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- 10/90 HOW TO HOOK A NETWARE LAN TO AN AS/400?
- by
- Skip Addison
- Director, Consultant Relations
- Novell Communications Products Division
-
- INTRODUCTION
- The AS/400 supports numerous connectivity options including twinaxial cabling, SDLC (Synchronous Data Link
- Control) lines, ethernet and token ring connections. Novell has received numerous requests for information on
- how best to tie a NetWare network to an AS/400. This paper outlines the connectivity strategy that will best
- integrate the capabilities of the LAN and the AS/400 into one system providing access to LAN applications,
- AS/400 (and S/3x) applications and to new client/server applications using IBM's System Application
- Architecture (SAA). We assume that while the reader may be familiar with 3270 communications, 5250
- communications or NetWare, they may not be familiar with all three. We also assume that the reader has a
- passing familiarity with LAN technology.
-
- BACKGROUND
- Today, the IBM mid range product line consists of the older System3X (S/34, S/36, and S/38) series and newer
- AS/400 series of minicomputers. The S/3X products were very successful when they were introduced in the
- mid 1970s. However, sales began to level in the early 1980s with the increasing popularity of Personal
- Computers and Local Area Networks. In addition, 5250 terminal sales declined as PC terminal emulation
- replaced many terminals. Although by 1988 there were 300,000 IBM S/3Xs installed worldwide, it was rumored
- that IBM might abandon the mid range market. This rumor was dispelled when in Jun 1988, IBM announced
- the AS/400. There are nine models of the AS/400, providing from 4 to 96MB of memory and up to 38GB of
- disk storage.
-
- AS/400 Configurations
- C04 C06 C10 C20 C25
- Main Storage, MB 8-12 8-16 8-20 8-32 8-40
- Max DASD, GB .96 1.28 1.28 2.56 3.84
- Comm Lines 5 5 8 14 14
- LAN Interfaces 1 1 1 2 2
- Local Devices (twinax) 14 54 40 80 80
-
- B35 B45 B50 B60 B70
- Main Storage, MB 8-40 8-40 16-48 32-96 32-196
- Max DASD, GB 13.7 13.7 27.4 54.8 54.8
- Comm Lines 16 32 32 32 48
- LAN Interfaces 4 4 4 4 4
- Local Devices (twinax) 160 240 400 600 800
-
- At this time there are over 50,000 AS/400s installed, split roughly equally between the US and the rest of the
- world. The key features of the AS/400 are a high-level machine interface, an object-oriented design,
- single-level storage with relational database capabilities, and highly integrated systems functions. Although
- there are office, electronic mail, and query applications available for the AS/400, the most common applications
- are industry specific such as accounting and manufacturing software packages.
-
- COMMUNICATIONS
- The AS/400 supports several communications options over several different types of media as shown below:
- SDLC Twinax Token Ring
- 5250 (LU 4 & 7) yes yes no
- 3270 (LU 1, 2, 3) yes no yes
- APPC (LU 6.2) yes yes yes
-
- A REVIEW OF THE TERMINAL TYPES
- > 3270
- For reasons unknown outside IBM, mainframe computers based on the 370 architecture do not share common
- communications with the S/3x minicomputers. IBM mainframes were designed to work with the 3270 family of
- terminals. 3270 terminals can talk to a mainframe via either an SDLC line or a Token Ring. Additionally, the
- IBM 3270 terminal controller can attach directly to a mainframe's I/O channel. SNA's LU type 1 printer, type 2
- display, and type 3 printer describe the 3270 terminals.
-
- The 3270 system was designed with an eye towards large installations. Up to 128 terminal sessions can use a
- single terminal controller. By emulating a controller, a single LAN-to-host gateway can represent up to 255
- users. Moreover, multiple gateways can share a single attachment to the mainframe.
-
- > 5250
- The System/3x machines from which the AS/400 is descended were designed to use the 5250 family of displays
- and printers. These communicate with the minicomputer via either SDLC or Twinax hardware.
