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3 WD1007V-SE1/SE2 FORMATTING YOUR HARD DRIVE Before you can use your ESDI drive, you need to perform these three steps: 1. Perform low-level formatting using the WD1007V BIOS utility or, if you are not using the WD1007V BIOS, use WDFMT. (See Appendix B for WDFMT instructions.) 2. Partition your drive using MS-DOS 3.3 or higher (FDISK utility) or use other operating systems that allow partitioning, such as Xenix and NetWare. 3. Perform high-level formatting using the operating system's normal formatting program. For MS-DOS use the "Format C: (or D:)/S" command which formats the drive to accept MS-DOS files and copies the operating system to the drive. ******************************************************************** LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING ******************************************************************** If you decided to disable the WD1007V BIOS ROM (W3 has pins 1 and 2 jumpered), skip the following instructions and instead go to Appendix B for low level formatting instructions. WD1007V BIOS If you are using the WD1007V BIOS to configure your drive, there must be no jumper installed on jumper connector W3. Proceed with the following steps. 1. Place your DOS system diskette in Drive A and turn on your system. At the A:\>> prompt type: debug and press the ENTER key 2. At the program prompt "-", type: G=CC00:5 (Use C800:5 if W8 1-2 is jumpered) This causes the system to execute program code stored at location CC005 (or C8005, if W8 1-2 is jumpered) in ROM. The BIOS then tries to read the parameter tables from the drive and store them in the shadow RAM. You will see the screen shown in Figure 3-1. To execute a function, simply enter the number of the desired routine. The BIOS executes that routine and then prompts you to press a key to return to the main menu. Note that after you have finished formatting and running the various routines, you must make a proper exit through function 7 to set the drive type. CAUTION Selection of any of the menu choices will cause permanent loss of any data files that may exist on the drive. If you have not backed up your files and you wish to exit, press CONTROL-C or CONTROL-BREAK. Perform a power-up reboot to clear the shadow RAM. Following is a brief description of the formatting routines performed by the WD1007V BIOS utility. We recommend that you select and perform the routines in this order: - Low Level Format - Mark Defect List Automatically - Verify Drive - Surface Analysis - Change Drive Type and Exit The WD1007V BIOS offers these features: 1. On-screen HELP menu 2. Low-level format - Formatting routines are present to do the low-level initialization of the disk surface. The drive is formatted according to the number of physical sectors per track. You may also format an alternate track if you have placed a jumper on W1 11-12. (See "Alternate Sector", Appendix A. Transparent to the user, this routine formats with a sector skew. The sector skew, which is fixed at two, allows the controller to maintain a 1:1 interleave across head boundaries on most drives. Sector skewing is a method of formatting in which the sector numbers are rotated in the interleave table for each track. (See "Format " in Appendix A for further information.) If a sector skew other than 2 is needed, use WDFMT to do a low level format, but use WD1007V BIOS for the rest of the options. Note When performing a low-level format of an ESDI drive, use the drive's physical parameters. 3. Mark Defect List Automatically - This routine automatically reads the manufacturer's defect list for each head and identifies and marks bad sectors. If an alternate sector is available, a bad sector can be deallocated without having to mark a sector as bad. This routine allows you to present an error-free drive to the system. 4. Mark Defect List by Hand - This routine is the same as the previous one, except that it allows the user to enter the list of media defects provided by the manufacturer. Use this routine if you are unable to enter the defects automatically. 5. Verify Drive routine - This routine performs a quick media verification. If a bad spot is discovered and an alternate sector is available, the bad sector is deallocated. If an alternate sector is not available, the sector is marked as bad. 6. Surface Analysis routine - This routine performs a long-term test on the entire drive. It identifies bad tracks on the drive and, in the event that there is only one bad sector on the track (and it is NOT sector zero), it uses the alternate sector when reformatting the track. This prevents the controller from identifying the sector as "bad". 7. Change Drive Type and Exit routine - There are five possible options available for defining drive type. The drive type can be changed by using the "+" and "-" keys. - No Drive Present. The BIOS automatically selects a drive type 0 if there is no drive present. You will see the message "*** NONE SELECTED OR NO DRIVE PRESENT !