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- Artificial Intelligence
-
- Whil Hentzen
- Greater Cincinnati IBM PC User's Group
-
- The first problem of Artificial
- Intelligence (AI) is that everyone
- has his own definition. Herb Simon
- and John McCarthy from the East
- Coast, Edward Feighenbaum and Nils
- Nilsson on the West Coast, we in
- America's heartland - no two
- definitions are alike, and all have
- been misunderstood by the media as
- they try to capture the latest
- buzzwords for the 80's.
-
- Instead of trying to set a definition
- in concrete, lets use this:
- Artificial Intelligence is a process
- by which a device is made able to
- perform tasks which, when they are
- performed by humans, are said to
- require some thought.
-
- The reason for the hedging in that
- statement is that it usually happens
- that as soon as a machine can do some
- task, that task is declared not to
- have needed intelligence to be
- performed in the first place.
-
- Let's look at some of the
- applications of AI.
-
- GAMES
-
- Computers that play chess (and win!)
- use AI techniques. The first idea is
- to create a tree that branches out
- into all the possible moves that the
- two players can make. However, as
- the game develops, the number of
- branches of a chess tree become so
- p#large that even a Cray works
- overtime. The next step is to assign
- values to moves - a high value to a
- move that takes the other queen, a
- somewhat lower value to a move that
- opens your king to mate in two moves.
- Thus, whole sets of branches can be
- eliminated because of the low value
- calculated. The final step is to
- create strategies, plans,
- counterplans and all the other things
- that humans do.
-
- THEOREM PROVING
-
- This is basically checking up on the
- work of mathematicians and other
- folks of that breed. As mathematics
- get more complicated (e.g. Fermat's
- Last Theorem or the Four Color
- Problem), a computer with a
- human-like mind is handy to double
- check your work. The English
- language analogy would be a spelling
- checker that made sure you used
- "your/you're" and "effect/affect" in
- the right places.
-
- PREDICATE CALCULUS
-
- This is applying Boolean Logic to
- ideas instead of what BL usually is
- applied to.
-
- For example, imagine the diagnostic
- procedures doctors go through to
- determine a patients' illness. Now
- imagine if you had some symptoms that
- were related to a rare disease...a
- computer with the ability to sort
- through all these Rules wouldn't
- care, because it had a perfect memory
- and rather fast search time. A
- doctor would probably have a tougher
- pτtime.
-
- These Rules could be hooked up with
- programs and called Expert Systems.
- There are useful expert systems
- around, however - several of the
- famous ones are Mycin (a medical
- diagnostic expert system), and
- Prospector, a mineral deposits
- locator that recently found a massive
- Molybdenum strike in Montana.
-
- PATTERN RECOGNITION
-
- How to give ears and eyes to a
- machine. Let's talk about vision.
-
- A camera takes a picture and breaks
- it down into PIXELS. Sufficient
- resolution for an 8.5 x 11 drawing
- might be 250 dots per inch. This
- means, for black and white only, that
- picture has 11.5 million pixels to
- process. That takes a while. You
- and I (and your 12 year old son) can
- look at a piece of paper and
- determine if it is an insurance form
- or a centerfold rather quickly. The
- computer, however, must analyze each
- and every pizel.
-
- One way of speeding it up is to break
- the picture up into regions of light
- and dark, of edges and places, of
- shapes and objects. Then it compares
- these to images it already has stored
- in memory, and makes "guess" if they
- are pretty close. Naturally, if the
- picture is in color, the number of
- pixels that must be processed
- increases tremendously.
-
- Try doing that on an abacus!
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