iso/ada/lrm/chap10.doc

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The following document is a draft  of  the  corresponding  chapter  of  the
version  of  the  Ada  Reference  Manual  produced  in response to the Ansi
Canvass.  It is given a limited circulation  to  Ada  implementers  and  to
other groups contributing comments (according to the conventions defined in
RRM.comments).  This draft should not be referred to in any publication.



                       ANSI-RM-10-v23  Draft Chapter

               10  Program Structure and Compilation Issues
                                version 23

                                 83-02-11

This revision has addressed all comments up to #5795























































               10. Program Structure and Compilation Issues



The   overall  structure  of  programs  and  the  facilities  for  separate
compilation are described in this chapter.  A program is  a  collection  of
one  or  more  compilation  units  submitted  to  a compiler in one or more
compilations.  Each compilation unit specifies the separate compilation  of
a  construct  which  can  be  a  subprogram  declaration or body, a package
declaration  or  body,  a  generic  declaration  or  body,  or  a   generic
instantiation.   Alternatively  this  construct  can be a subunit, in which
case it includes the body of a subprogram, package, task unit,  or  generic
unit declared within another compilation unit.

References:   compilation  10.1,  compilation unit 10.1, generic body 12.2,
generic declaration 12.1, generic instantiation  12.3,  package  body  7.1,
package  declaration  7.1, subprogram body 6.3, subprogram declaration 6.1,
subunit 10.2, task body 9.1, task unit 9



10.1  Compilation Units - Library Units


The text of a program can be submitted to  the  compiler  in  one  or  more
compilations.  Each compilation is a succession of compilation units.

    compilation ::= {compilation_unit}

    compilation_unit ::=
         context_clause library_unit | context_clause secondary_unit

    library_unit ::=
         subprogram_declaration | package_declaration
       | generic_declaration    | generic_instantiation
       | subprogram_body

    secondary_unit ::= library_unit_body | subunit

    library_unit_body ::= subprogram_body | package_body

The compilation units of a program are said to belong to a program library.
A  compilation  unit  defines either a library unit or a secondary unit.  A
secondary unit is either the separately compiled proper body of  a  library
unit,  or  a  subunit  of  another  compilation  unit.  The designator of a
separately compiled subprogram (whether a library unit or a  subunit)  must
be an identifier.  Within a program library the simple names of all library
units must be distinct identifiers.




                                  10 - 1








The effect of compiling a library unit is to define (or redefine) this unit
as one that belongs to the program library.  For the visibility rules, each
library  unit  acts  as  a  declaration  that occurs immediately within the
package STANDARD.

The effect of compiling a secondary unit is to define the body of a library
unit, or in the case of a subunit, to define the proper body of  a  program
unit that is declared within another compilation unit.

















































                                  10 - 2








A subprogram body given in a compilation unit is interpreted as a secondary
unit  if  the  program  library  already  contains a library unit that is a
subprogram with the same name;  it  is  otherwise  interpreted  both  as  a
library  unit  and  as  the  corresponding library unit body (that is, as a
secondary unit).

The compilation units of a compilation are compiled in the given order.   A
pragma  that  applies  to the whole of a compilation must appear before the
first compilation unit of that compilation.

A subprogram that is a library unit can be used as a main  program  in  the
usual sense.  Each main program acts as if called by some environment task;
the  means  by  which this execution is initiated are not prescribed by the
language definition.  An implementation may impose certain requirements  on
the  parameters  and  on  the  result,  if  any,  of  a main program (these
requirements  must  be  stated  in  Appendix  F).   In  any   case,   every
implementation  is  required  to  allow,  at  least, main programs that are
parameterless procedures, and every main program must be a subprogram  that
is a library unit.

Notes:

A  simple  program may consist of a single compilation unit.  A compilation
need not have any compilation units;  for example, its text can consist  of
pragmas.

The  designator  of  a library function cannot be an operator symbol, but a
renaming declaration  is  allowed  to  rename  a  library  function  as  an
operator.   Two  library  subprograms  must  have distinct simple names and
hence cannot overload  each  other.   However,  renaming  declarations  are
allowed  to  define  overloaded  names  for such subprograms, and a locally
declared subprogram is allowed  to  overload  a  library  subprogram.   The
expanded  name STANDARD.L can be used for a library unit L (unless the name
STANDARD is hidden) since library units  act  as  declarations  that  occur
immediately within the package STANDARD.

