home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- CHAPTER 1 - What is a computer program?
-
-
- If you are a complete novice to computers you will find
- the information in this chapter useful. f however, you
- have had some experience with programming, you can
- completely ignore this chapter. It will deal with a few
- fundamentals of computers in general and will introduce
- nothing that is specific to Pascal.
-
- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
-
- A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has
- the ability to perform mathematical operations very rapidly
- and very accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid
- of a program written by a human being. Moreover, if the
- human being writes a program that turns good data into
- garbage, the computer will very obediently, and very
- rapidly, turn the good data into garbage. It is possible to
- write a computer program with one small error in it that
- will do that very thing. It is up to the human programmer
- to design the program to achieve the desired results.
-
- A computer program is simply a "recipe" which the
- computer will use on the input data to derive the desired
- output data. It is similar to the recipe for baking a cake.
- The input data is comparable to the ingredients, including
- the heat supplied by the oven. The program is comparable to
- the recipe instructions to mix, stir, wait, heat, cool, and
- all other possible operations on the ingredients. The
- output of the computer program can be compared to the final
- cake sitting on the counter ready to be cut and served. A
- computer program then is composed of two parts, the data
- upon which the program operates, and the program that
- operates on the data. The data and program are inseparable
- as implied by the last sentence.
-
- WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?
-
- Nearly any computer program requires some numbers that
- never change throughout the program. They can be defined
- once and used as often as needed during the operation of the
- program. To return to the recipe analogy, once you have
- defined how big a tablespoon is, you can use the same
- tablespoon without regard to what you are measuring with it.
- When writing a computer program, you can define the value of
- PI = 3.141592, and continue to use it wherever it makes
- sense knowing that it is available, and correct.
-
- WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
-
- In addition to constants, nearly any computer program
- uses some numbers that change in value throughout the
- program. They can be defined as variables, then changed to
-
-
- Page 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- CHAPTER 1 - What is a computer program?
-
-
- any values that make sense to the proper operation of the
- program. An example would be the number of eggs in the
- above recipe. If a single layer of cake required 2 eggs,
- then a triple layer cake would require 6 eggs. The number
- of eggs would therefore be a variable.
-
- HOW DO WE DEFINE CONSTANTS OR VARIABLES?
-
- All constants and variables have a name and a value. In
- the last example, the name of the variable was "eggs", and
- the value was either 2 or 6 depending on when we looked at
- the stored data. In a computer program the constants and
- variables are given names in much the same manner, after
- which they can store any value within the defined range.
- Any computer programming language has a means by which
- constants or variables can be first named, then assigned a
- value. The means for doing this in Pascal will be given
- throughout the remainder of this tutorial.
-
- WHAT IS SO GOOD ABOUT PASCAL?
-
- Some computer languages allow the programmer to define
- constants and variables in a very haphazard manner and then
- combine data in an even more haphazard manner. For example,
- if you added the number of eggs, in the above recipe, to the
- number of cups of flour, you would arrive a a valid
- mathematical addition, but a totally meaningless number.
- Some programming languages would allow you to do just such
- an addition and obediently print out the meaningless answer.
- Since Pascal requires you to set up your constants and
- variables in a very precise manner, the possibility of such
- a meaningless answer is minimized. A well written Pascal
- program has many cross checks to minimize the possibility of
- a completely scrambled and meaningless output.
-
- Notice however, in the last statement, that a "well
- written" Pascal program was under discussion. It is still
- up to the programmer to define the data structure in such a
- way that the program can prevent garbage generation. In the
- end, the program will be no better than the analysis that
- went into the program design.
-
- If you are a novice programmer, do not be intimidated by
- any of the above statements. Pascal is a well designed,
- useful tool that has been used successfully by many computer
- novices and professionals. With these few warnings, you are
- ready to begin.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Page 5