***" next to the drive number. - Non-translation. This option uses the drive's actual physical parameters (number of cylinders, heads, and SPT). The maximum number of cylinders is 1023. - Translation - 17 SPT. Select this option when the drive is being used in a system that does not support drives with SPT values greater than 17 SPT. The low-level format uses the actual physical SPT, while the parameter tables created will show 17 SPT. - Translation - 63 SPT. Select this option if the drive has more than 1024 cylinders, and it is being used in a system which can only recognize a maximum of 1024 cylinders. Translation must always be enabled when such a condition exists. Translation provides greater use of the drive capacity even though most types of AT BIOS recognize only a maximum of 1024 cylinders. - Special non-translation. Select this option only if your drive has more than 1023 cylinders and you are using a custom device driver or operating system to obtain full usage of your ESDI drive. If you choose this option and don't have a custom driver or a special operating system, you will greatly reduce your storage capacity. ******************************************************************** HIGH-LEVEL FORMATTING ******************************************************************** After you have completed the low-level formatting of your drive using the WD1007V BIOS utility, you will need to partition your drive and perform a high- level format. The three main operating systems (MS-DOS, NetWare, and Xenix) all handle disk usage differently. MS-DOS (FDISK and FORMAT) After you have completed the low-level formatting of each hard drive in your system, use the FDISK and FORMAT utilities to prepare your drive for the MS-DOS operating system. Refer to your operating system manual for complete instructions. 1. Use FDISK to partition your drive. If your version of MS-DOS does not support the creation of multiple logical drives, disk enhancement software drivers can be used to obtain full usage of your high capacity drive or you may wish to upgrade your operating system. 2. Use the "Format C:(D:)/S" command to perform high-level formatting of the drive. This utility formats the drive to accept your operating system's files and allows you to copy the operating system to the drive. You must format all logical drives (partitions). SCO Xenix The SCO Xenix operating system does not limit the size of the disk partition. During the installation of the Xenix operating system, the user is prompted for information on how to partition the disk. The entire disk may be used for Xenix or separate partitions can be created for both Xenix or MS-DOS. (Note: Create the MS-DOS partition first using MS-DOS FDISK.) The Xenix installation performs all tasks comparable to the DOS FDISK and FORMAT utilities. SCO Xenix 2.1 can create a parameter table for the drive outside of the system BIOS. The user is prompted at installation time to supply the drive parameters. Previous versions of the SCO Xenix operating system assumed 17 sectors per track, regardless of the information contained in the parameter table. If you have an older version, use the 17 sector translation option provided by the WD1007V BIOS utility. Novell NetWare Novell NetWare is a local area network (LAN) operating system. If you are using NetWare 2.0a, you must select the 17 SPT drive type offered by the WD1007V BIOS utility. If you are using NetWare 2.1 or later, any number of sectors per track is permissible. If you are running NetWare in a non-dedicated mode or if you are using the standard AT hard disk driver that comes with NetWare, we recommend that you select these parameters: 63 SPT and 16 heads. This will accommodate a drive size of 512 Mbytes. NetWare requires you to run a program called CompSurf to prepare the disk drive. When running CompSurf, do not format your drive. Answer "NO" when asked "Format the disk?" or you will lose all the BIOS information and defect information on your drive. When asked if you wish to maintain the defect map, respond "Yes" if you use the WD1007V BIOS utility. 4 HOW TO CHECK YOUR INSTALLATION After you have completed the hardware installation and properly formatted your drive, you are ready to use your system. ******************************************************************** START SYSTEM FROM HARD DISK ******************************************************************** With your operating system installed on your hard drive, you can now boot your system from your active MS-DOS (or other operating system) partition. Remember to remove any diskettes from Drive A or your system will default to Drive A when you reboot. Simultaneously press the CTRL ALT DEL keys to reboot the system. The system should respond and your monitor should finally display the C prompt (C>>). Your installation is complete. ******************************************************************** HOW TO HANDLE PROBLEMS ******************************************************************** If you have a problem with your system, first re-read the instructions to be sure you followed them correctly. It is important to type information exactly as instructed. Repeat the procedures a second time. If you obtain the same results, then check the next section "If You Have a Problem". If You Have a Problem First check your physical installation. Check for reversed cables, an overloaded system power supply, incorrect drive selection, etc. The following section lists some common problems and possible solutions to try. PROBLEM: No response. SOLUTION: Change cables. Do NOT interchange floppy disk drive cables with hard drive cables. Check your system setup configuration. PROBLEM: Winchester activity LED always on. SOLUTION: Check cable connections. Replace cables. Verify that drive is not malfunctioning. PROBLEM: "Error Reading Fixed Disk" message after booting the system. SOLUTION: DOS partition not active. See FDISK instructions in your DOS manual. PROBLEM: "Hard Disk Drive Not Ready" or "01" Error Code. SOLUTION: You may have an overloaded power supply. Update system power supply. read your system/drive manufacturers' manuals to see if the power supply can handle the drive. PROBLEM: You can't get full capacity from your drive. SOLUTION: This probem has several possible causes and several solutions. These are listed below: 1. You have a drive with more than 1024 cylinders and you selected a drive type with more than 1023 cylinders. Most operating systems cannot handle this. Repeat the low level format and this time select a drive type with less than 1024 cylinders. 