References:   allow 1.6, context clause 10.1.1, declaration 3.1, designator
6.1, environment 10.4,  generic  declaration  12.1,  generic  instantiation
12.3, hiding 8.3, identifier 2.3, library unit 10.5, local declaration 8.1,
must  1.6,  name  4.1, occur immediately within 8.1, operator 4.5, operator
symbol 6.1, overloading 6.6 8.7, package body 7.1, package declaration 7.1,
parameter of a subprogram 6.2, pragma 2.8, procedure 6.1, program  unit  6,
proper  body  3.9,  renaming  declaration  8.5,  simple  name 4.1, standard
package 8.6, subprogram 6, subprogram body 6.3, subprogram declaration 6.1,
subunit 10.2, task 9, visibility 8.3




10.1.1  Context Clauses - With Clauses


A context clause is used to specify  the  library  units  whose  names  are
needed within a compilation unit.



                                  10 - 3








    context_clause ::= {with_clause {use_clause}}

    with_clause ::= with unit_simple_name {, unit_simple_name};

The  names  that  appear  in  a  context clause must be the simple names of
library units.  The simple name of any library unit  is  allowed  within  a
with  clause.   The  only names allowed in a use clause of a context clause
are the simple names of library packages mentioned by previous with clauses
of the context clause.  A simple name declared by a renaming declaration is
not allowed in a context clause.

The with clauses and use clauses of the context clause of  a  library  unit
apply  to this library unit and also to the secondary unit that defines the
corresponding body (whether such a clause  is  repeated  or  not  for  this
unit).   Similarly,  the with clauses and use clauses of the context clause
of a compilation unit apply to this unit and also to its subunits, if  any.









































                                  10 - 4








If  a  library unit is named by a with clause that applies to a compilation
unit, then this library unit is directly  visible  within  the  compilation
unit,  except  where  hidden;   the  library unit is visible as if declared
immediately within the package STANDARD (see 8.6).

Dependences among compilation units are defined by with clauses;  that  is,
a  compilation  unit  that mentions other library units in its with clauses
depends on those library units.  These dependences between units are  taken
into account for the determination of the allowed order of compilation (and
recompilation)  of compilation units, as explained in section 10.3, and for
the determination of the allowed order of elaboration of compilation units,
as explained in section 10.5.

Notes:

A library unit named by a with clause of  a  compilation  unit  is  visible
(except  where hidden) within the compilation unit and hence can be used as
a corresponding program unit.  Thus within the compilation unit,  the  name
of  a  library  package can be given in use clauses and can be used to form
expanded names;  a library subprogram can be called;  and  instances  of  a
library generic unit can be declared.

The  rules given for with clauses are such that the same effect is obtained
whether the name of a library unit is mentioned once or more than  once  by
the applicable with clauses, or even within a given with clause.

Example 1 : A main program:

The  following  is  an  example  of  a  main program consisting of a single
compilation unit:  a procedure for printing the real roots of  a  quadratic
equation.   The  predefined  package  TEXT_IO  and  a  user-defined package
REAL_OPERATIONS (containing the definition of the  type  REAL  and  of  the
packages  REAL_IO  and REAL_FUNCTIONS) are assumed to be already present in
the program library.  Such packages may be used by other main programs.

    with TEXT_IO, REAL_OPERATIONS; use REAL_OPERATIONS;
    procedure QUADRATIC_EQUATION is
       A, B, C, D : REAL;
       use REAL_IO,         --  achieves direct visibility of GET and PUT for REAL
           TEXT_IO,         --  achieves direct visibility of PUT for strings and of NEW_LINE
           REAL_FUNCTIONS;  --  achieves direct visibility of SQRT
    begin
       GET(A); GET(B); GET(C);
       D := B**2 - 4.0*A*C;
       if D < 0.0 then
          PUT("Imaginary Roots.");
       else
          PUT("Real Roots : X1 = ");
          PUT((-B - SQRT(D))/(2.0*A)); PUT(" X2 = ");
          PUT((-B + SQRT(D))/(2.0*A));
       end if;
       NEW_LINE;
    end QUADRATIC_EQUATION;




