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- 136
- à 6.1èIndependent Clauses and Sentence Fragments
- ä:ïIn the sentences in the Example, underline the independent
- clauses.
- âS:
- #ë╕Shout╗!ï╕I submit╗.ï╕Must I go╗?ï╕I found the brown rabbit╗.
- #╕Near the car, Jim saw the boys frequently spit╕╗.ï╕By selling your
- #╕home now, you will get a good price for it╗.ï╕To fit into ç jeans
- #╕will be a chore╗.ï╕Rushing into the rocky stream, the girls got their
- #╕dresses torn╗.ï╕Ted, Dick, and Jane entered the cave and looked
- #╕around╗.
- éS An independent clause must make sense by itself and begin with
- a capital letter and end in a period, a question mark, or an exclamation
- point.ïTo make sense by itself, an independent clause must contain at
- least one subject and at least one verb or verb phrase that goes with
- that subject.ïAn independent clause can be just one word, the base form
- #of a verb, with the subject understood to be ╖you╗. For example, ╖Go╗!
- #is an independent clause containing the verb ╖go╗ and the understood sub
- #ject in front of it, ╖you╗.ïIt makes sense by itself, it is punctuated
- by an exclamation point, and it has a subject and a corresponding verb.
- Independent clauses can consist of many groups of words as well, includ-
- ing an assortment of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, adverbs, verbals,
- #and phrases, as the following sentence demonstrates:╖ Annoyed by having
- #╖frequently endured the long line of traffic, he is now riding the sub-
- #╖way╗.ïIn this independent clause, the subject is the pronoun ╖he╗, and
- #the corresponding verb is the verb phrase ╖is riding╗.ïAlso included is
- #a long past participial phrase beginning with the past participle ╖an-
- #╖noyed╗ and containing a gerund phrase beginning with the gerund ╖hav-
- #╖ing╗, an infinitive phrase beginning with the infinitive ╖to put╗, and
- #a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition ╖of╗--not to men-
- #tion the adverb ╖frequently╗, the adjective ╖long╗ and the noun ╖live╗.
- The complete independent clause makes sense by itself and begins with a
- #capital letter ╖A╗ in ╖annoyed╗, and it ends with a period after the
- #word ╖subway╗.ïAny time there is only one independent clause in a sen-
- tence, that sentence is called a simple sentence.ïNote that a phrase by
- itself is not an independent clause because it doesn't have a subject
- and a verb or verb phrase, and it doesn't make sense by itself.ïAccor-
- dingly, a phrase rarely starts with a capital letter and ends with a
- period.ïA phrase could, however, be used by itself in response to a
- #question as in ╖Where is Henry╗?ï╖In the hamper╗.ïIf a phrase that is
- not the answer to a question begins with a capital letter and ends with
- a period, it is called a sentence fragment.
- 1.èWhich one of the following examples is an independent
- clause in a simple sentence?
-
- A)ïTo investigate the extra charges.
- B)ïHis daughter giving him tremendous grief.
- C)ïTry to remember to polish the faucet head!
- D)ïå
- #ü ╢Try to remember to polish the faucet head╗ is an independent
- #clause in a simple sentence.ïIt has a subject: the word ╢you╗ is under-
- #stood to be the subject.ïAnd it has the corresponding verb ╢try╗.
- Moreover, the thought makes sense by itself.ïThe other examples all
- #contain fragments.ï╖To investigate the extra charges╗ consists of one
- infinitive phrase.ïBecause a phrase by itself is considered to be a
- sentence fragment, it is an incomplete thought, not an independent
- clause.ïIn the remaining example there is a potential subject, the
- #noun ╖daughter╗.ïBut there is not a verb or verb phrase to go along
- #with ╖daughter╗, only the phrase ╖giving him tremendous grief╗.ïA sub-
- ject plus a phrase makes an incomplete thought, not an independent
- clause.
- Ç C
- 2.èWhich one of the following examples is an independent
- clause in a simple sentence?
- A)ïInto the ditch of the dried bones of hundreds of black sheep.
- B)ïShelley promised to pamper me.
- C)ïStrolling above the damaged bridge at the junction of 45th and 9th
- è streets.
- D)ïå
- #ü ╢Shelley promised to pamper me╗ is an independent clause in a
- #simple sentence.ïIt makes sense by itself, and it has the subject ╢
- #╢Shelley╗ and the corresponding verb form ╢promised╗.ïIt also contains
- #the noun infinitive phrase ╢to pamper me╗, acting as the direct object
- #of the verb form ╢promised╗.ïAnother example is a sentence fragment
- having no subject and no verb, consisting of the four prepositional
- #phrases ╖into the ditch, of the dried bones, of hundreds,╗ and ╖of black
- #╖sheep╗.ïThe remaining example is a sentence fragment that contains
- #three prepositional phrases (╖above the damaged bridge, at the junction,
- #╖of 45th and 9th streets╗) preceded by the word strolling which could
- act as a gerund in a gerund phrase or a present participle in a verb
- or adjective phrase, depending on how the fragment could be revised to
- make it fit into an independent clause.
- Ç B
- 3.èWhich one of the following examples is an independent
- clause in a simple sentence?
-
- A)ïWho composed the song "Roll Over, Beethoven"?
- B)ïUnderneath the table, caught in a web.
- C)ïTo exist without the basics.
- D)ïå
- #ü ╢Who composed the song "Roll Over, Beethoven"╗? is an independent
- #clause.ïIt makes sense by itself, has a subject (the pronoun ╢who╗),
- #and has the corresponding verb form ╖╗╢composed╗ followed by the direct
- #object ╢"Roll Over, Beethoven╗."ïIn another example, there is a sen-
- #tence fragment consisting of the prepositional phrase ╖underneath the
- #╖table╗, and the past participle phrase ╖caught in a web╗.ïNeither
- phrase has a subject or a verb.ïThe last example is also a sentence
- #fragment: ╖to exist without the basics╗ is an infinitive phrase that
- could function as the subject of an independent clause in a revised
- sentence.
- Ç A
- 4.èWhich one of the following examples contains a sentence
- fragment?
-
- A)ïNext to the table, arranged in a zigzag design.
- B)ïI will be prospecting for gold in Alaska.
- C)ïHad the director left for good?
- D)ïå
- #ü ╢Next to the table, arranged in a zigzag design╗ is a sentence
- #fragment consisting of the prepositional phrase ╢next to the table╗, and
- #the past participial phrase ╢arranged in a zigzag design╗.ïNo subjects
- #or verbs are attached to this fragment.ïIn another example, ╖I will be
- #╖prospecting for gold in Alaska╗ is an independent clause.ïIt makes
- #sense by itself, has a subject, ╖I╗, and has a corresponding verb
- #phrase, ╖will be prospecting╗, concluding with the adverb prepositional
- #phrase ╖╖for gold in Alaska╗.ïIn the remaining example, ╖Had the direct
- #or left ╖for good╗? is another independent clause.ïIt makes sense by it
- #self. ╖╖Director╗ is the subject of the verb phrase ╖had left╗; the sim-
- #ple sentence ends with ╖for good╗, an adverb prepositional phrase.
- Ç A
- 5.èWhich one of the following examples contains a sentence
- fragment?
-
- A)ïThe horse was swallowing a huge antibiotic pill.
- B)ïHad delivered a meal on wheels.
- C)ïMake my day!
- D)ïå
- #ü ╢Had delivered a meal on wheels╗ is a sentence fragment because
- it consists of a verb phrase without a subject, followed by the direct
- #object ╢a meal╗ and the adjective prepositional phrase ╢on wheels╗.ïA
- group of words with a verb but without a subject is a sentence fragment.
- The other examples are independent clauses.ïIn one simple sentence,
- #╖horse╗ is the subject and ╖was swallowing ╗is the corresponding verb
- #phrase, followed by the direct object ╖a huge antibiotic pill╗.ïIn the
- #other simple sentence, ╖you╗ is understood to be the subject, ╖make╗ is
- #the corresponding verb, and ╖day╗ is the direct object.
- Ç B
-