2. You are using physical mode and you have a drive with more than 1024 cylinders. You selected a drive with 1023 cylinders and a specific number of physcial heads and a specific number of SPT. Try using translation mode and select a drive type with 16 heads and 63 SPT. (Jumper W1 5-6 removed, and use the WD1007V BIOS). 3. You are using alternate sectors. This option will improve performance, but decreases capacity by one sector per track. For example, if you have a drive with 35 SPT then 1/35th of your drive capacity is lost. 4. Your current operating system may only recognize a maximum capacity of 512 Mbytes. To gain access to the full capacity of your hard drive, you will need to change your operating system or possibly obtain a special driver. Contact the dealer that sold you your drive. He should be able to recommend a solution so that you can fully utilize your drive's capacity. PROBLEM: You have a dual density floppy drive, but you can format/read only one density of diskettes (either 720KB or 1.44MB). SOLUTION: You do not have an ANSI standard floppy drive with a density sensor. Therefore your drive will only read one media density. Contact your drive manufacturer. PROBLEM: You need to use WDFMT, but don't have a copy of it. SOLUTION: Contact the Western Digital Bulletin Board. Appendix C has the instructions for obtaining software from the Bulletin Board. If you are unable to resolve a problem, contact your dealer. APPENDIX A ******************************************************************** TRANSLATION ******************************************************************** In order to utilize the maximum storage capacity of ESDI drives, the WD1007V- SE2 controller resolves two types of problems associated with the implementation of ESDI drives in an AT environment: 1. An older BIOS or some operating systems may only recognize 17 SPT, whereas ESDI drives have 34 or more SPT. The WD1007V BIOS provides translation schemes to more fully utilize the capacity of the ESDI drive, even though the system can only recognize 17 SPT. 2. Most personal computers address disk space via the INT 13 BIOS software interface.This software interface provides only four bits to specify head number, six bits for a sector number and ten bits for a cylinder number. Thus, the ideal drive for the INT 13 software interface could have 16 heads, 63 sectors per track, and 1023 cylinders. The WD1007V BIOS provides translation schemes to maximize the disk space that can be addressed by INT 13. The standard 63 SPT translation creates a logical drive with 16 heads and 63 sectors per track. It maps the drive's physical characteristics into these logical parameters by converting the logical disk address parameters supplied by the host into a logical sequential sector number. These logical sector numbers are then translated into actual physical parameters so that all physical sectors on the drive are utilized. When disk address translation is disabled (jumper on W1 5-6), mapping is one-to-one. Each physical sector maps directly to a logical sector. ******************************************************************** FORMATTING ******************************************************************** Formatting routines perform the low-level initialization of the disk surface. The drive is formatted with the physical characteristics read from the drive. Formatting is done at a 1:1 interleave ratio which makes it possible to read or write an entire track in one rotation of a disk. The format routine formats with the selected sector skew (a skew of 2 is recommended for optimal performance) and also may format an optional spare sector on each track. This spare sector is used to deallocate a bad sector on a track. The sector skew, when fixed at two, allows the controller to maintain a 1:1 interleave across all head boundaries. Sector skewing is a method of formatting by which the sector numbers are rotated in the interleave table each time a new head on a cylinder is formatted. Selecting a skew of 2 causes the first sector after index on Head 0 to be identified as Sector 1. The sector identified as Sector 1 on Head 1 is the third physical sector from index as shown in Figure A-1. Head Sector Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Interleave: 1:1 Sector skew: 2 FIGURE A-1. SECTOR SKEW This formatting procedure allows the controller to maintain 1:1 interleave when reading across the head boundary. This becomes critical when the number of sectors per track increases and the time allowed for completion of overhead functions decreases. By changing the sector numbers the controller has enough time to complete needed tasks and be ready to read the ID field of the first sector on the next head. ******************************************************************** ALTERNATE SECTOR ******************************************************************** The WDFMT 2.10 utility and the WD1007V BIOS utility both provide the ability to format an alternate sector on the track. This spare sector is identified as Sector 0, making it invisible