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Chuck Forsberg User Manual for ZCOMM Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM Communications Software Featuring TurboLearn(TM) Script Writer, Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM), Error Containment(TM), and OverThruster(TM) User Supported Communications Software Tools User Manual for ZCOMM Universal Line Printer Edition Copyright 1990 Omen Technology Inc All Rights Reserved Omen Technology Incorporated The High Reliability Software Box 4681 Portland Oregon 97208 VOICE: 503-621-3406 :VOICE TeleGodzilla Modem: 621-3746 Speed 1200,2400,19200 Compuserve:70007,2304 GEnie:CAF BIX:cforsberg UUCP: ...!tektronix!reed!omen!caf Copyright 1984 to 1990 Omen Technology INC All Rights Reserved (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 0 Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 2 1. INTRODUCTION ZCOMM Industrial Stength Communications Shareware(TM) ZCOMM helps collect, control, and transmit information with a minimum of time, hassle, and expense. Concise commands and unobtrusive displays facilitate telecommunications instead of distracting. When it comes to file transfers, just remember who wrote YMODEM and ZMODEM. Two decades of telecommunications knowledge are distilled in ZCOMM. 1.1 Data Capture ZCOMM's Full-Time Capture Buffer(TM) saves scrolled data other programs lose. You can scroll, page, and string search to cut and paste captured information. Omen's Error Containment(TM) technology minimizes errors caused by line hits and their effects on automatic scripts. ZCOMM captures text with many choices of parity bit and control character editing. ZCOMM can capture binary data without protocols. ZCOMM does not limit the length of captured files. 1.2 File Transfer Protocols Years of communications experience distilled in ZCOMM provide rapid file transfers with unmatched reliability. Unsolicited customer testimonials chronicle accurate file transfers under conditions that crash the other programs, thanks to Omen Technology's Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM) compatible logic enhancements and thorough protocol stress testing. ZCOMM's protocols are more cost effective than the minimal, unreliable XMODEM support available with other programs. They are easier to find and more useful than undocumented proprietary protocols. 1.3 ZMODEM-90(TM) Sate of the Art File Transfers "ZMODEM is the overall winner" -BYTE Magazine, Feb 1989 How often has your modem disconnected when you were within the last few bytes of a long, expensive file transfer? With ZCOMM's ZMODEM file transfers, you can resume the transfer from where you were cut off, without wasted time or phone charges! And, if the transfer aborted because you ran out of disk space, ZMODEM can recover from that too! (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 1 Introduction Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 3 ZMODEM transfers files and commands with a uniquely user friendly interface. Unlike traditional protocols, only one command or menu choice is needed to transfer files or download commands. "Pro-YAM's Autodownload feature for ZMODEM (and KERMIT) has got me completely addicted." A 32 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check, five orders of magnitude more sensitive than CRC-16 and billions of times more sensitive than XMODEM checksum protects your data. ZMODEM provides high throughput with full integrity even with timesharing systems, high speed buffered modems, and packet switched networks. Unlike other "high speed protocols", ZMODEM's high speed does not compromise reliability. Omen Technology's ZMODEM-90(TM) enhancements provide unmatched ZMODEM transfer speeds and additional flexibility. ZMODEM compression provides spectacular throughput increases on suitable files. Other ZMODEM features include text file translation, selective transfer of modified files, and remote file maintenance. Security authentication* disables Trojan Horse attacks. ZMODEM supports global operations by preserving the exact file contents and modification date, unaffected by crossing time zones. "Here's the simple fact. Zmodem is the state-of-the-art protocol for microcomputers. It's the protocol of choice. Forget the old dogs. It's fast and bullet-proof." -John C. Dvorak, INSIDE TRACK, PC Magazine June 1989 "without doubt the number one protocol" -Boardwatch Magazine January 1990 ZMODEM's convenience, speed and reliability have made it the protocol of choice with bulletin boards, BIX, GEnie, Portal Unison, and other information utilities. While competitors hype the performance of their undocumented proprietary protocols, experienced BBS operators know ZMODEM is the only high performance protocol that survives on the streets. Source code for complementary Unix and VMS programs is provided. 1.4 XMODEM: The Lingua Franca of Traditional Programs ZCOMM supports the ubiquitous Ward Christensen "XMODEM" protocol with Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM) and automatic file name generation. Omen Technology's exclusive Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM) transfers files under conditions that crash other programs. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 1 Introduction Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 4 + XMODEM CRC-16 Even today, few commercial programs support 16 bit CRC, the standard of XMODEM file transfer technology since 1981. CRC-16 error detection is orders of magnitude more accurate than checksum. Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM) catches and corrects transmission errors that confound other programs. + True YMODEM(TM) batch file transfers preserve the exact file name, file length and creation date. + XMODEM-1k and YMODEM-1k 1024 byte packets increase XMODEM/YMODEM throughput. 1.5 Kermit: A Cure for Brain Damage Kermit transfers ASCII and binary files with IBM, CDC, Cray, DEC, ICL, Harris, Honeywell, Pr1me, Tandem, Univac and other mainframes that do not support XMODEM. While not as fast as ZMODEM, Kermit is more reliable than XMODEM/YMODEM. ZCOMM's 16 bit Kermit CRC is thousands of times more sensitive to errors than other programs' 6 bit checksum. + Convenient Kermit AutoDownload adjusts to the sending program's Kermit dialect, saving keystrokes and frustration. (Dialect incompatibilities often confound users of other programs.) + Long Packet Kermit speeds file transfers with IBM, CDC, and Cray mainframe systems. Sliding Windows Kermit speeds other transfers. + Kermit Server Access functions support low cost networking. 1.6 Swiss Army Knife for Protocols + Extended Quick-B streaming protocol slashes CompuServe download costs up to 60 per cent or more. + OverThruster(TM) Speeds XMODEM and YMODEM downloads + ZCOMM supports bulletin boards and traditional communications programs with MODEM7 batch, Telink/FIDO, and Clink/SEAlink file transfer protocols. + WXMODEM (Windowed XMODEM) speeds People-Link(TM) timesharing service downloads. