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- █ ███ ██ ███ ██ ███ █ DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
- ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
- │ ┌──┐ ┌───┐
- ├──┐ │ │ ├──┐ ├───┘
- │ │ └──┘ │ │ └───┘
- └──┘ └
-
-
- While transistors still have many useful purposes and are
- widely used, the electronics industry is continuing to
- develop around DIGITAL circuitry. No longer are TUBES (as we
- knew them) being used in modern devices. There are
- exceptions, however, in large power tubes used in RF
- applications.
-
- DIGITAL LOGIC is a term that describes the overall design of
- a device in which "on" and "off" are the keywords - not...
- AMPLIFICATION.
-
- For our discussion the following exists:
-
- +VCC = LOGIC 1 or +5 VDC
- -VCC = LOGIC 0 or 0 VDC
-
- It is DIGITAL because it deals with events that can be
- defined or characterized by DIGITS or INTEGERS, in contrast
- with LINEAR (analog) systems that have an infinite number of
- levels that may be encountered. It is LOGIC because it
- follows mathematical laws that PREDICTABLY follow a CAUSE.
-
- If you remember in the HAM BONE chapter on AMPLIFICATION -
- There, we were talking about a LINEAR relationship between
- an INPUT and an OUTPUT. For example, a light dimmer and a
- microphone/amp only change AMPLITUDE - in a directly
- proportional relationship to the INPUT. It is constantly
- fluxuating to match the frequencies of your voice and
- therefore doesn't change it too much.
-
- However, in DIGITAL circuitry, the only thing that matters
- is that we TURN ON and TURN OFF "gates" as we require. It
- isn't much more complicated than an ordinary light switch.
- It's either ON or OFF at any given time. That means, that
- the voltage at a particular point and time is either +VCC or
- -VCC.
-
- "How in the world can you make a digital amplifier?", you
- ask. "If all DIGITAL circuits can do is either turn ON and
- turn OFF then how can it detect the FREQUENCIES in your
- voice?"
-
- It's really pretty easy as you will discover in this HAM
- BONE chapter.
-
- One of the "keys" to understanding DIGITAL electronics will
- lay in the SPEED at which circuits work. Even though it is
- hardly more complicated than a simple light switch, you can,
- with digital circuitry, turn on and off the switch millions
- of times each second. During the "states" of ON and OFF,
- electrical pulses can be "stored" or otherwise manipulated.
- This makes it possible to SAMPLE a series of "states"
- rapidly, time and time again.
-
- In analog amplification, the signal is constantly
- fluctuating in amplitude and frequency. In a digital
- amplifier, we can SAMPLE this constant change so many times
- per second that a recreation of the original signal is
- "almost" identical with the original signal. But, not quite.
- For most applications it is, however, extremely good and all
- factors of distortion can be eliminated making the "new"
- digital sample appear even better than the original analog
- signal.
-
- Suppose that we have an analog signal that looks like this...
-
- ╒═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
- │ │+ . . . │
- │ │ . . . . . . │
- │ │ . . . . . . │
- │ │ . . . . . . │
- │ ├────────.─────.───────.─────.───────.────────── │
- │ │ . . . . . . │
- │ │ . . . . . . │
- │ │ . . . │
- │ │- │
- ╘═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╛
-
- Now, in order to SAMPLE this signal digitally, all we need
- to do is determine how many time we want to sample the
- signal. Obviously, the more times that we can "sample" it,
- the better our digital "copy" will be.
-
- Look at the next "scope" display.
-
-
- ╒═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
- │ │+ . . . │
- │ │ .│. .│. . . │
- │ │ .│││. .│││. . . │
- │ │ .│││││. .│││││. . . │
- │ ├────────.─────.───────.─────.───────.────────── │
- │ │ │││││ │││││ . . │
- │ │ .│││. .│││. . . │
- │ │ .│. .│. . │
- │ │- . . │
- ╘═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╛
-
- The vertical lines represent the "points" at which the
- signal is being sampled. Digital circuits assign numeric
- values to the individual sample points. As the signal goes
- POSITIVE we can assign a number to the value that
- corresponds to the amplitude of the analog signal. Perhaps,
- a number like 0000111. Then, as the signal goes NEGATIVE we
- can assign another number. Perhaps, 1110000. We might end up
- with a bunch of numbers that look like this...
-
-
- 0000001
- 0000011
- 0000111 Positive Values (+)
- 0001111
- ─────────────────────────────────────
- 1111110
- 1111100 Negative Values (-)
- 1111000
- 1110000
-
-
- Each number represents a different value that corresponds to
- a different amplitude of the original ANALOG signal.
- Instead, of the constantly fluctuating values, we end up
- with a good "sample" or representation of what the original
- signal looked like. Then we can use the numbers to recreate
- the signal. As you can see, the more samples we can take,
- the more apt the numeric representation will correspond to
- the original.
-
- Converting NUMBERS back into an analog signal is
- accomplished with a DIGITAL to ANALOG (DA) device. Getting
- the numbers from an ANALOG signal is accomplished with a
- ANALOG to DIGITAL (AD) device.
-
- As we said, digital circuits use devices called,
- appropriately enough, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. A single IC can
- contain many thousands of individual transistors etched onto
- a silicon substrate no larger than your fingernail.
- Designers, draw large MAPS of what they want their circuit
- to look like and how they want it to behave. Then, through
- photography and other sophisticated techniques, they reduce
- the larger schematic to a tiny fraction of the original size
- and ETCH it on silicon.
-
- The BASIC digital devices are called names that relate to
- their BOOLEAN mathmatic counterpart. For example, AND, OR,
- NOR, NAND and NOT are terms that are used to describe
- individual IC devices. And, once again, all that these
- switches can do is turn ON or OFF or detect a +VCC and -VCC
- voltage level.
-
- An "OR" device has 2 inputs and a single output.
-
- ┌─────┐
- A ───┼ │
- B ───┼ ├─── out
- └─────┘
- If either A (input) or B (input) is +VCC then the output
- will be +VCC. EITHER/OR logic.
-
- An "AND" device is the same with a major exception. Both A &
- B must be "HIGH" in order for the output to be +VCC.
- Otherwise, the output will be "LOW" or -VCC.
-
- Press ESCape to return to the main menu.
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