to the system BIOS which expects sector numbers starting at 1. This sector is always formatted as the last physical sector on the track. WDFMT and the WD1007V BIOS use the spare sector if an error is encountered with any sector on a track. The program reformats the track, numbering the bad sector as zero and shifting the following sectors one to the right. If more than one sector is bad, the entire track is marked as bad when reformatted. The alternate sector feature provides the ability to map out defects so that an error-free drive can be presented to the operating system. This may be important to you if your operating system can handle only a certain number of media defects. Note that formatting an alternate sector will somewhat reduce the available storage space on your drive. APPENDIX B ******************************************************************** BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS) ******************************************************************** Before you disable the WD1007V BIOS ROM and use the system BIOS, you need to determine if your system BIOS provides the appropriate drive tables for integration of your ESDI drive into your AT system. If it does not, you require the WD1007V BIOS. In order to properly install your ESDI drive, your system must have drive tables whose parameters match those of your drive. The drive tables specify the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors per track (SPT). It is often difficult to match the drive and the drive table exactly. When integrating an ESDI hard disk drive into your system, you must match sectors per track and number of heads exactly. If you are installing a hard drive in your system and you plan to disable the WD1007V BIOS, you then need to examine your system BIOS. Use one of the following two methods to examine your system BIOS: 1. Use your system's set-up program 2. Use the debug utility to examine the AT BIOS Note If you are unable to determine whether your system BIOS is adequate, then use the WD1007V BIOS ROM. Using your system's setup program To determine if a system BIOS has the physical drive parameters required for your ESDI drive, refer to the appropriate manual for information about your setup utility, i.e., MS-DOS Users Guide, Advanced Diagnostics Guide, system BIOS guide, or user guide for other operating system. This utility can provide you with information about the drive types your system supports. If your drive tables do not support more than 17 sectors per track, we recommend that you use the WD1007V BIOS. The WD1007V BIOS provides translation schemes to fully utilize the capacity of your drive within the limits of the operating system. Using the DOS Debug Utility to examine the AT BIOS Use the DOS Debug Utility to examine the system parameter tables to see if the drive is listed in the AT BIOS. 1. Place your DOS system diskette in Drive A and boot your system. 2. At the prompt (A:\>) type: debug and press the ENTER key Although some systems locate drive parameters in other locations, the standard location in the AT BIOS is F000:E401. The proper command at the Debug prompt (-) is as follows: DF000:E401 and press the ENTER key This displays eight lines of data from the BIOS ROM corresponding to drive types 1 through 8. By entering another "D" at the debug prompt, another eight lines of data will be displayed, corresponding to drive types 9 through 16. Continue this procedure until all drive parameter information for all drive types is displayed. If your drive's parameters are encountered in this process, the system BIOS supports your particular drive. Each parameter table has 16 bytes of data. Data from the BIOS ROM is displayed in hexadecimal, least significant byte first. This data breaks down as follows: Bytes 1 and 2 Number of Cylinders Byte 3 Number of Heads Bytes 4 & 5 Not Used Bytes 6 & 7 Write Precompensation Cylinder Byte 8 Not Used Byte 9 Control Byte (=08H for 8 heads) Bytes 10-12 Not Used Bytes 13 & 14 Landing Zone 3 Byte 15 Sectors per Track Byte 16 Not Used ******************************************************************** LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING WITH WDFMT ******************************************************************** If you are using the drive tables provided by your system BIOS, then use WDFMT to low-level format your drive. If you do not already have it, you can obtain WDMFT from the Western Digital Bulletin Board. See Appendix C. Note When low-level formatting an ESDI drive, use the drive's physical parameters, i.e., 8 heads and 34 or more sectors per track. If a format for 17 sectors per track is attempted, only the data fields will be initialized. The WDFMT utility performs low-level formatting, bad track entry, disk verify, and surface analysis and defect management. Use a 1:1 interleave, a skew of 2, and format the drive using the physical parameters of the drive. If Jumper W1 11-12 is installed, also format an alternate sector. To use WDFMT follow these instructions: CAUTION Back up any valuable files that may exist on your drive. Use of WDFMT will cause permanent loss of any existing data files. 1. Insert the WDFMT utility diskette in Drive A and type: WDFMT and press the ENTER key 2. When the utility screen appears on your monitor, you will be prompted to supply the following information. For each prompt for information, type in your response and press ENTER. - Drive 0 or 1 (Select drive to be formatted.) - The number of cylinders... - The number of heads ... - The number of sectors per track... - The interleave value (Select an interleave value of 1.) - The precompensation value (Enter the number of cylinders plus one.) - The sector skew (Enter 2) - Alternate sector (Enter "yes" only if Jumper W1 11-12 is installed.) 