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 1 Introduction Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 5 1.7 Controlling Information ZCOMM's Full-Time Capture Buffer(TM) lets you flip back and forth or search, scanning two hundred messages from bulletin boards in a couple of minutes. (It has to be seen to be believed.) To compose a reply, call your favorite editor (the one you've already learned!) as a subroutine without losing your place. ZCOMM's high speed screen driver makes life pleasant: + Easy on the eyes: ZCOMM supports No Flicker displays, up to 450 per cent faster than DOS + VT220, VT102, VT100, Wyse, TTY 5425, ANSI, Z19, VT52, TI 940, IBM 3101, Televideo 9xx, and ADM3a emulation. + Supports 132 columns and advanced displays (114x60, etc.) + VT100 character graphics and keyboard mapping support "visual" programs. Unlike most "VT100" emulators, ZCOMM correctly displays EDT, AllIn1, SCO setcolor, and DEC Store on an XT even at 19200 baud. + Hardcopy Terminal Emulation previews printer output. + Visual (silent) bell preserves domestic tranquillity + Settable number of lines and columns, border color, default colors, autowrap, keyboard mapping enable. Full pathnames, directories, and wildcards support file transfers and utility commands. ZCOMM can search files for lines matching a string, insensitive to case. 1.8 Transmitting Information + Dual stack Command Recall saves your keyboarded host commands in a history file for search, recall, editing, and reentry. + Convenient Split Screen option allows responsive local editing of input lines before transmission. + A rich palette of editing and timing modes permit file and message upload, even to fussy microcomputer Bulletin Boards. + Remote access for file transfers and DOS program execution with baud rate detection and three passworded security levels. + Outcall Queue intersperses scheduled outgoing calls with incoming messages on one modem line. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 1 Introduction Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 6 1.9 Other Features Interrupt driven modem input allows High speed operation with file transfer and conversational terminal operation at 19200 bps and above. ZCOMM fully exploits advanced features of the new UART chips for best operation at high speeds. A real-time status line displays column, row, time, elapsed time, transmission speed, and other important information. Soft keys provide convenient execution of common commands. ZCOMM is written in C for performance, portability and maintainability. ZCOMM loads quickly from a moderately sized executable file with no cumbersome overlays. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 1 Registration Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 7 2. ZCOMM REGISTRATION ZCOMM is a user supported program developed and supported by Chuck Forsberg. ZCOMM is not and never has been public domain. Registration buys you: + Your own unique ZCOMM Serial Number Password (ZSNP). Your ZSNP may be applied to copies of ZCOMM to be run on a single machine. + Serialized of ZCOMM deactivates the registration request display and the pause afterwards. + Serialization activates the egrep, egrepm, expand, split, and ss commands and the outcall queue. Features denoted with ** are available in serialized copies of ZCOMM. + Serialization more than doubles the circular buffer size. + A software disk with the current version of ZCOMM, the putsnp program to serialize your copy of ZCOMM with your ZSNP, and the tree structured "flash-up" help processor and help file included in ZCOMMHLP.ARC. + The complete Professional-YAM User Manual, more than 200 Typeset pages, with many chapters not included here, ready for insertion into a PC size binder. + The Pro-YAM Crib Sheet. + A ZCOMM registration is worth $40.00 when upgrading to Professional-YAM. The $99.00 upgrade includes the Pro-YAM software disks and license. You will already have the manual from your ZCOMM registration package. + A warm fuzzy feeling arising from the knowledge you have supported the advancement of ZMODEM. REGISTRATION DETAILS: + Basic registration (ZSNP, disk, manual pages): $40.00 + Optional Custom Binder: $10.00 + Optional 3.5 inch diskette: $5.00 + Domestic/Canada Surface Shipping: Free with prepaid orders + International Air Mail (most countries): $15.00[1] (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 2 Registration Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 8 + Optional Domestic UPS Second Day AIR: $5.00 + Credit Card/C.O.D. S&H: $5.00 Don't bother scrounging for an envelope, use the INSTANT MAILER included in this archive! 2.1 Legal Necessities ZCOMM may not be modified, patched, hacked, disassembled, decompiled, or otherwise reverse engineered, or sold, without prior written permission by Omen Technology Inc. This prohibition applies to any theft of the intellectual property and trade secrets contained in ZCOMM by decompilation, disassembly, or any other form of reverse engineering including but not limited to profiling, tracing, data analysis, or monitoring the operation of ZCOMM. The only legitimate way to disable the opening advertisement in ZCOMM is to insert an authorized SNP obtained from Omen Technology into ZCOMM with the putsnp program. Any other suppression or modification of the opening screen is illegal, unethical, and prohibited. Distribution of programs and/or instructions on how to modify, patch, disassemble, decompile, or otherwise reverse engineer ZCOMM without prior written permission by Omen Technology Inc is a theft of services and a violation of federal copyright law, and will be referred to the FBI for investigation and prosecution under federal conspiracy statutes. Applicable RICO law provides for treble damages and recovery of attorney's fees. Distribution of ZCOMM in any medium without this documentation file constitutes an unauthorized modification. Students may use unregistered copies of ZCOMM in the discharge of assigned coursework for the duration of the course without obligation to register. Otherwise, individuals may use ZCOMM with only a moral obligation to register their copy with Omen Technology once they find it useful. You may distribute the unmodified ZCOMM*.ARC archive files[2] to as many as you wish, or post them on bulletin boards, etc. Businesses must register their copies of ZCOMM. ______________________________________________________________________ 1. $25.00 to Australia etc. if binder included due to higher cost. 2. The archives may be converted to other storage or archive formats, including "zipping", provided no files are modified or removed. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 2 Registration Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 9 3. ZCOMM's Big Brother ZCOMM is the Little Brother of Professional-YAM. As powerful as ZCOMM is, more powerful than other user supported software, it pales beside Omen Technology's commercial Professional-YAM software. Pro-YAM's TurboDial(TM) script language provides state of the art real time pattern recognition, "regular expiression" string parsing, script development aids, script encryption, queue management, extensive logging facilities, and finely tuned security control unmatched in the industry. Fortune 500 corporations use these exclusive features to support large PC based telecommunications projects involving attended and unattended operation. Specialized utility commands allow Pro-YAM and a PC or DG/One portable to replace data line monitors in many applications. Pro-YAM supports Echoplex uploads and high speed data dumps in addition to the uniquely accurate and robust XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM, and Kermit protocol transfers shared with ZCOMM. Pro-YAM has many powerful utility commands that earn it the sobriquet Integrated Communications Tools. Pro-YAM is available with the Tymnet X.PC link level protocol for multiple, concurrent data transfers. Omen Technology also markets highly compatible Unix and Xenix flavors of Pro-YAM. Omen Technology's Demand Upgrade(TM) technology and small company responsiveness meet the support needs of a growing base of demanding customers. Professional-YAM is a superset of ZCOMM; applications and scripts developed on ZCOMM will operate with Pro-YAM. This ZCOMM manual omits descriptions of many Pro-YAM features not included in ZCOMM. The special symbol * denotes Pro-YAM features not included in ZCOMM. Pro-YAM features not included in ZCOMM include X.PC, encryption, CryptoScript(TM) capability, Password Guardian(TM), logs, the ap, apd, fget, fput, kbdmon, link, on, portx, purgek, quit, restime, restrict, timestamp, trs, and usq commands, and certain vertical application and security related features. (Newer versions of ZCOMM include the logging facility.) In some places you will see references to a fake Chapter 99. Pro-YAM manual chapters not included in this document are designated by Chapter 99. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 3 ZCOMM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 10 ZCOMM registration can be upgraded to Pro-YAM as described in the previous chapter. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 3 Design Philosophy Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 11 4. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ZCOMM is a Communications Tool. Once learned, ZCOMM's command interface is more powerful, faster, and less cumbersome than a menu interface. Indeed, menus comprehensive enough to describe all the nuances of ZCOMM's capabilities would take up more memory than most microcomputers can afford. In addition, remote operation of ZCOMM would be excruciatingly slow due to transmission delays displaying the appropriate menu pages. ZCOMM's look and feel has been influenced by the MODEM series of programs, the Unix(TM) Operating System, the Berkeley Editor (vi), CP/M(TM), PC-DOS, and ANSI standards. Function keys F1 and F2 have been assigned with a logical grouping. Wherever meaningful, F1 exits from a function, and F2 enters the logical "next" function. From the command prompt, F2 enters the term function, and from there another F2 enters the review function. Once in the review function (assuming it was called from the term function), F1 exits back to the term function, from where another F1 exits to the command prompt. Another ethic guiding ZCOMM's design is respect for the user's information. The user's data is, after all, precisely what a modem program is all about. Status information is limited to one CRT line to allow maximum screen size for data. Fancy display modes such as reverse video are used sparingly to avoid distracting from the user's work. If you seek a video arcade modem game, ZCOMM will disappoint you. 4.1 Circular Buffer The circular buffer remotely resembles the linear "capture buffer" used by other modem programs. Many ZCOMM commands involve the circular buffer, including the t, f, wait, ki, kill, w, review, and close commands. The term function uses the circular buffer as a first in, first out (FIFO) buffer for data arriving from the remote. The circular organization of this buffer makes the most recent data always available for review and arbitrary writing to disk files. When the circular buffer has been filled and the XOFF character sent to the remote, ZCOMM writes the contents of the circular buffer to the capture file if a capture file has been opened. ZCOMM then checks whether any characters remain to be written to the printer. When both of these checks are satisfied, ZCOMM then sends an XON character to the remote to resume the transmission of data. Keyboarding ALT-W or enabling j mode writes the contents of the (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 4 Circular Buffer Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 12 circular buffer to the capture file without waiting for the circular buffer to fill up first. The large storage capacity of the circular buffer may be used to review the most recent data captured from the remote. The review command allows one to page back and forth through the data captured from the remote. Forward and backward string searches make it easy to locate important text. The review command also allows segments of the data in the circular buffer to be selectively saved on disk (cut and pasted). Scripts can search and mark text captured from the remote with the full power of regular expression pattern matching. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 4 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 13 5. ROSETTA STONE Alphanumeric An alphanumeric character is either a letter or a decimal digit 0 to 9. Baud A baud is a signaling unit conveying one or more bits of information. Baudrate is commonly (and usually incorrectly) interchanged with bits per second. BPS is an abbreviation for "bits per second", a measure of transmission speed. ASCII Asynchronous transmission generally uses 10 bits to transmit each character, so the speed in characters per second is one tenth the speed measured in bits per second. Capture The term function captures data from the remote into the circular buffer. This data may be paged back and forth with the review function, or written to a disk file. Character Escape is a sequence of characters initiated by a backslash character used to represent a control character or programmable string using printable characters. Character escapes are described in Chapter 25. CPMEOF A control character (hex 1A) added to the end of text files by traditional microcomputer programs. This practice was popular with the Digital Research CP/M 8 bit operating system. Crash Recovery(TM) refers to the ZMODEM File Transfer Protocol's ability to resume file transfers that have been interrupted by a line disconnect from the point where the transfer was interrupted. Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC) is a datum (16 or 32 bits) generated by a cyclic code. The CRC-16 extension to the Ward Christensen XMODEM protocol provides a high level of data integrity. CRC-16 guarantees detection of all single and double bit errors, all errors with an odd number of error bits, all burst errors of length 16 or less, 99.9969% of all 17-bit error bursts, and 99.9984 per cent of all possible longer error bursts. The actual performance is even better because the errors that sneak by CRC-16 are often detected by the other error checks simultaneously applied by ZCOMM's Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM). ZMODEM's 32 bit CRC provides five orders of magnitude more accurate error detection than XMODEM's CRC-16 a billion times more accurate than 8 bit checksum used by standard XMODEM.. Download is the transfer of data from the host system down to your computer. DTR is an abbreviation for Data Terminal Ready. Data Terminal Ready is a signal sent by the computer to the modem to condition it to (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 14 accept commands or answer an incoming call. When DTR is "dropped" (switched off), the modem should disconnect from the line. Execute When a string parameter is executed, it is normally sent to the remote (modem). If it begins with "@", the remainder is executed as a ZCOMM command. Filespec Some ZCOMM commands instruct a remote Kermit server program to send, receive, print, type, or delete one or more files. The syntax of this specification is defined by the remote Kermit server program, not ZCOMM. If filespec contains spaces, filespec must be enclosed by double quotes. Flow Control restrains the speed of transmission to prevent loss of data when a fast sender must send to a slower receiver. Hardware signals, control characters, and protocol handshakes can be used to provide restraint, singly or in combinations. SEE ALSO: handshake command, zmodem w parameter, Flow Control Chapter 13 Functions are operations supported by ZCOMM, such as a dir, type, s, r, or t (term) command. A command may set or reset mode[s], change a parameter, or perform a function. Host Operation allows remote access of files and programs. Iff If and only if. Integrity in a data transfer protocol refers to the ability of the protocol to guarantee a correct data transfer provided both sender and receiver report a successful transfer. Integrity is a different measure of a file transfer protocol than robustness, which is a measure of a protocol's ability to complete the requested transfers in the presence of errors, independent of the probability of undetected errors. Kermit ia an error correcting batch file transfer protocol developed at Columbia University and elsewhere. The Kermit protocol supports text and binary file transfers with many mainframe computers whose hardware and operating software preclude implementation of high performance protocols. Line Hit A burst of noise on a telephone line may generate modem data errors. A single "line hit" may garble dozens of characters. ZCOMM's Error Containment(TM) technology may be used to reduce the number of characters garbled by each line hit in terminal emulation data capture. Modes Many modes are available to modify the way the term function receives, displays, transmits, and stores data. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 15 N.B. Nota Bene, Latin for "note well" or "take notice". Options Options apply to the Kermit, s, sx, sb, s7, st, r, rx, r7, rb, and rc protocol file transfer commands. q.v. Quod Vide is Latin for "which see", an invitation to consult information on the subject mentioned. Pathname is a complete file name, including disk and directories. EXAMPLE: c:/ZCOMM/PHODIR.t Pathspec ... A pathspec consists of zero or more pathnames. Unambiguous and ambiguous (with wildcard characters) pathnames may be specified in any combination. The wildcard filename characters * and ? are allowed as described in the IBM DOS manual chapter "Global Filename Characters". In DOS, only the filename portion of the pathname may contain wildcards. EXAMPLE: src/cmd/*.c is legal; src/*/foo.c is not. On 32 bit Unix systems, ZCOMM expands "*" and "?" the way the shell does. All the shell wildcards may be used including multiple wildcards, wildcards in directories, and ranges. ~user expands to the login directory of user, and ~ expands to your home directory. In addition, `command` takes the output of command as a series of pathnames. EXAMPLE: dir */[a-i]* displays all files starting with "a" to "i" in all subdirectories immediately below the current directory. An empty pathspec represents all files in the current directory on the current disk. A disk identifier without any file names represents all files on that disk's current directory. A directory pathname expands to all files in the specified directory. Sequences of the form %svar are replaced by the value (possibly empty) of the string parameter svar. If svar is not a string parameter, no substitution is made. A pathspec may contain any combination of the above, separated by spaces or tabs. If pathspec includes a disk specifier (such as a: or b:), ZCOMM checks the disk specifier against the list of permissible disk specifiers in the string parameter disks. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 16 The various filename expansions are especially useful in the context of commands such as wc, sum, crc, find, sb, and sz. For example, wc applies to all files in the current directory, and wc dir applies to all files in dir. ZCOMM pathnames may use / or \ to delimit directories. Regular Expressions control pattern matching and grouping of text by the ss and egrep commands. "Magic" characters specify the pattern matching and grouping processes. Remote refers to the machine or terminal with which ZCOMM is communicating. This could be a direct RS-232 connection to a local terminal, micro, mini, or mainframe, or a timesharing system accessed through a modem and a global packet switched network. Restraint See "Flow Control" above. Restricted For security reasons, ZCOMM is restricted to prevent unauthorized dial-in users from accessing private data or crashing the system. Certain commands are illegal when ZCOMM is restricted, and only specified disk drives and directories may be accessed. Review Function Characters output from the remote may be paged and searched online with the review function. This data may also be cut and pasted to disk files. Robustness in a file transfer protocol refers to the protocol's ability to complete transfers in the presence of errors induced by line noise or