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Notes on the example:

The with clauses of a compilation unit need only mention the names of those
library subprograms and packages whose  visibility  is  actually  necessary
within  the  unit.   They  need  not (and should not) mention other library
units that are used in turn by some of the units named in the with clauses,
unless these other library units are also  used  directly  by  the  current
compilation unit.  For example, the body of the package REAL_OPERATIONS may
need elementary operations provided by other packages.  The latter packages
should  not  be  named by the with clause of QUADRATIC_EQUATION since these
elementary operations are not directly called within its body.














































                                  10 - 6








References:  allow 1.6,  compilation  unit  10.1,  direct  visibility  8.3,
elaboration 3.9, generic body 12.2, generic unit 12.1, hiding 8.3, instance
12.3,  library unit 10.1, main program 10.1, must 1.6, name 4.1, package 7,
package body 7.1, package declaration 7.1, procedure 6.1, program  unit  6,
secondary  unit  10.1,  simple  name  4.1, standard predefined package 8.6,
subprogram body 6.3, subprogram declaration 6.1, subunit  10.2,  type  3.3,
use clause 8.4, visibility 8.3



10.1.2  Examples of Compilation Units


A  compilation  unit  can be split into a number of compilation units.  For
example, consider the following program.

    procedure PROCESSOR is

       SMALL : constant := 20;
       TOTAL : INTEGER  := 0;

       package STOCK is
          LIMIT : constant := 1000;
          TABLE : array (1 .. LIMIT) of INTEGER;
          procedure RESTART;
       end STOCK;

       package body STOCK is
          procedure RESTART is
          begin
             for N in 1 .. LIMIT loop
                TABLE(N) := N;
             end loop;
          end;
       begin
          RESTART;
       end STOCK;

       procedure UPDATE(X : INTEGER) is
          use STOCK;
       begin
          ...
          TABLE(X) := TABLE(X) + SMALL;
          ...
       end UPDATE;

    begin
       ...
       STOCK.RESTART;  -- reinitializes TABLE
       ...
    end PROCESSOR;

The following three compilation units  define  a  program  with  an  effect
equivalent to the above example (the broken lines between compilation units
serve  to remind the reader that these units need not be contiguous texts).


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Example 2 : Several compilation units:


    package STOCK is
       LIMIT : constant := 1000;
       TABLE : array (1 .. LIMIT) of INTEGER;
       procedure RESTART;
    end STOCK;

    -------------------------------------------------

    package body STOCK is
       procedure RESTART is
       begin
          for N in 1 .. LIMIT loop
             TABLE(N) := N;
          end loop;
       end;
    begin
       RESTART;
    end STOCK;

    -------------------------------------------------

    with STOCK;
    procedure PROCESSOR is

       SMALL : constant := 20;
       TOTAL : INTEGER  := 0;

       procedure UPDATE(X : INTEGER) is
          use STOCK;
       begin
          ...
          TABLE(X) := TABLE(X) + SMALL;
          ...
       end UPDATE;
    begin
       ...
       STOCK.RESTART;  --  reinitializes TABLE
       ...
    end PROCESSOR;

Note that in the latter version, the package STOCK  has  no  visibility  of
outer  identifiers  other  than  the predefined identifiers (of the package
STANDARD).  In particular, STOCK does not use any  identifier  declared  in
PROCESSOR  such  as  SMALL  or  TOTAL;  otherwise STOCK could not have been
extracted from PROCESSOR in the above manner.  The procedure PROCESSOR,  on
the  other  hand,  depends  on  STOCK  and  mentions this package in a with
clause.  This permits the inner occurrences of STOCK in the  expanded  name
STOCK.RESTART and in the use clause.

These three compilation units can be submitted in one or more compilations.
For  example,  it  is  possible to submit the package specification and the
package body together and in this order in a single compilation.