-
- In IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA), each type of terminal or printer has its own Logical Unit (LU)
- type. The LU type number defines the communication protocol, or language, that the device "knows how to
- speak." The 5250 terminals are LU types 4 and 7.
-
- Only up to 7 terminals are allowed to connect to a single twinax interface. For single user terminals this was not
- a limitation. In the world of LAN gateways, however, only 7 connections is a distinct limitation.
-
- A 5250 terminal can not talk to a mainframe; and until the AS/400 came out, a 3270 terminal could not talk to a
- minicomputer. The differences in the protocols have caused significant problems.
-
- AS/400 COMMUNICATIONS
- Both the 5250 and 3270 protocols are based on a master-slave relationship. The minicomputer or mainframe is
- the master and the terminal is the slave. As desktop devices grew more sophisticated, however, IBM needed to
- develop a communication mechanism which would let an application on a desktop computer talk to an
- application on a mainframe as peers. IBM called this Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communications or APPC. APPC
- uses the LU 6.2 communications protocol. APPC is available on the AS/400 via twinax, SDLC and token ring
- connections.
-
- APPC is the primary backbone of future SAA-compliant networks. Using APPC/LU 6.2, desktop applications
- can share data in a cooperative processing environment with the mainframe, sending updates and queries to host
- transaction databases.
-
- Because of APPC's ability to provide highly functional sessions, whether for terminal service or client server
- applications, IBM has put most of its long term strategic emphasis on APPC for connections from desktop
- computers. However, the 3270 and 5250 communication protocols will still be used for many years, because of
- their support for nonprogrammable terminals and a large installed base.
-
- Because of the communication differences between different terminal systems, IBM encourages developers to
- develop their applications in such a way that either 5250 or 3270 terminal users can use them. The long term
- direction from IBM is to use APPC/LU 6.2 for all SAA compliant applications.
-
- Also, the AS/400 provides no documented method of supporting non-programmable terminals and APPC from
- the same gateway. Therefore, whether using 3270 or 5250 terminal emulation, a separate gateway will be
- required for SAA compliant client/server applications.
-
-
-
-
- > 3270 SNA for AS/400
- When IBM introduced the AS/400, they reduced its dependency on 5250 terminals by allowing 3270 terminals to
- run applications that had heretofore required 5250 terminals. This is made possible by transparently translating
- between the 3270 and 5250 data streams "on the fly". That is, the application running "sees" a 5250 terminal
- although the user may actually be using a 3270 terminal.
-
- The translation is not perfect, however. The principal difference is that the 3270 keyboard is missing three keys
- that exist on the 5250 keyboard ("Field +", "Field -" and "Field Exit").
-
- "PC SUPPORT"
- IBM's AS/400 PC Support program allows PCs to connect to an AS/400 via token ring, ethernet or twinax. In
- this case, the PC is emulating a 5250 terminal, but the 5250 information is "buried" in LU 6.2 packets for
- transmission across the token ring. (Note that the chart above indicates that 5250 communications can not be sent
- directly over the token ring.) Unfortunately, IBM's AS/400 PC Support program degrades performance of the
- AS/400 and consumes a sizeable portion of the PC's RAM. The determination of whether these detractions are
- prohibitive or not must be made by the customer.
-
- There is no support from IBM for third-party equivalents to AS/400 PC Support. The method used by AS/400
- PC Support to encapsulate the 5250 data stream in APPC/LU 6.2 is not documented publicly.
-
- NOVELL AS/400 COMPATIBLE COMMUNICATION PRODUCTS
- LAN to mainframe and LAN to minicomputer products are a major part of Novell's communication product
- line. We have products for all three communication protocols (3270, 5250 and APPC). These are described
- below.
-
- 3270 and APPC Communications.