other sources. Robustness is a different measure of a file transfer protocol than integrity, a measure of the probability of correct data transfer given a successful completion of the transfer process. Script A script is a set of commands that control dialogues with the user or a remote system. Script Level refers to the degree of nesting of scripts. Level 0 is called by the user directly, and each higher level is executed by a gosub or other command from the previous level. Shell Escape is a DOS command or program called as a subroutine from ZCOMM via a DOS Gateway. The phrase "shell escape" comes from the Unix(TM) Operating System, whose command interpreter is called "the shell". Soft Keys Strings or commands may be assigned to the Soft Keys with set commands, including those in the telephone directory "setup" entry executed each time ZCOMM starts. ZCOMM recognizes the forty function key codes produced by the function keys F1 to F12. FS1 (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 17 to FS12 are obtained with a Shift key, FC1 to FC12 are obtained with the Ctrl key, and FA1 to FA12 are obtained with the Alt key. The cursor keys and extra function keys on 101 key Extended Keyboards are also recognized. Strings or commands may be assigned to BS, ESC, Ins, Del, Home, End, Up, Down, Left, Right, PgUp, and PgDn, overriding their normal functions in the term function. String Some commands take a string argument. If a string argument contains spaces, tabs, and a semicolon, it must be enclosed by double quotes (shift single quote on the IBM PC keyboard). Control characters may be included in strings with character escapes similar to those used by the C Programming Language. Term Function ZCOMM's Term Function provides the conversational "connection" between the user and the remote. The term function captures data from the remote into ZCOMM's circular buffer from whence it may be displayed, printed, stored in a disk file, or searched, cut and pasted by the review function. TWX Teletypewriter Exchange (Teletype Corp. TM). A simple protocol used to transmit files or paper tapes between dial-up teleprinters. Upload is a transfer of data from your computer up to the host system. Wild Card Many commands allow wild card file names in their pathspec (q.v.). Writing When a receive file is open as a result of a create or t filename command, data in the circular buffer is written out to the receive file when the circular buffer fills up or when a w or ALT-W command is given. XMODEM The Ward Christensen file transfer protocol uses 128 byte packets, one byte control messages, and a one byte arithmetic checksum. XMODEM/CRC A synonym for the enhanced Ward Christensen XMODEM protocol using a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-16). Newer programs support CRC-16 for better data integrity, but reliability is still compromised by one byte control messages. XMODEM-1k XMODEM protocol with 1024 byte data packets, CRC-16, and one byte control messages, sometimes incorrectly called ymodem. YMODEM YMODEM is a batch file transfer protocol with pathname, date, file length and other file data in block 0, CRC-16 default, and optional 1024 byte packets. Many programs claiming to support YMODEM actually use XMODEM with 1024 byte blocks; use ZCOMM's sx (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Rosetta Stone Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 18 -k and rx commands with these XMODEM mutants. XOFF, XON ASCII control characters control the flow of data. XOFF (Ctrl-S) stops and XON (Ctrl-Q) resumes the flow of data. Chapter 36 provides an ASCII code chart with the names for the control characters. ZCOMM is a shareware (User Supported) subset of Professional-YAM. ZMODEM An advanced public domain file transfer protocol with simplified human interface, crash recovery, high speed streaming, sensitive 32 bit CRC, command download, security features, and important file management functions. {arg1 | arg2} One of the arguments separated by | is required. [] Optional argument. * The special symbol * denotes features not included in ZCOMM. ** Denotes features not included in userialized (unregistered) copies of ZCOMM. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 5 Installing ZCOMM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 19 6. INSTALLING ZCOMM If you have registered your copy of ZCOMM, make yourself a working copy of the ZCOMM distribution disk using the DOS diskcopy command. Keep the distribution disk in a safe place away from nasty killers such as disk drives, displays, computers, magnets, motors, and coffee cups. The only time the distribution diskette should be out and about is when you are cloning your working copies. 6.1 Installation from Registration Disk Before installing ZCOMM, you may wish to create a directory for the ZCOMM files. If so, you must include this dorectory in the DOS PATH. Otherwise the files may be extracted to the root directory. The ZCOMM software files are contained in the ZCOMMEXE.ZIP and ZCOMMHLP.ZIP archives on the distribution disk. Use a standard "unzip" program such as PKUNZIP to extract files from these archives. The putsnp program inserts your ZCOMM Serial-Number-Password (ZSNP) into your working copiy of ZCOMM. Installing a legal serial number suppresses the pause after the opening message, enlarges the circular buffer, and enables new commands. The putsnp program prompts for your Serial/Number/Password (SNP) of the form X123456789. Putsnp checks for keyboarding mistakes and then verifies that you understand and agree to the licensing conditions. When you understand and agree to the licensing conditions, respond with yes (not just y). Then putsnp prompts for the name of a file to insert the serial number into. This should be a ZCOMM.EXE file that you have transferred to a scratch disk, or to an appropriate directory on your hard disk. Do not write on the distribution diskette unless a nuclear attack is in progress. After inserting the serial number in the given file, putsnp asks if you wish to change the default value for the phone directory pathname (string parameter phones). This is normally /PHODIR.t. If you wish to keep the phones file elsewhere, answer "yes".[1] Putsnp then searches for the location in your copy of ZCOMM that contains this information. When found, you may enter a new pathname,[2] up to 64 characters. __________ 1. The default value may also be overidden with the PHONES DOS environment variable. 2. Such as c:/zcomm/PHODIR.t. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 6 Installing ZCOMM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 20 Afterwards, you should copy the help processor files YHP.EXE and ZMANH.HLP from the disk. 6.2 Installation from ZCOMM*.ARC If you are using the software provided in ZCOMM*.ARC, be sure to save the original files for backup, and pass them on to your friends to fill their communications needs. There are currently three ZCOMM archive files: + ZCOMMEXE.ARC contains the executable program and demonstration files. + ZCOMMDOC.ARC contains this documentation. + ZCOMMHLP.ARC contains ZCOMM's tree structured help file and random access flash-up help processor. 