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References:   compilation  unit  10.1,  declaration  3.1,  identifier  2.3,
package  7,  package  body  7.1,  package  specification  7.1,  program 10,
standard package 8.6, use clause 8.4, visibility 8.3, with clause 10.1.1






















































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10.2  Subunits of Compilation Units


A subunit is used for the separate compilation of  the  proper  body  of  a
program  unit  declared  within  another  compilation unit.  This method of
splitting a program permits hierarchical program development.

    body_stub ::=
         subprogram_specification is separate;
       | package body package_simple_name is separate;
       | task body task_simple_name is separate;

    subunit ::=
         separate (parent_unit_name) proper_body

A body stub is only allowed as the body of a program unit (a subprogram,  a
package,  a  task  unit,  or  a  generic  unit)  if  the  body  stub occurs
immediately within either the specification of a  library  package  or  the
declarative part of another compilation unit.

If the body of a program unit is a body stub, a separately compiled subunit
containing  the  corresponding  proper  body is required.  In the case of a
subprogram, the subprogram specifications given in the proper body  and  in
the body stub must conform (see 6.3.1).

Each subunit mentions the name of its parent unit, that is, the compilation
unit  where  the corresponding body stub is given.  If the parent unit is a
library unit, it is called the ancestor library unit.  If the  parent  unit
is  itself  a  subunit,  the  parent  unit name must be given in full as an
expanded name, starting with the simple name of the ancestor library  unit.
The  simple  names of all subunits that have the same ancestor library unit
must be distinct identifiers.

Visibility within the proper body of a subunit is the visibility that would
be obtained at the place of the corresponding body stub (within the  parent
unit)  if  the with clauses and use clauses of the subunit were appended to
the context clause of the parent unit.  If the  parent  unit  is  itself  a
subunit,  then  the  same  rule is used to define the visibility within the
proper body of the parent unit.

The effect of the elaboration of a body stub is  to  elaborate  the  proper
body of the subunit.

Notes:

Two  subunits  of  different library units in the same program library need
not have distinct identifiers.  In any case, their full expanded names  are
distinct,  since  the  simple names of library units are distinct and since
the simple names of all subunits that have a given library unit as ancestor
unit are also distinct.  By  means  of  renaming  declarations,  overloaded
subprogram names that rename (distinct) subunits can be introduced.

A  library unit that is named by the with clause of a subunit can be hidden
by a declaration (with the same identifier) given in the proper body of the
subunit.  Moreover, such a library unit can even be hidden by a declaration


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given within a parent unit since a library unit  acts  as  if  declared  in
STANDARD;   this  however  does  not  affect the interpretation of the with
clauses themselves, since only names of library units can  appear  in  with
clauses.





















































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References:   compilation  unit 10.1, conform 6.3.1, context clause 10.1.1,
declaration 3.1, declarative part 3.9, direct visibility  8.3,  elaboration
3.9,  expanded  name  4.1.3,  generic  body  12.2,  generic unit 12, hidden
declaration 8.3, identifier 2.3, library unit 10.1, local declaration  8.1,
name 4.1, occur immediately within 8.1, overloading 8.3, package 7, package
body  7.1,  package  specification  7.1, program 10, program unit 6, proper
body 3.9, renaming declaration 8.5, separate compilation 10.1, simple  name
4.1,  subprogram 6, subprogram body 6.3, subprogram specification 6.1, task
9, task body 9.1, task unit 9.1,  use  clause  8.4,  visibility  8.3,  with
clause 10.1.1



10.2.1  Examples of Subunits


The  procedure TOP is first written as a compilation unit without subunits.

    with TEXT_IO;
    procedure TOP is

       type REAL is digits 10;
       R, S : REAL := 1.0;

       package FACILITY is
          PI : constant := 3.14159_26536;
          function  F(X : REAL) return REAL;
          procedure G(Y, Z : REAL);
       end FACILITY;

       package body FACILITY is
          --  some local declarations followed by

          function F(X : REAL) return REAL is
          begin
             --  sequence of statements of F
             ...
          end F;

          procedure G(Y, Z : REAL) is
             --  local procedures using TEXT_IO
             ...
          begin
             --  sequence of statements of G
             ...
          end G;
       end FACILITY;

       procedure TRANSFORM(U : in out REAL) is
          use FACILITY;
       begin
          U := F(U);
          ...
       end TRANSFORM;
    begin -- TOP


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       TRANSFORM(R);
       ...
       FACILITY.G(R, S);
    end TOP;





















































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The body of the package FACILITY and that of the procedure TRANSFORM can be
made into separate subunits of TOP.  Similarly, the body of the procedure G
can be made into a subunit of FACILITY as follows.

