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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 1
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- TURBO-LESSONS
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- A TURBO Pascal Tutorial
- Version 1.01
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- by Lyle M. Faurot
- June 8, 1985
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- Copyright (C), 1985 by Lyle Faurot. All rights reserved.
-
- TURBO is a trademark of Borland International.
- î
- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 2
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- T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
-
- Page
-
- Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- Distribution Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
-
- TURBO-LESSON 1: GETTING STARTED
- Loading TURBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- TURBO-LESSON 2: EDITING PROGRAMS
- Starting an edit session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- Ending an edit session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Moving the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROG2
- Inserting/Replacing text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROG2
- Deleting text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROG2
- Auto-tabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROG2
- TURBO-LESSON 3: PROGRAM STRUCTURE
- Program structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- Compiler Directive, $U+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- WRITE and WRITELN statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
- TURBO-LESSON 4: DECLARATIONS, INPUT
- DECLARATIONS part of program . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- VAR declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- Input usint READLN statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
- Integer Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- TURBO-LESSON 5: INTEGER EXPRESSIONS
- Assignment statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- Integer expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
- Problems with expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
- TURBO-LESSON 6: CONDITIONAL PROCESSING
- Selection structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
- IF statement (One-way selection) . . . . . . . . . . 26
- IF statement (Two-way selection) . . . . . . . . . . 27
- TURBO-LESSON 7: REPEAT STATEMENT
- CHARacter variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
- BOOLEAN variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- REPEAT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
- TURBO-LESSON 8: CASE STATEMENT
- Block statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- CASE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- TURBO-LESSON 9: FOR STATEMENT
- Print field width indicator, ":n" . . . . . . . . . . 36
- FOR statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
- TURBO-LESSON 10: WHILE STATEMENT
- CONSTant declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- WHILE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- Delay timing loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 3
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-
- INTRODUCTION TO TURBO-LESSONS
-
- When Borland International ran their first ads for TURBO
- PASCAL my reaction was "You gotta be kidding - they can't do
- that". But, it seems they did! I've been enjoying this
- programming system ever since. Apparently a great many other
- programmers are either programming in TURBO or would like to
- learn how. TURBO-LESSONS were designed to meet that need.
-
- Each TURBO-LESSON is a bite-size tutorial which introduces
- one or more new concepts. Each of the lessons are presented in
- the same format which includes the OBJECTIVES of the lesson, and
- the TUTORIAL portion of the lesson. Most lessons direct you to
- work with a sample program which is provided with these lessons.
-
- Be sure you make a back-up copy of the programs - you will
- be modifying and adding to the sample programs, and may want to
- return to the original copy of a program.
-
- Sample programs are numbered to correspond to the lessons:
- PROG1 goes with TURBO-LESSON 1, PROG2, PROG2A go with TURBO-
- LESSON2, . . .
-
- To begin, you should print the TURBO-LESSONS before loading
- TURBO. To help you get started, TURBO-LESSON 1 shows you how to
- load TURBO and run a sample program.
-
-
- ****************************************
- D I S T R I B U T I O N N O T I C E
- ****************************************
-
-
- TURBO-LESSONS are being distributed as USER-SUPPORTED software.
-
- Suggested donation, $7.00, for this first set, lessons 1-10, may
- be sent to:
-
- Dr. Lyle Faurot
- 1904 18th Ave. South
- Moorhead, MN 56560
-
-
- COPYING BY ORGANIZATIONS
-
- Clubs and other non-profit organizations may copy these lessons
- for their members, with the following conditions:
-
- 1. No charge is made for TURBO-LESSONS, except a distribution
- charge may be made to cover the price of the diskette. Suggested
- donation is to be made directly to the author of the lessons.
-
- 2. Club members are informed that TURBO-LESSONS are distributed
- as user-supported software.
-
- 3. TURBO-LESSONS are distributed unmodified.
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 4
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- TURBO-LESSON 1: GETTING STARTED
-
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- OBJECTIVES - In this lesson you will learn about:
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- 1. Loading TURBO
- 2. Using the Main Menu to Load, Compile, and Run a program
-
-
- INTRODUCTION
-
- TURBO-LESSONS were written with the following goals in mind:
-
- -- Present the concepts of Pascal and the TURBO Pascal
- implementation in bite-size chunks (called lessons).
-
- -- Provide one or more sample Pascal programs with each
- lesson. Programming examples are often more helpful
- than eloquent discussion in learning to program.
-
- -- Structure the lessons in a parallel format to make them
- more useful later as a reference. The OBJECTIVE section
- at the beginning of each lesson will help you locate
- a topic later.
-
- -- Structure the lessons in an Action format. If you are
- like me, you probably learn programming best by doing.
-
- -- Mark the points where some action is suggested. This
- should allow for differences in learning styles. The
- action points are marked as follows:
-
- ##### DO:
-
- For those who like to hit the high points as fast as
- possible, these action markers will point the way.
-
-
- Now, without further delay, on with the show!
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 5
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- 1. Loading TURBO.
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- To get started, put a diskette with TURBO PASCAL in your default
- drive.
-
- ##### DO:
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- Type TURBO and enter.
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- A message will appear:
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- Include error messages (Y/N)?
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- You should answer Y to provide on-screen error messages. The
- Main Menu will appear at this point.
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- 2. Using the Main Menu to Load, Compile, and Run a program.
