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- Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
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- Assuming you know nothing at all about Pascal, and in
- fact, that you may know nothing about programming in
- general, we will begin to study Pascal. If you are already
- somewhat familiar with programming and especially Pascal,
- you will probably want to skip very quickly through the
- first few chapters. You should at least skim the first few
- chapters, and you should read the remainder of this
- introduction.
-
- A few comments are in order to get us started in the
- right direction. The sample programs included on the disks
- are designed to teach you the basics of Pascal and they do
- not include any clever or tricky code. Nearly all of the
- programs are really quite dumb as far as being useful
- programs, but all will teach one or more principles of
- Pascal. I have seen one tutorial that included a 12 page
- program as the first example. In fact there were only 2
- example programs in the entire tutorial. I will completely
- bypass any long programs until the very end of this tutorial
- in order to illustrate concepts used in Pascal programming.
- It will then be very easy for you to use the tools learned
- to build as large a program as you desire.
-
- Due to the fundamental design of the Pascal language,
- certain words are "reserved" and can only be used for their
- defined purposes. These are listed on page 37 of the TURBO
- PASCAL manual (version 3.0 will be used in all references).
- All of the sample programs are written with the reserved
- words in all capital letters, and the user variables in
- lower case. Don't worry about what reserved words are yet,
- they will be completely defined later.
-
- Another problem I have noticed in example programs is
- the use of one word for all definitions. For example, a
- sort program is stored in a file called SORT, the program is
- named SORT, and various parts of the program are referred to
- as SORT1, SORT2, etc. This can be confusing since you have
- no idea if the program name must be the same as the
- filename, or if any of the other names were chosen to be the
- same because of some obscure rule not clearly documented.
- For this reason, the example programs use completely
- arbitrary names whenever the choice of a name adds nothing
- to the readability or clarity of a program. As an
- illustration of this, the first program is named puppy_dog.
- This adds nothing to the understanding of the program but
- does illustrate that the program name means nothing to the
- Pascal compiler concerning what the program does.
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- What is a compiler? There are two primary methods used
- in running any computer program that is written in a
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- Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
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- readable form of English. The first method is an
- interpreter. An interpreter is a program that looks at each
- line of the "English" program, decides what the "English" on
- that line means, and does what it says to do. If one of the
- lines is executed repeatedly, it must be scanned and
- analyzed each time, greatly slowing down the solution of the
- problem at hand. A compiler, on the other hand, is a
- program that looks at each statement one time and converts
- it into a code that the computer understands directly. When
- the compiled program is actually run, the computer does not
- have to figure out what each statement means, it is already
- in a form that the computer can run directly, hence a much
- faster execution of the program.
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- PREPARATION FOR USE OF THIS TUTORIAL.
-
- Copy the example files onto your TURBO working disk and
- you are ready to begin, provided of course that you have
- already learned how to start the TURBO system and how to
- edit a Pascal file. Be sure you make a backup copy of the
- Pascal tutorial disks so you cannot accidentally lose all
- information on the distribution disks. You should read
- Chapter 1 of the TURBO Pascal reference manual to be ready
- to use this tutorial. You should be familiar with use of
- the editor supplied with TURBO Pascal before beginning.
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- If you are not using TURBO Pascal, you will still be
- able to compile and execute most of these Pascal files,
- since most of the examples use "standard" Pascal. There
- will be some statements used which are unique to TURBO
- Pascal and will probably not work with your compiler. This
- will be especially true when you come to the chapter on
- standard input and output since this is where most compilers
- differ. Unfortunately, this is one of the most important
- aspects of any programming language, since it is required to
- get data into and out of the computer to do anything useful.
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- It is highly suggested that you do the programming
- exercises after you complete the study for each chapter.
- They are carefully selected to test your understanding of
- the material covered in each chapter. If you do not write,
- enter, debug, and run these programs, you will only be
- proficient at reading Pascal. If you do the exercises
- completely, you will have a good start at being a Pascal
- program writer.
-
- It should also be mentioned that this tutorial will not
- teach you everything you will ever need to know about
- Pascal. You will continue to learn new techniques as long
- as you continue to write programs. Experience is the best
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- Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
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- teacher here just as it is in any endeavor. This tutorial
- will teach you enough about Pascal that you will feel very
- comfortable as you search through the reference manual for
- some topic. You will also be able to read and understand
- any Pascal program you find in textbooks or magazines.
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- When you are ready, I will meet you in Chapter 1.
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