Example 3:

    procedure TOP is

       type REAL is digits 10;
       R, S : REAL := 1.0;

       package FACILITY is
          PI : constant := 3.14159_26536;
          function  F(X : REAL) return REAL;
          procedure G(Y, Z : REAL);
       end FACILITY;

       package body FACILITY is separate;                 --  stub of FACILITY
       procedure TRANSFORM(U : in out REAL) is separate;  --  stub of TRANSFORM

    begin  --  TOP
       TRANSFORM(R);
       ...
       FACILITY.G(R, S);
    end TOP;

    -------------------------------------------------

    separate (TOP)
    procedure TRANSFORM(U : in out REAL) is
       use FACILITY;
    begin
       U := F(U);
       ...
    end TRANSFORM;

    -------------------------------------------------

    separate (TOP)
    package body FACILITY is
       --  some local declarations followed by

       function F(X : REAL) return REAL is
       begin
          --  sequence of statements of F
          ...
       end F;

       procedure G(Y, Z : REAL) is separate;              -- stub of G
    end FACILITY;







                                  10 - 14









    -------------------------------------------------

    with TEXT_IO;
    separate (TOP.FACILITY)  --  full name of FACILITY
    procedure G(Y, Z : REAL) is
       --  local procedures using TEXT_IO
       ...
    begin
       --  sequence of statements of G
       ...
    end G;

In the above example TRANSFORM and FACILITY are subunits of TOP, and G is a
subunit of FACILITY.  The visibility in the split version is the same as in
the initial version except for one change:   since  TEXT_IO  is  only  used
within  G,  the  corresponding  with clause is written for G instead of for
TOP.   Apart  from  this  change,  the  same  identifiers  are  visible  at
corresponding  program points in the two versions.  For example, all of the
following  are (directly) visible within the proper body of the subunit  G:
the  procedure  TOP,  the  type  REAL,  the  variables R and S, the package
FACILITY and the contained named number PI and subprograms F and G.

References:  body stub 10.2, compilation unit 10.1, identifier  2.3,  local
declaration  8.1,  named number 3.2, package 7, package body 7.1, procedure
6, procedure body 6.3, proper body 3.9, subprogram 6,  type  3.3,  variable
3.2.1, visibility 8.3, with clause 10.1.1



10.3  Order of Compilation


The  rules  defining  the  order  in which units can be compiled are direct
consequences of the visibility rules and, in particular, of the  fact  that
any  library  unit that is mentioned by the context clause of a compilation
unit is visible in the compilation unit.

A compilation unit must be compiled after all library units  named  by  its
context clause.  A secondary unit that is a subprogram or package body must
be  compiled after the corresponding library unit.  Any subunit of a parent
compilation unit must be compiled after the parent compilation unit.

If any error is detected while attempting to compile  a  compilation  unit,
then  the attempted compilation is rejected and it has no effect whatsoever
on the program library;  the same holds for recompilations (no  compilation
unit can become obsolete because of such a recompilation).

The  order in which the compilation units of a program are compiled must be
consistent with the partial ordering defined by the above rules.

Similar rules apply for recompilations.  A compilation unit is  potentially
affected  by  a  change in any library unit named by its context clause.  A
secondary unit is potentially affected by a  change  in  the  corresponding
library  unit.   The  subunits of a parent compilation unit are potentially


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affected by a change of the parent compilation unit.  If a compilation unit
is successfully recompiled, the compilation units potentially  affected  by
this  change  are obsolete and must be recompiled unless they are no longer
needed.  An implementation may be able to reduce the compilation  costs  if
it  can deduce that some of the potentially affected units are not actually
affected by the change.



















































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The subunits of a unit can be recompiled without affecting the unit itself.
Similarly, changes in a subprogram or package  body  do  not  affect  other
compilation  units  (apart  from  the  subunits  of  the  body) since these
compilation  units  only  have  access  to  the   subprogram   or   package
specification.  An implementation is only allowed to deviate from this rule
for  inline inclusions, for certain compiler optimizations, and for certain
implementations of generic program units, as described below.

  -  If a pragma INLINE is applied to a subprogram declaration given  in  a
     package  specification,  inline inclusion will only be achieved if the
     package body is compiled before units calling the subprogram.  In such
     a case, inline inclusion creates a dependence of the calling  unit  on
     the  package  body,  and  the compiler  must recognize this dependence
     when deciding on the need for recompilation.  If  a  calling  unit  is
     compiled  before  the  package  body, the pragma may be ignored by the
     compiler for such calls (a  warning  that  inline  inclusion  was  not
     achieved may be issued).  Similar considerations apply to a separately
     compiled subprogram for which an INLINE pragma is specified.

  -  For optimization purposes, an implementation may compile several units
     of a given compilation in a way that creates further dependences among
     these   compilation   units.    The  compiler  must  then  take  these
     dependences into account when deciding on the need for recompilations.

  -  An implementation may require  that  a  generic  declaration  and  the
     corresponding proper body be part of the same compilation, whether the
     generic  unit  is  itself  separately  compiled or is local to another
     compilation unit.  An implementation may also require that subunits of
     a generic unit be part of the same compilation.

Examples of Compilation Order:

(a)  In example 1 (see 10.1.1):  The procedure QUADRATIC_EQUATION  must  be
     compiled after the library packages TEXT_IO  and REAL_OPERATIONS since
     they appear in its with clause.

(b)  In example 2 (see 10.1.2):  The package body STOCK  must  be  compiled
     after the corresponding package specification.

(c)  In example 2 (see 10.1.2):  The specification  of  the  package  STOCK
     must  be  compiled before the procedure PROCESSOR.  On the other hand,
     the procedure PROCESSOR can be compiled either  before  or  after  the
     package body STOCK.

(d)  In example 3 (see 10.2.1):  The procedure G must be compiled after the
     package  TEXT_IO  since this package is named by the with clause of G.
     On the other hand, TEXT_IO can be compiled either before or after TOP.

(e)  In example 3 (see 10.2.1):  The subunits TRANSFORM and  FACILITY  must
     be compiled after the main program TOP.  Similarly, the subunit G must
     be compiled after its parent unit FACILITY.

Notes:




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For  library  packages,  it  follows  from  the  recompilation rules that a
package body is made obsolete by the  recompilation  of  the  corresponding
specification.   If  the  new  package specification is such that a package
body is not required (that  is,  if  the  package  specification  does  not
contain  the  declaration  of  a program unit), then the recompilation of a
body for this package is not required.  In any case, the  obsolete  package
body  must  not  be  used  and  can  therefore  be deleted from the program
library.

References:   compilation  10.1,  compilation  unit  10.1,  context  clause
10.1.1,  elaboration  3.9,  generic  body  12.2,  generic declaration 12.1,
generic unit 12, library  unit  10.1,  local  declaration  8.1,  name  4.1,
package  7,  package body 7.1, package specification 7.1, parent unit 10.2,
pragma inline 6.3.2, procedure 6.1, procedure body 6.3,  proper  body  3.9,
secondary  unit  10.1,  subprogram  body  6.3,  subprogram declaration 6.1,
subprogram specification 6.1,  subunit  10.2,  type  3.3,  variable  3.2.1,
visibility 8.3, with clause 10.1.1








































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10.4  The Program Library


Compilers are required to enforce the language rules in the same manner for
a  program  consisting of several compilation units (and subunits) as for a
program submitted as a single compilation.  Consequently,  a  library  file
containing information on the compilation units of the program library must
be  maintained  by the compiler or compiling environment.  This information
may include symbol tables and other information  pertaining to the order of
previous compilations.

A normal submission to the compiler consists of the compilation unit(s) and
the library file.  The latter is used for checks and is  updated  for  each
compilation unit successfully compiled.