6.3 Installation Continued The second order of business is to read this manual. There is just no way you can get your money's worth out of ZCOMM without reading, or at least carefully scanning, this manual. After all, didn't you get ZCOMM because you needed something more powerful than that cumbersome, unreliable, brain-damaged menu driven crock you've been using? (Perhaps you shouldn't answer that question just yet ...) You can then edit PHODIR.t to suit your own needs by inserting directory entries for the systems you wish to call and changing the phone numbers, account numbers, and passwords on the "standard" entries for popular timesharing services that you have accounts with. Be sure to check the setup entry and make any changes you feel appropriate. Once you have the "feel" of ZCOMM, you will want to remove the automatic menu invocation at the end of the setup directory entry. Chapter 9 gives a line by line tutorial for setting up your telephone directory assuming you are using a standard modem. If you are using a computer that runs at non standard clock rates (e.g., 8 mHz 8088 instead of 4.77 mHz) or with an enhanced CPU chip (NEC V20), you will need to set special values for the a and b numeric parameters as described in Chapter 23. **** WARNING **** Although ZCOMM is well behaved as communications programs go, some memory resident programs, special keyboard modifiers, print spoolers, or special display drivers, may cause (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 6 Installing ZCOMM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 21 problems. The POLYTRON memory-resident desktop organizer PolyWindows DeskPlus as well as POLYBoost work with ZCOMM. **** WARNING **** Since ZCOMM uses interrupts to read data from the serial ports, each serial port must be strapped for its proper interrupt vector. Some communications programs assign both IRQ3 and IRQ4 while operating, so they will operate even if the serial ports are not strapped properly. Since ZCOMM only assigns the interrupt vector of the port in use, incorrect IRQ level strapping will crash ZCOMM. Check the serial port addresses and vectors with the information given ith the port command in Chapter 18 if you encounter trouble starting ZCOMM. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 6 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 22 7. UNLEASHING THE MODEM 7.1 Hardware Interface DOS ZCOMM accesses serial ports at the standard COM1 and COM2 address, as well as COM3-COM18 as described under the port command. The portx command may be used to access 8250 family serial ports at non standard port addresses. When a port is selected, a quick hardware check is made to verify the existience and minimal functionality of the port. If this test fails, the message Port N Defective is displayed. An incorrect port switch or strap (jumper) configuration is the usual cause of this message. This check does not guarantee the port is connected to the proper IRQ line. If the port is not configured to use the proper IRQ line, the computer may lock up when the port is used. Some 8250 UART devices (used by serial interface adapters and internal modems) do not respond correctly when the software turns the transmitter interrupts on and off. High performance communications programs such as ZCOMM require properly functioning UART chips, such as the National Semiconductor 16450 or 16550A. 7.2 MODEM environment variable The mm224 dialing routine uses the MODEM environment variable to indicate the type of modem it is driving. Except for ZCOMM, the value inherited from the environment may be overridden with a set command. Currently supported values for MODEM are: AX9624 MicroCom AX/9624c with MNP Class 6. This modem includes a pseudo full duplex 9600 bps speed. HST U S Robotics HST Dual Standard HV96 Hayes V series Smartmodem 9600 MM224 MultiModem 224 without MNP. This works with many other 2400 bps modems with little or no modification. MM224E MultiModem 224E with MNP. MMV32 MultiModem V32 with MNP. SM1200 Hayes SmartModem 1200 TB Telebit TrialBlazer These values must be entered in UPPER CASE (all capital letters). (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 23 EXAMPLE: C>set modem=MM224E (DOS) EXAMPLE: $ MODEM=MM224E; export MODEM (Unix) When setting up for a particular modem type, be sure to configure the modem's switches and Non Volatile RAM (NVRAM) for use with ZCOMM. If nonstandard NVRAM settings interfere with ZCOMM's initialization scrip for that modem, you may have to manually restore the NVRAM contents to the factory default. The supplied scripts expect to see the factory default VERBAL RESULT CODES (not result digits). The mm224 dialing script supports a number of modems under control of the MODEM environment variable. 7.3 Carnival of the MODEMS Modem manufacturers are constantly refining their products, adding new features and making subtle subtle changes in existing features. To obtain the full performance your modem provides, you can edit initialization strings in the dialing scripts to take advantage of new modem features as they are developed. If MODEM is not set, changing the X3 string sent by the dialing script to X1,X3 or X4 enables extra features on some modems. Some modems do not emulate the Hayes Xn commands exactly, requiring a change to the Xn value emitted by the dialing script for proper operation. The line in mm224 to modify is: if !%MODEM put "ATX3\r"; wait -f2 :: Change this for your modem If your modem is not listed in one of the following subchapters, please read all the subchapters and use the suggestions that apply to modems similar to yours. 7.4 Tone Dialing If your telephone line supports Tone Dialing, set mprefix to ATDT with a command in the setup telephone directory entry. If your telephone line only supports rotary (pulse) dialing, set mprefix to ATDP. This procedure is detailed in Chapter 8. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 24 7.5 MNP, V.42, X.PC, AFT More and more modems support one or more error correcting link level protocols such as MNP and V.42. Modem to modem link level protocols correct most transmission errors reducing the frequency of garbled text and file transfer retries. Modern link level protocols increase transmission speed by eliminating start/stop bits and redundant information. When MNP is enabled, the calling modem sends control characters to interrogate the answering modem for MNP. These characters can prevent logging in to some timesharing systems, packet switched networks, and bulletin boards. Non streaming protocols such as XMODEM, YMODEM, and Kermit usually give faster transfers without the delays introduced by MNP and other link level protocols. Accordingly, ZCOMM's dialing scripts are designed to place calls with MNP disabled by default. The mm224 dialing script allows an optional link level modifier to be appended to each telephone number. There is no modifier to enable the Hayes AFT link protocol because we have not experienced log-in problems with leaving it enabled all the time. We expect similar results with V.42. The currently supported modifiers are: /300 Force a connection at 300 bps. Dropping down to 300 bps may be necessary to get a reliable connection in the Oregon Rain Forest. /1200 Force a connection at 1200 bps. /2400 Force a 2400 bps connection. /nop Suppress the detection of call progress reporting. This may be used to prevent the modem from misinterpreting an unusual ringing sound as a busy signal. /fast Force a high speed connection (refuse a slow speed connection). EXAMPLE: 123-4567/fast man Some modems incorrectly abandon a call attempt when they "hear" sounds they aren't programmed to understand. For example, some TrailBlazer modems abort the call with a spurious "NO CARRIER" message when they hear the sound of the telephone "ringing". If that doesn't dump the call, the TrailBlazer may dump the call when the answering modem emits an echo suppressor disabling tone before sending the standard Bell 103 answer tone. Under these circumstances the only (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 25 solution is to listen to the sounds youself and tell the modem exactly when to start listening. With the man modifier, the modem remains in command mode after dialing the phone number and ZCOMM enters the term function to display messages from the modem. When you hear the called modem's answer tone, hit F1 to exit the term function. The mm224 dialing script then sends an "ATO" to the modem to attempt a normal data connection. Some practice may be necessary before you get the right timing. If you hit F1 too late the answering modem may give up before the modems can handshake and enter data mode. mnp Require MNP link level connection. Do not connect if MNP fails. EXAMPLE: 123-4567/mnp /mnp_s Require MNP link level connection, use software flow control.[1] Do not connect if MNP fails. /a_mnp Request MNP link level connection. /a_mnp_s Request MNP link level connection, use software flow control. /xmodem Enable "XMODEM spoofing" on Trailblazer modems. /kermit Enable "Kermit spoofing" on Trailblazer modems. /v22 Use V.22 modulation (effective for 1200 bps calls). Most modems do not support all these modifiers. 7.6 High Speed Modems The new generation of high speed dial-up modems presents special oppurtunities and challenges to users and system integrators. These modems transmit data at speeds from 110 to 38400 or more bits per second. This range of speeds poses special problems communicating between the computer and the modem. Lower speed modems examine the __________ 1. Software flow control in the modem is not compatible with XMODEM, YMODEM, Sealink, Clink, or WXMODEM. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 26 traditional "AT" command prefix bit by bit to lock onto the computer's transmission speed instantly. Many modems which recognize commands at widely varying speeds can not use this technique. A number of alternate techniques have been developed, each with its own advantages and problems. + Lock the interface to the highest tranmsission rate. This aviods the programming required to synchronize the modem's and computer's speeds. Flow control must be used when the interface speed is locked to prevent the computer from sending data more rapidly than the modem can buffer and transmit it. This local flow control is usually accomplished with hardware signals. When such an arrangement is used to communicate over networks that must assert their own flow control (with XON and XOFF), data flow regulation must respond to both hardware (RTS) and software (XOFF) signals. The handshake both command should be used whenever the modem's interface speed is locked and transmission over networks or to timesharing systems is desired. Locking the interface speed to 9600 or 19200 bps while communicating at 1200 and 2400 bps should be avoided unless all links in the transmission path have low error rates. Most modems do not recognize XOFF characters from the remote computer, so characters stored in the modem's buffer will be transmitted for a period of time after an XOFF is received. This causes loss of data with some computer services. When the interface speed is locked at a higher speed than the actual data transmission, an excessive amount of data may be stored in the modem's memory awaiting transmission. This is inefficient when a streaming file transfer protocol is used because the data stored in the buffer must be drained before error recovery can commence. The ZMODEM b and w muneric parameters should be used to manage the modem's data storage. + Autobaud to adjust the modem and computer speed. With this method, the modem is optioned to enter a search mode whenever it becomes idle. The dialing script calls the waketb phone directory subroutine to train the modem to the computer's transmission speed. The waketb subroutine may be optimized for the particular modem used. After dialing or answering a call, the modem handshakes with the remote modem and reports the connect speed with a message such as "CONNECT 1200" or "CONNECT FAST". The dialing script recognizes the string, and sets the computer to the correct speed. If the connection is made at high speed, the dialing script may need to enable hardware flow control with a handshake command. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 27 7.7 TELEBIT TrailBlazer The Telebit TrailBlazer modem uses 68000 and TMS320 processors to transmit serial data at rates up to 14000 bps over standard phone lines. The modems also operate at speeds of 2400, 1200, 300 and slower. The TrailBlazer is one of the most complex modems to fully exploit, a worthy challenge for a TurboDialTm script. Use the mm224 dialing routine discussed above for this modem. The mm224 dial routine has special provisions to exploit this modem's features. Set the MODEM environment variable to TB (caps are important) to support the TrailBlazer's MNP, speed and flow control features. Before making calls, use the inittb phone entry to initialize the modem's non volatile memory with proper settings for ZCOMM. EXAMPLE: call inittb ZMODEM provides optimum file transfer speeds with these modems. ZMODEM avoids interference with the modem's flow control. This posting is intended for those who use Pro-Yam for access to Xenix/Vpix with wyse 60 terminal emulation mode. These modem register settings are in use on a Telebit T1000 calling a Telebit trailblazer modem. The