- There are two products which provide 3270 and APPC communication protocols, the NetWare 3270 SNA
- Gateway and NetWare 386 Communication Services for SAA (which will begin shiping later this year). In the
- SNA Gateway and Communication Services for SAA, a PC on the LAN emulates an IBM cluster controller. This
- gateway PC can attach to the AS/400 using either SDLC or token ring. Other PCs on the LAN run the NetWare
- 3270 LAN Workstation software to emulate 3270 terminals and use APPC.
-
- Novell's 3270 LAN Workstation has always included a keyboard definition utility permitting users to permit
- users to redefine the keyboard for 5250 emulation. On October 18th we will begin shipping our SNA product
- with 5250 keyboard emulation as an option (but the 3 "missing keys" will still be missing.
-
- The gateway plays a central role in the interaction between users and the AS/400. It performs the low level
- interaction with the AS/400, freeing up memory and processing power in the workstation. The high level
- interaction is handled at the workstation. In SNA terms, the gateway emulates a PU, the workstation a LU.
-
- Due to limitations in the AS/400, one gateway can not support both 3270 and APPC simultaneously. This
- limitation does not exist in the mainframe world.
-
- 5250 Communications.
- The NetWare 5250 Gateway, Version 2 emulates a 5250 terminal controller (IBM 5251 Model 12, 5294, or 5394)
- so that up to 7 or 9 workstations (depending on configuration) on the LAN can function as 5250 terminals on a
- System/34, System/36, System/38 or AS/400. The gateway connects to the AS/400 via either twinax or SDLC
- lines. In concept, it is identical to the NetWare SNA Gateway except that it facilitates emulation of 5250
- terminals rather than 3270.
-
- STRATEGIC DIRECTION
- As we have seen above, in connecting NetWare to an IBM mainframe there is little question about how to
- proceed. NetWare SNA Gateways provide highly reliable, fully functional 3270 terminal emulation, the same
- type of communications mainframe applications expect in normal day-to-day operation, with or without a LAN.
- There has been some confusion, however, in the area of connectivity to the AS/400. This confusion has arisen,
- in part, because of the dependence of many System/3x applications on 5250 communications on the one hand,
- and the historically poor industry support (including support from IBM) for 5250 communications.
-
- One can see, however, that IBM's trategic direction is to provide the broadest level of support to 3270 and APPC
- communications. While the AS/400 can support 3270, there is no support for 5250 terminals on mainframes.
- While the token ring can support 3270 controllers, there is no direct 5250 terminal support on token ring, except
- for AS/400 PC Support. It is clear that IBM's primary strategic direction is focused on APPC and cooperative
- processing. Novell is supporting this direction and increasing NetWare's connectivity to the AS/400.
-
- RECOMMENDATION
- 1. All new applications being developed for use by non-programmable terminals should support 3270 terminals
- as an option.
- 2. All cooperative processing applications for the IBM environment should use APPC/LU 6.2.
- 3. Users should look to 5250 gateways and terminal emulation (including AS/400 PC Support) as a migration
- strategy for existing applications.
-
- By following these recommendations users can expect the following benefits:
- >Support for existing applications
- >Positioning the network for future enhancements
- >Better support for advanced communications
-
- Existing applications have largely been written to use the 5250 data stream. For many users, 5250 gateways are
- the preferable choice to ease the transition to LAN based systems without retraining.
-
- While providing support for these existing applications, MIS staff and application developers can best position
- themselves and the corporate network to take advantage of future communication enhancements by developing
- all new applications in such a way that they can be used by either 5250 or 3270 users. Applications to be used
- by PC users (ie. no nonprogrammable terminals) should be written to use APPC/LU 6.2.
-
- Micro to AS/400 applications which are implemented using APPC in compliance with SAA provide the highest
- level of functionality today and are in the best position to support all the features of the network of the future.
-
- CONCLUSION
- The changing world of data communications offers ever better means of communicating between the desktop
- and the minicomputers and mainframes. Today's changes, however, must preserve yesterday's investments. So
- when it comes time to determine the best strategy for tying the AS/400 to a LAN, the recommendation is: APPC
- for the long term strategy; 3270 and 5250 as a migration tool and for support of existing applications.