Notes:

A  single  program  library  is  implied  for  the  compilation  units of a
compilation.  The possible existence of different program libraries and the
means by which they are named are not concerns of the language  definition;
they are concerns of the programming environment.

There  should  be  commands  for  creating  the  program library of a given
program or of a given family of programs.  These commands  may  permit  the
reuse  of  units  of  other  program  libraries.   Finally, there should be
commands for interrogating the status of the units of  a  program  library.
The form of these commands is not specified by the language definition.

References:   compilation  unit  10.1,  context  clause  10.1.1,  order  of
compilation 10.3, program 10.1, program library  10.1,  subunit  10.2,  use
clause 8.4, with clause 10.1.1



10.5  Elaboration of Library Units


Before  the  execution  of  a main program, all library units needed by the
main program are elaborated, as well  as  the  corresponding  library  unit
bodies,  if  any.  The library units needed by the main program are:  those
named by with clauses applicable to the main program, to its body,  and  to
its  subunits;   those  named  by  with clauses applicable to these library
units themselves, to the corresponding library unit bodies,  and  to  their
subunits;  and so on, in a transitive manner.

The  elaboration  of  these  library units and of the corresponding library
unit bodies is performed in an order consistent with the  partial  ordering
defined  by  the  with  clauses  (see  10.3).   In addition, a library unit
mentioned by the context clause of a subunit must be elaborated before  the
body of the ancestor library unit of the subunit.

An  order of elaboration that is consistent with this partial ordering does
not always ensure that each library unit  body  is  elaborated  before  any
other compilation unit whose elaboration necessitates that the library unit
body  be  already  elaborated.   If  the  prior elaboration of library unit


                                  10 - 19








bodies is needed, this can be requested by a pragma ELABORATE.  The form of
this pragma is as follows:

    pragma ELABORATE (library_unit_simple_name {, library_unit_simple_name});

These pragmas are only allowed immediately after the context  clause  of  a
compilation  unit  (before  the subsequent library unit or secondary unit).
Each argument of such a pragma must be the simple name of  a  library  unit
mentioned  by the context clause, and this library unit must have a library
unit body.  Such a pragma specifies that the  library  unit  body  must  be
elaborated  before  the  given  compilation unit.  If the given compilation
unit is a subunit, the library unit body must be elaborated before the body
of the ancestor library unit of the subunit.












































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The program is illegal if no consistent order can be found (that is,  if  a
circularity  exists).   The  elaboration  of  the  compilation units of the
program is performed in some order that is otherwise  not  defined  by  the
language.

References:   allow  1.6,  argument of a pragma 2.8, compilation unit 10.1,
context  clause  10.1.1,  dependence  between   compilation   units   10.3,
elaboration  3.9,  illegal  1.6, in some order 1.6, library unit 10.1, name
4.1,  main  program  10.1,  pragma  2.8,  secondary  unit  10.1,   separate
compilation 10.1, simple name 4.1, subunit 10.2, with clause 10.1.1




10.6  Program Optimization


Optimization  of  the  elaboration  of  declarations  and  the execution of
statements may be performed by compilers.  In particular, a compiler may be
able to optimize a program by evaluating certain expressions,  in  addition
to  those  that  are  static expressions.  Should one of these expressions,
whether static or not, be such that an exception would  be  raised  by  its
evaluation,  then  the  code in that path of the program can be replaced by
code to raise the exception;  the same holds for exceptions raised  by  the
evaluation of names and simple expressions.  (See also section 11.6.)

A  compiler  may  find  that  some  statements or subprograms will never be
executed, for example, if their execution depends on a condition  known  to
be FALSE.  The corresponding object machine code can then be omitted.  This
rule permits the effect of conditional compilation within the language.

Note:

An  expression  whose  evaluation  is  known to raise an exception need not
represent an error if it occurs in a statement or subprogram that is  never
executed.  The compiler may warn the programmer of a potential error.

References:   condition  5.3,  declaration 3.1, elaboration 3.9, evaluation
4.5, exception 11, expression 4.4, false boolean value 3.5.3,  program  10,
raising  of exceptions 11.3, statement 5, static expression 4.9, subprogram
6
















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