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- █ ███ ██ ███ ██ ███ █ AC/DC THEORY
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- ├──┐ │ │ ├──┐ ├───┘
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- There are 2 kinds of electricity (CURRENT):
- AC (alternating current)
- DC (direct current)
-
- It may help to think of AC current as a "pulsing" voltage
- that squirts out of a generating source at a rate of speed
- that is referred to as FREQUENCY.
-
- Regular "Houshold Current" in the United States is supplied
- at a FREQUENCY of 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second). Before Hertz
- (Hz) was adapted as the standard reference for FREQUENCY it
- was commonly referred to as CPS. (See Glossary) It is
- supplied at a voltage level of 115-120 VAC @ 60 Hz.
-
- Actually, AC current could be supplied at any frequency
- rate - even up to millions of Hz. Lower frequencies are
- more manageable so the original standard for the early
- utility companies settled on 60 Hz. Most European countries
- supply a 50 Hz AC current. As you will learn, appliances
- made for American use may not be suitable if you move to
- London or vice versa. And, in the use of RF energy sources
- you will begin to understand more about FREQUENCY. For this
- chapter we are going to assume that you do not yet know the
- difference between AC and DC anymore than you did when you
- first began reading.
-
- While AC current always fluctuates at some FREQUENCY,
- Direct Current (DC) has absolutely ZERO frequency. Or, it
- should. When building power supplies you will be quite
- concerned if you have RIPPLE in your finished device - a
- tiny, yet troublesome, left over residue of FREQUENCY from
- the power line source.
-
- You see, almost every electronic product, as opposed to
- appliances, must convert AC to DC before it can do anything
- at all. So, the household AC current must be changed to DC
- current to power your radios, TV's and whatknots.
-
- All the way from 60 Hertz to ZERO Herts...
-
- And, the voltage level of 115 VAC must be reduced
- considerably for modern equipment such as computers (which
- actually operate on voltages no larger than 5 to 12 VDC)
- and solid state ham radio equipment that only use 13.5 VDC
- (automotive current) supplies.
-
- Now, you ask...
- "Okay, I have AC and DC. So what?"
-
- Well, it gets a little more complicated if you don't
- understand the basics. So, notice the graph.
-
-
- ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
- ██ ██
- ██ ├──────────── one cycle ────────────┤ ██
- ██ ██
- ██ v +5 ┼ . ██
- ██ o ┼ . . . ██
- ██ l ┼ . . │ . ██
- ██ t 0 ├─────────────────Φ─────────────────Φ────── ██
- ██ a ┼ . . │ ██
- ██ g ┼ . . ██
- ██ e -5 ┼ . │ ██
- ██ ──── time/frequency 1 second ── ██
- ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
- ╔═══════════════════════════════╗ AC fluctuates from +5 volts
- ║ This represents 5 VAC @ 1 Hz. ║ to -5 volt. 0 volt 3 times.
- ╚═══════════════════════════════╝ Follow the dots...
-
- It starts a CYCLE at ZERO volts. Half way through the cycle
- the voltage drops to ZERO and also, at the end of the cycle
- it drops to ZERO. Everything in between is either a PLUS or
- a NEGATIVE voltage level. The FORWARD half of the CYCLE is
- POSITIVE (+) and the BACK HALF is NEGATIVE (-) in this
- diagram.
-
- Now, see what DC (direct) current looks like @ (-) 2 volts.
- No fluctuation. No SINE WAVE like the AC current. FLAT as a
- rock!
-
- ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
- ██ ██
- ██ v +3 ┼ ██
- ██ o ┼ ██
- ██ l ┼ ██
- ██ t 0 ├────────────────────────────────────────── ██
- ██ a ┼ ██
- ██ g ┼ ....................................... ██
- ██ e -3 ┼ ██
- ██ ██
- ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
- ╔═══════════════════════════════╗
- ║ This represents (-) 2 VDC ║
- ╚═══════════════════════════════╝
- If you move the dotted line up above ZERO, the DC voltage
- becomes POSITIVE. Direct current does not "pulse" or
- fluctuate between a positive and negative voltage.
-
- If the dotted line (representing the TIME/LEVEL) had small
- waves flowing through it, that would represent the effect
- of not properly designing your power supply and filtering
- out the original 60 Hz powering your stuff from the wall
- socket.
-
- Alternating current is usually CREATED by using a generator
- to convert a spinning rotor/stator combination into
- electricity. The FREQUENCY is determined by another source
- sometimes called an EXCITER. Without additional circuitry
- it is difficult to get an AC current out of a DC battery.
- That's right. Batteries, like the ones in your car, golf
- carts, watches and TV's all supply a source of Direct
- current.
-
- In many cases, when you use a small electronic device from
- the AC source, the device has a power supply to convert the
- AC current to DC current which actually drives the device.
- For example, while it would not be practical, almost any
- recent VCR could be operated by battery sources by
- bypassing the power supply(s) and providing the proper
- voltages and currents for normal operation.
-
- The HAM BONE chapter on POWER SUPPLIES provides a complete
- overview of converting AC to DC by using diodes and
- regulator devices.
-
- Press ESCape to return to the menu...
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