3. When you have completed your entries, the utility program will advance to the following screen. ***Western Digital Corporation*** AT Disk Format Utility Rev. 2.10 Current drive parameters are: Drive (0/1) : 0 Cylinders : 1023 Heads : 8 Sectors : 35 Interleave : 1 Precomp : 1024 Skew : 2 Alt Sector : No ENTER MENU CHOICE Format disk CAUTION this will destroy all data on drive! Verify disk Bad sector entry Surface test CAUTION this will destroy all data on drive! Quit FIGURE B-1. WDFMT UTILITY You have four menu choices: format disk, verify disk, bad sector entry, and surface test. Following is a brief description of the formatting routines offered by WDFMT: Format Disk - This routine performs a low-level format of the drive. It formats the drive according to the information which you previously entered. Verify Disk - This routine is a short-term test of the surface that identifies bad tracks on the drive and lists them by head and cylinder number. If an alternate sector is available, a bad sector can be deallocated without having to mark an entire track as "bad". Bad Sector Entry - This routine allows you to enter the list of bad tracks. The bad track information is marked on the label on top of the drive. Entering the manufacturer's list of bad tracks ensures the safety of your data by identifying all bad tracks or marginally defective tracks on your drive. Once these defective tracks have been marked, they will not be used to store data. Surface Test - This routine is a long-term test of the surface that identifies bad tracks. 4. From the menu select the routine you wish to perform., We recommend you follow these steps: a. Select "Format disk" and press the ENTER key to begin low-level formatting. b. When you have finished formatting, return to the main menu and select Verify Disk or Surface Test. c. When the verify and/or surface test is finished, select "Bad sector entry" and press the ENTER key. Locate the bad track information marked on the label on top of the drive. Type in the bad track list as follows: ccc and press ENTER h and press ENTER where ccc = bad track cylinder number (1-4 digits) and h = bad track head number (1-2 digits) Type in the cylinder number and press ENTER. Type in the head number and press ENTER. Continue until all bad track information has been entered. d. When you have finished, select Quit to exit the WDFMT utility. Return to Chapter 3 for the high level formatting instructions. APPENDIX C ******************************************************************** DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY ******************************************************************** Western Digital has a low-level formatting utility called WDFMT which is available on Western Digital's Technical Support Bulletin Board. If you decide to disable the WD1007V BIOS ROM, then you need to use the WDFMT utility. You can execute this program by entering "WDFMT" and following the directions provided by the On-line Help. ******************************************************************** TECHNICAL SUPPORT BULLETIN BOARD ******************************************************************** You may download Western Digital's diagnostic utility, WDFMT, and other product information from the Bulletin Board if you have a modem. To access the bulletin board you require: - A Hayes compatible modem - 1200 or 2400 Baud rate - Format: 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity The Bulletin Board number is (714) 756-8176. The Bulletin Board will ask you some preliminary questions about your modem setup and the type of system you are calling from before sending you to the main menu. Refer to your modem manual for instructions on proper modem setup. Once you gain access to the main menu, follow these general steps: - Select <S> for software - Select "Storage" - Select "Utilities" - Specify WDFMT To receive the software program, select <D> and then the transfer protocol. Respond to the prompts for transfer protocol, file name, etc. On screen Help (H) is available if you have any problems. If you need additional assistance, contact Technical Support at (800) 832-4778. Radio Frequency Interference Statement This Western Digital product has been verified to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device pursuant to subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules. This does not guarantee that interference will not occur in individual installations. Western Digital is not responsible for any television, radio, or other interference caused by unauthorized modifications of this product. If interference problems do occur, please consult the system equipment owner's manual for suggestions. Some of these suggestions include relocation of the computer system away from the television or radio or placing the computer AC power connection on a different circuit or outlet. This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise for digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications. Western Digital 2445 McCabe Way Irvine, CA 92714 (800) 847-6181 (714) 863-0102 FAX (714) 863-1656 TLX 910-595-1139 Technical Support: (800) 832-4778 Bulletin Board Support(714) 756-8176 Part No. 79-000367-000 WD0027S 8/89 If you require further information or other technical support, please contact your authorized dealer: