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- HARD DISCS - GOOD NEWS/BAD NEWS
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-
- A simple observation: the first accessory any computer user should
- buy for a computer is a hard disc/hard drive. Why? Simply stated on a
- dollar for dollar basis nothing speeds up processing and expands
- convenient storage capabilities like a hard drive. The convenience factor
- a hard disc/drive adds to a computer is substantial, however the
- large storage capacity of the device contains the seeds of catastrophe
- if substantial amounts of essential data are lost due to improper
- understanding or misuse. In addition several software
- programs and concepts should be understood such as disk optiminzers,
- underase and undelete programs, low and high level formatting and other
- useful concepts.
-
- What is a hard drive? If you have worked with a floppy disc you already
- understand much about hard drives. Basically the hard drive unit is
- a sealed electronic chamber (sealed against dust and dirt) which
- contains rapidly spinning single or multiple platters.
- The platter(s) are similar to a floppy disc in that it stores information
- magnetically - it can be erased and rewritten as needed. The trick is,
- however, that the storage capability is immense. A floppy typically
- holds about one third of a million computer characters (360,000 or
- 360K bytes). The hard drive can commonly hold 20 or 30 million
- computer words or more. In addition, the hard drive motor spins the
- magnetic platter quickly so that information is transferred rapidly
- rather than the slow tedious rate of the leisurely spinning floppy.
- A small read/write head hovers and moves above the hard drive
- magnetic platter much like a phonograph needle above a record.
-
- Many computer operations tend to slow down at the critical bottleneck
- of information transfer from computer memory (RAM) to disc - be the
- disc floppy or hard. The faster the transfer, the faster the program
- operates.
-
- All hard drives arrive in two parts: the drive (a box) and the controller
- (a circuit board). The hard drive stores the information. The controller
- assumes the role of a high speed "translator/traffic cop/servant" to
- help the hard drive move its massive amount of information smoothly.
-
- Now the bad news: hard drives are touchy if mistreated! Once spinning
- and in operation, the hard drive should never be bumped or moved
- lest the read/write head (similar to the phonograph needle resting
- on a record) smash or chip into the surface of the hard drive platter.
-
- In addition always maintain copies of data and programs outside the
- hard drive (backup). Many computer users maintain vital data on
- floppies or other backup systems and use the hard drive to store
- programs (e.g.,spreadsheet and database). Backups are a good idea even
- for floppy discs (make two copies of everything!)
-
- Hard drives should periodically be reorganized (files unfragmented)
- to ensure speedy retrieval and access to data. Hard drives tend
- to bog down as more information is stored. Inexpensive or free
- software programs known as "disc file unfragmenters" do this
- job nicely. A hard drive in normal use tends to store files in scattered
- pieces - the hard drive is able to still find all of the pieces for
- assembly into a final contiguous or continuous file, but the process is
- slower than if the file was already neatly in order. This is the
- reason for periodically "unfragmenting" a hard drive. Floppies also
- gradually build up file fragmentation and will benefit from the process.
-
- Let's briefly look at hard drive formatting processes. Two basic formatting
- types or operations are of concern: physical formatting or low level
- formatting and logical or high level formatting. When you use the format
- program on a floppy disc both low level and high level formatting is
- accomplished. On a hard disk, format performs only logical formatting.
-
- On a hard disc low level formatting is usually done to to disc before
- shipment. As an aside, the FDISK command of DOS has little to
- do with either type of formatting, but is a method of partitioning
- or arranging the data onto the hard drive.
-
- A brief description of low level formatting: hard disks are constructed
- of one or several magnetic platters. Each platter is separated into
- circular concentric tracks where data is stored. During physical
- formatting the tracks are divided into further subdivisions called
- clusters and further yet into sectors. High level formatting involves
- the specific ordering of the space for the exclusive use of DOS and
- is a bit more analagous to the formatting of a floppy disc.
-
- A well arranged hard drive is frequently divided into subdirectories
- for convenient storage. Frequently a main (root) directory is
- prepared where central and startup files are stored. Several
- or many subdirectories "branch" from the root directory.
-
- (Refer again to our earlier discussion of the DOS subdirectory and
- path commands in our advanced DOS discussion . . .)
-
- In diagrammatic form this might be seen in a simple example as:
-
-
-
- root directory
- |
- |
- |
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- | | |
- | | |
- | | |
- database spreadsheet games
- | | |
- | | |
- | | |
- data files business data personal data
-
-
-
- Subdirectories are essential for good hard disc organization.
-
- On the screen a subdirectory listing of any subdirectory might
- show the first two entries named . and .. (single dot and double dot).
- The first is a name for the directory itself which gives DOS a
- guide to the first area of the subdirectory. The .. is a
- name for the parent (higher) directory. Anytime that a directory
- can be referred to, one can use . or .. For example, if you want
- to copy all of a diskette, you could use copy A:. instead of copy A:*.*
-
- Be careful to use short pathnames, especially in the DOS search PATH.
- A long path name (example: \this\that\another) slows down DOS searches.
-
- When you erase a file or reformat a hard disk it is possible
- to frequently retrieve the data with special undeleting programs
- (Norton utlities and others) since DOS erases only the first
- letter of the file name (leaves the main data as is!). DOS
- allows the name to be overwritten later by any new file name
- and the old data storage area to be also overwritten. Thus if you
- are timely(immediately undeleting the file before more data is
- added) you can retrieve the deleted file. If, however other
- files are copied over the first file before the undelete is
- performed, the old data is lost forever.
-
- Some software programs of use for hard drive owners:
-
- (most contain undelete or unerase functions, some also contain unfragmenting
- functions)
-
- Norton utilities
- Mace Utilities
- PC Tools
- Bakers Dozen
- SST
-
-
- now press escape key to return to menu
-
-