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- The menu should appear with one letter of each option
- highlighted.
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- ##### DO:
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- Adjust the brightness level of your screen. You may need to
- adjust both brightness and contrast to make the key letters stand
- out at a comfortable level.
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- The main menu is the starting point for most of the things you
- will do with TURBO. Some of the options will be discussed in
- more detail later, but for now, you should learn to get back to
- the main menu from each of the options.
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- ******************** Logged drive:
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- The Logged drive is where your Work files are stored. This
- option is used to change your logged drive.
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- ##### DO:
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- Type L.
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- Computer responds: "New drive:"
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- Type B (or another drive) and enter.
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- Look at the top of the screen. Did the logged drive change?
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- Now, depress the space bar. It appeared that no change had been
- made until the menu screen was redisplayed.
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 6
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- ******* NOTE: SOME OF THE OPTIONS DO NOT UPDATE THE MENU SCREEN.
- YOU CAN REDISPLAY THE MENU WITH THE SPACE BAR OR ENTER KEY.
-
- You could have responded to the "New drive:" message by
- depressing the enter key without entering another drive
- designator. The enter key by itself is used to escape from this
- option without making any changes.
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- The first four options at the top of the menu, L, A, W, and M all
- use the enter key alone as an escape key.
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- ******************** Active directory: \
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- Use the A option to change the Active subdirectory if your logged
- drive is a hard disk.
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- ##### DO:
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- Type A.
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- Computer responds: "New directory:"
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- Type subdirectory name and enter or just enter for no change.
-
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- ******************** Work file:
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- This is where you name your work file. The work file will hold
- the PASCAL program you are writing or editing.
-
- ##### DO:
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- Type W.
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- Computer responds: "Work file name:"
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- Type PROG1 and enter. (If you get the message, "New File",
- PROG1.PAS was not found on your logged drive. Your sample
- programs, including PROG1, should be on the logged drive).
-
-
- ******************** Main file:
-
- Ignore this option for now. If you just can't resist typing M at
- this point, remember that Enter is the escape key for this
- option.
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 7
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- ******************** Run
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- This option is used to execute a program, compiling it first, if
- necessary.
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- ##### DO:
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- Type R.
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- The program in your work file, PROG1, is compiled and executed.
-
- Type R again.
-
- Note that the program runs again without compiling. The Run
- option will only compile if changes have been made in the program
- since the previous compile.
-
- Depress the space bar to get the menu back.
-
-
- ******************** Compile
-
- The program may be compiled without executing by using the C
- option. You may want to compile to see an error message without
- running the program. Or you may be compiling a COM file, which
- cannot be executed until you exit TURBO to DOS.
-
- ##### DO:
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- Type C.
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- The program compiles but doesn't run. Use this option when you
- want to compile without executing the program immediately.
-
-
- ******************** Edit
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- The editor is used to enter a new program or change a program.
- Another lesson is devoted to editing. For now, you should find
- out how to get back to the menu from this option.
-
- ##### DO:
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- Type E.
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- The program, PROG1, appears on the screen, ready to edit.
- Use the Ctrl-K, Ctrl-D sequence to return to the main menu.
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 8
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- ##### DO:
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- Type Ctrl-K, Ctrl-D. (While depressing the Ctrl key, type K
- followed by D.)
-
- The main menu reappears. Note that there is no way to abandon
- the edited file in memory. This is not so bad since the edited
- copy of the program in memory is not automatically saved to disk.
- You can use the Work file option to get another copy of the
- program from disk.
-
-
- ******************** Save
-
- Use this option to copy your current work file from memory to
- disk.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Type S.
-
- The program, PROG1, is saved to the disk on the drive designated
- when you named this work file. Since the work file is not
- automatically saved to disk, TURBO reminds you to save the file
- before any option which would destroy the copy of the file in
- memory.
-
- NOTE: REMEMBER, IT IS UP TO YOU TO SAVE YOUR WORK FILE. IT'S A
- GOOD IDEA TO SAVE IT FREQUENTLY, IN CASE SOMETHING SUCH AS AN
- INFINITE LOOP FORCES YOU TO RE-BOOT (IN WHICH CASE YOUR WORK FILE
- IN MEMORY WOULD BE FOREVER GONE!)
-
-
- ******************** Dir
-
- The D option works similar to DIR in DOS.
-
- ##### DO:
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- Type D.
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- Computer responds: "Dir mask:"
-
- Depress the Enter key to get a directory of the logged drive or
- use drive designator to get a directory of another drive. You
- can use the wildcards, "*" and "?".
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- TURBO-LESSONS - A Pascal Tutorial Version 1.01 Page 9
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- ******************** compiler Options
-
- These will be discussed later when they are needed. Try the O
- option now to be sure you know how to get back to the menu.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Type O.
-
- The compiler Options menu is displayed.
-
- You can choose the various compiler options by typing the
- corresponding letter.
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Type C.
-
- Notice the arrow moved to a different option.
-
- Type H.
-
- Type M.
-
- Be sure to leave the compiler option set to M, memory before
- returning to the main menu.
-
- Type Q.
-
- The main menu reappears.
-
-
- ******************** Quit
-
- This option returns you to DOS. When you are through
- experimenting with the menu options,
-
- ##### DO:
-
- Type Q.
-
- You will be prompted to save your work file if it has been
- modified since you last saved it. The prompt of the default
- drive will be displayed.
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