host modem has register 58=3 (xon/xoff). While these may not be the optimal settings.. they work !!. E1 F1 M1 Q0 T V1 W0 X1 Y0 &P0 &T4 Version FA2.00 S00:010 S01=000 S02=043 S03=013 S04=010 S05=008 S06=002 S07:045 S08=002 S09=006 S10=007 S11=070 S12=050 S18=000 S25=005 S38:020 S41=000 S45:255 S47=004 S48:001 S49=000 S50=000 S51=255 S52:002 S54:003 S55=000 S56=017 S57=019 S58:002 S59=000 S60=000 S61=150 S62=003 S63=001 S64=000 S65=000 S66=000 S67=000 S68=255 S69=000 S90=000 S91=000 S92:001 S94=001 S95:002 S96=001 S100=000 S101=000 S104=000 S111=255 S112=001 S121=000 S130:000 S131:001 S255=001 Courtesy Dr. Adam Orden 7.8 MultiTech MultiModem 224E Special features of this modem are accessed with the mm224 dial script. Set the MODEM environment variable to MM224E (caps are important) to support the MM224E's MNP, speed and flow control features. Set dip switch 1 on the bottom of the modem to up (DTR Normal), the reverse of the factory setting. For high speed operation, CTS flow control should be enabled with internal switches and jumpers. Before making calls, use the initmm phone entry[2] to initialize the (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 28 modem's non volatile memory with proper settings for ZCOMM. EXAMPLE: call initmm This disables automatic error correction under mnp. If you wish to enable this setting by default, merely type, from the terminal mode, 'AT &E1 &W', and the 'OK' which will ensue tells you that the command was accepted and stored in non-volatile memory. The initmm script also disables MNP compression. MNP compression slows transfers of compressed files. If you do not transfer many compressed files, change the &E14 in the initmm script to &E15. 7.9 MultiTech MultiModem 224 The autobaud feature of this and most other 2400 bps modems is accessed with the mm224 dial script. This dialing script is the default choice in the distribution phones.t file. Set the MODEM environment variable to MM224 (caps are important) to support the MM224. 7.10 U.S. Robotics Courier 2400e Unlike most medium and high speed modems, the Courier 2400e does not recognize the computer's transmission speed when given "AT" commands. This modem is accessed with the mm224 dial script. This dialing script is the default choice in the distribution phones.t file. Set the MODEM environment variable to C2400E (caps are important) to support the C2400E. This modem should be initialized with the initc24e entry in the telephone directory. Switch settings are off, off, on, off, on, off, off, on, on, off. 7.11 U S Robotics HST Dual Standard The inithst phone directory entry should be run to initialize the HST properly. The HST firmware design requires the MNP DTE speed set in the first HST line of mm224 to match the speed used in inithst. If you wish to change the interface speed, the speed must be changed in both the ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Information courtesy Earle Robinson (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 29 inithst directory entry and the first HST line in mm224, and then the inithst directory entry must be rerun. When making MNP calls to CompuServe and certain other modems, a /2400 modifier may be required with the HST. EXAMPLE: compuserve speed 2400 123-4567/mnp/2400 7.12 Hayes Smartmodem V9600 This modem should be initialized with the inithv96 entry in the telephone directory. The AFT link level is enabled by default because it does not appear to interfere with connections to modems not supporting AFT. 7.13 Hayes Smartmodem 2400 The Hayes Smartmodem 2400 presents the same considerations as the Smartmodem 1200 described below. Unlike the 1200, the 2400 uses a non volatile memory to store configuration parameters instead of the switches used in earlier models. The sequence AT&C1 &D2 &R1 &S1 &T5 &W should be sent to the modem to set normal operation for DCD, DTR, CTS, and DSR. The T5 command disables remote loopback request, a source of failed file transfers on noisy lines. Finally, the &W command writes this information to the non volatile memory. Please consult your Hayes manual for more information on these commands. 7.14 Hayes Smartmodem 1200 The Smartmodem 1200 and similar 1200 bps modems are compatible with the mm224 telephone directory entry. Some modems may require a change in the X1 command to a higher Xn digit for proper autobaud operation. The Smartmodem 1200(TM) should be configured as follows by setting S1-S8, located under the front panel. These switches may be accessed by gently prying the ears of the front bezel, allowing the bezel to pop off the front of the unit. S1 Up Support DTR Lead S2 Up Verbal result codes (Verbose) [3] S3 Down Result codes are sent __________ 3. If other options are necessary (to support other software) a custom dial routine may be used as described in Chapter 99. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition ZCOMM User Manual 30 S4 Up Echoes characters in command state S5 Down Modem does not answer calls initially S6 Up Carrier Detect line reads status S7 ???? See Hayes manual S8 Down Enables Smartmodem 1200 command recognition The modem cable should connect the following RS-232 circuits: AA BA BB AB CF CD which use pins 1,2,3,7,8, and 20 on the Hayes modem. Some programs require pins 5 and 6 connected to the modem. NOTE: Some Hayes modems require mprefix to be in upper case only. "Hayes Compatible" modems not manufactured by Hayes generally work with the same mprefix, but some of the other modem control strings that appear in the distributed PHODIR.t file may not work properly with a particular brand of modem. 7.15 Microcom AX9624c Microcom AX modems have a configuration switch to select Hayes style "AT" commands. The AX/9624c front dip switch should be set 1, 4, 6, 7 UP, 2, 3, 5, 8 DOWN, and A/S OUT (asynchronous). The rear switches are all UP. Of all these switches, it is vital that front switch 2 be DOWN (AT commands) and rear switch 6 be UP; the initax9624 script should override the others. Set the MODEM environment variable to AX9624 (caps are important) to support the Microcom AX9624's MNP and flow control features. Before making calls, use the initax9624 phone entry to initialize the modem's non volatile memory with proper settings for ZCOMM. EXAMPLE: call initax9624 7.16 Microcom SX Series Older Microcom SX series modems have a unique command set incompatible with Hayes modems. Careful attention must be paid to flow control issues to obtain reliable operation. When using XMODEM or other protocols, the modem must be set to pass all 8 bits and all 256 code combinations of those 8 bits. The dialsx script sets the modem to "transparent software flow control" as described in Chapter 13. Change the line set mcommand "gosub dial" to set mcommand "gosub dialsx" in the setup telephone directory entry. (C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 7 Unleashing the MODEM