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- The Serial Copy Management System (SCMS): How It Works
-
-
- As its name implies, the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS) is a
- technical method for controlling "serial" digital copying on Digital
- Audio Tape recorders (DAT). The term "serial" copying denotes the
- copying of copies, i.e., the making of a second, third and successive
- generations of tapes from a first (or subsequent) generation copy.
-
- SCMS will allow any original prerecorded work, as well as other
- material, to be copied indefinitely onto different blank DAT tapes.
- However, it limits the number of digital-to-digital copies that can be
- made from the copies, unless the source material is both digital and
- unprotected.
-
- How does the system operate? The circuitry which controls the
- functions of the DAT machine will be programmed to read certain coding
- information contained in the digital subcode channel. Based on the
- particular combination of codes it reads, the circuitry will either
- permit unrestricted copying, permit copying but label the copy with
- codes to restrict further copying, or disallow copying. DAT recorders
- are generally equipped with both a digital input and a pair of stereo
- analog line inputs. Before a DAT machine records, the machine will
- first determine whether the music to be recorded is entering via the
- digital inputs or the analog inputs of the recorder. Once that
- determination has been made, SCMS will implement one of several forms of
- copy prevention or limitation, depending on the source, the input, and
- whether the music is marked for copyright protection.
-
- -- Recording through Digital Inputs --
-
- If the source material is marked for copyright protection and enters
- through the digital inputs, the DAT recorder will produce one or more
- first-generation copies of the original prerecorded music, but further
- digital-to-digital copies cannot be made from the first-generation
- copy. Copies of digital broadcasts will be treated in the same way.
-
- All digital recordings and broadcasts have digital subcode channels
- which contain important coding information. These channels are located
- apart from the channels that carry the music. One of the pieces of
- information contained in the subcode channel is the "category code,"
- which tells the DAT machine what type of digital device is being used as
- a source (e.g., a compact disc player, whose output is protected, or a
- digital microphone -- a mike with an internal A/D converter -- whose
- output is not). Whether or not the material is marked for copyright
- protection is signified by a "copyright flag", also carried through the
- digital subcode channel. The machine uses the combination of category
- code and copyright flag to determine whether copying is permitted. If
- it is, the recorder ensures that the blank DAT tape will carry the
- appropriate copy protection codes by writing them into the digital
- subcode channel of the new tape as it is being recorded.
-
- If the category code indicates an identifiable digital source and the
- material being copied is marked for copyright protection, or if the
- digital source cannot be identified, an identification code" of "1,0" is
- written onto the digital taped copy as it is being recorded. It is this
- code that prevents further direct digital copying from the copy. Thus,
- if the machine detects an identification code of "1,0" because a first
- generation copy is sought to be digitally copied again, the DAT record
- function will not operate.
-
- If the material is being copied from an identifiable digital source
- and is not copyright protected (e.g. a digital microphone), the recorder
- will mark "0,0" in the digital subcode channel. This code will not
- limit future serial copying.
-
- These identification codes are located exclusively in the non-music
- channels, so they cannot effect the sound quality of the recording in
- any way.
-
- -- Recording Through Analog Inputs --
-
- The SCMS system also places restrictions upon the number of
- generational copies that can be made of music entering via the analog
- inputs of a DAT recorder. A DAT recorder is unable to determine whether
- this material is copyrighted or not, since current technology does not
- permit such identification in the analog domain.
-
- Accordingly, any material recorded via the analog inputs would cause
- the DAT to mark a copy protection identification code "1,1" in the
- digital subcode channel of the DAT tape. This subcode marking would
- indicate that one more digital-to-digital copy could be made from this
- first-generation copy. When this first-generation copy is digitally
- copied again, the second-generation copy would be labelled with the
- "1,0" identification code, thereby barring subsequent digital copying of
- that copy.
-
- -- Summary --
-
- o SCMS does not require any action on the part of the
- listener. There are no additional buttons or controls
- to complicate the recording process.
-
- o Copying of digital copyright protected material is
- limited to copying from the original. Subsequent
- digital copies cannot be made from the copies.
-
- o SCMS does not affect copying on a conventional analog
- recorder.
-
- o Copying from conventional cassettes, LPs or radio
- broadcasts to DAT will allow recording of the first DAT
- tape and one digital-to-digital generation of copies from
- that tape. After the second generation, further
- digital-to-digital copying from the copy is prohibited.
-
- o The codes that are written onto the blank DAT are not
- audible because they are located in the digital subcode
- channel.
-
-
- This information is provided by the Home Recording Rights Coalition.
- For further information, or to receive future press releases on the
- subject of home recording, write or call:
-
- Home Recording Rights Coalition
- PO Box 33576
- 1145 19th Street NW
- Washington, DC 20033
- (800) 282-TAPE
-