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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 16
-
-
- TURBO-LESSON 4: DECLARATIONS, INPUT
-
- OBJECTIVES - In Lesson 4 you will learn about:
-
- 1. The DECLARATIONS part of a program
- 2. VAR declaration
- 3. Input using the ReadLn statement
- 4. Integer variables
-
-
- 1. The DECLARATIONS part of a program.
-
- You learned in the previous lesson that there are two main parts
- to any PASCAL program: DECLARATIONS, and MAIN BODY. The various
- entries in the DECLARATIONS section define the data items used in
- the processing in the MAIN BODY. Not all declaration entries
- will occur in every program, but only the ones needed to support
- the processing.
-
- The various types of declaration entries will be introduced as
- needed in the sample programs. Only the VAR entry will be used
- in this program.
-
-
- 2. VAR declaration.
-
- All variables, (spelled A-L-L, no exceptions), must be defined
- before they are referenced by processing statements. The VAR
- entry is used to define variables. The form of the entry is:
-
- variable-name : type;
-
- The variable-name may be one or several variable-names separated
- by commas. The type may be a predefined type, such as Integer,
- or a type you have constructed useing the predefined types. The
- colon must occur between the variable-name(s) and the type.
- Extra spaces are acceptable to allow more readable format. Below
- are some VAR entries:
-
- VAR
- i,j,k : Integer;
- Inkey : Char;
- Rate : Real;
- Count : Integer;
-
- (The example above includes types not yet discussed, to
- illustrate the form of the VAR entry.)
- î
- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 17
-
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Look at PROG4.
-
- (You know from earlier lessons how to load the program and use
- the editor to look at the program.) A segment of PROG4 is:
-
- VAR
- Number : Integer;
-
-
- The VAR entry above defines a variable called "Number" to be of
- type "Integer". This means the computer must set up a memory
- location large enough to store an integer, which can be accessed
- by referring to the name "Number".
-
- Notice the variable, Number, is later referenced in the
- processing statements.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Add an integer variable called "Age" to Prog4. This will be used
- later in this lesson. You can either add the new variable to the
- declaration of Number
-
- Number, Age : Integer;
-
- or add another declaration
-
- Number : Integer;
- Age : Integer;
-
- Compile the program to be sure you haven't made a syntax error.
-
-
- 3. Input using the ReadLn statement.
-
- ReadLn is the statement used to input variables. The form of the
- statement is:
-
- ReadLn(var_1, var_2, . . . ,var_n);
-
- When the statement is executed, the computer will wait for you to
- type values for the variables, separated by one or more spaces,
- followed by depressing the enter key.
- î
- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 18
-
-
- Part of PROG4 follows:
-
- BEGIN
- Write('Enter a number (no decimals please): ');
- ReadLn(Number);
- WriteLn; { Display one blank line }
- WriteLn('Number: ',Number); { Display the number entered }
- END.
-
- The Write statement provides a prompt before the ReadLn accepts
- Number. Notice that ReadLn does not provide a "?" or any other
- prompt. The programmer must provide any prompting require.
-
- The use of the Write statement for prompting, instead of the
- WriteLn, keeps the cursor on the same line so the input will
- occur right after the prompt message.
-
- The ReadLn accepts the number you type and stores it in the
- memory location which the computer has set aside for the Integer
- variable, Number.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Compile and run PROG4. When prompted, type 12 and enter. Run it
- again and enter -34.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Using the statements of PROG4 as an example, expand the program
- to do the following:
-
- (1) Write a prompt to 'Enter your age'.
- (2) Read a value for age to be stored in the integer variable,
- Age, which you added to the VAR declarations in the previous
- section.
- (3) Write a message which prints the age entered, in a manner
- similar to the way Number was printed.
-
- Run the program.
-
-
- 4. Integer Variables.
-
- Integers are counting numbers, with no decimal points. They
- may be positive or negative. In TURBO the range of Integers
- permitted is:
-
- -32768 to +32767
-
- Integers are used for subscripts, indexes, counting, input and
- output of such things as counts, limits, menu choices. Decimal
- numbers (Real type, discussed later), are needed for such things
- as dollar amounts and calculations. When decimal numbers are
- not actually needed, Integers should be used since they are
- easier to use and take less memory.
- î
- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 19
-
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Run PROG4 again, this time entering data which will cause errors.
-
- When prompted to enter a number, enter the letter A instead.
- What happened?
-
- A message appears:
-
- I/O error 10, PC=287C
- Program aborted
-
- Searching
- 15 lines
-
- Run-time error position found. Press <ESC>
-
- What this means is as follows:
-
- The program aborted because "I/O error 10" occurred at program
- code address, 287C. (Your program may produce a different
- program code address.) To find out what "I/O error 10" is, look
- in your reference manual in the appendix containing "I/O ERROR
- MESSAGES". Error 10 is an "Error in numeric format".
-
- TURBO searched 15 lines before finding where the error occurred.
-
- When you press the ESC key, the editor is activated with the
- cursor positioned at the end of the statement which caused the
- error. (In this case, it is not the statement which caused the
- problem, but the type of data entered.)
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Run the program again, entering too large a number, 88888. Note
- that the same error occurs. Run it again with too small a
- number, -55555. You may want to experiment with the end-points
- of the acceptable integer range: -32768 to 32767. For example,
- try entering the values -32767, -32768, -32769.
-
- NOTE: THERE ARE WAYS TO HANDLE ERRORS TO AVOID ABORTING THE
- PROGRAM. MORE ABOUT ERROR-HANDLING IN LATER LESSONS.
- î