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- 183
- à 2.5èParticiples
- ä:èDistinguish between present and past participles in the
- sentences in the Example.
- âS:
- #è ╖We might be going to Hungary in the fall╗ contains the pre-
- #è sent participle╖ going╖.
-
- #ï╖ïI have noticed that you have recently shown good judgment ╗contains
- #è the two past participles ╖noticed ╗and ╖shown.╗
- #éS A present participle is normally formed by adding ╖ing ╗to the
- base form of any regular or irregular verb: the present participle of
- #╖hoe ╗is ╖hoeing, ╗the present participle of ╖try ╗is ╖trying, ╗the pre-
- #sent participle of ╖kiss ╗is ╖kissing.ï╗However, there are exceptions:
- #most irregular verbs ending in ╖e╖ ╗(like ╖have╗) form the present par-
- #ticiple by dropping the ╖e ╗and then adding ╖ing: having.╗ïOther ir-
- #regular verbs ending in ╖e╖╗, like╖ die, ╗drop the two vowels and then
- #add ╖ying: dying.ï╗Sometimes the last letter of a regular or irregular
- #verb is doubled before adding ╖ing╗ to form the present participle.ïFor
- #example, the regular verb occur has as its present participle ╖occurring╗
- #the irregular verb ╖forget╗ has as its present participle ╖forgetting.╗
-
- A present participle never functions as a main verb without at least one
- helping verb preceding it.ïFor example, any one of the following
- helping verbs can be placed in front of the present participle--
- #depending on the subject and tense of the verb: ╖am, are, is, was, were,
- #╖may, be, might be, could be, should be, would be, will be, have been,
- #╖had been, could have been, might have been, may have been, would have
- #╖been, will have been, should have been.ï╗To form the past participle
- #of a regular verb, you normally add an ╖ed; ╗for example, ╖jump ╗becomes
- #╖jumped.ï╗But if a regular verb ends in ╖e╖,╗ add only a ╖d╖; ╗for ex-
- #ample, ╖die ╗becomes ╖died; ╗if the regular verb ends in a ╖y╗ preceded
- #by a consonant, form the past participle by dropping the ╖y╗ and adding
- #╖ied╗╖;╗ for example, ╖try ╗becomes ╖tried.ï╗Some regular verbs that
- end in a consonant preceded by a vowel double that consonant and then
- #add an ╖ed; ╗for example ╖prefer ╗becomes ╖preferred.ï╗Forming past
- #participles from irregular verbs is even more complicated.ï╖Ed ╗is not
- added at all.ïInstead there are many other endings.ïMost of the time
- #the past participle will be longer than the verb's base form: ╖write;
- #╖╗becomes ╖written; forget ╗becomes ╖forgotten; do ╗becomes ╖done.ï╗Or
- the past participle may have the same amount of letters as the verb's
- #base form, but one letter is removed and one letter is added: ╖choose ╗
- #becomes ╖chosen, freeze ╗becomes ╖frozen.
- 1.èWhich one of the following sentences contains a present
- participle used as a main verb?
-
- A)ïCould he be forgotten so quickly?
- B)ïI am swimming against the tide.
- C)ïThe travelers might have had bad weather.
- D)ïå
- ü
-
- #êï╢Swimming ╗╗is a present participle.ï╢Am ╗is the helping verb.
- #In the other sentences, ╖could be forgotten ╗contains two helping verbs
- #plus a past participle, as does ╖might have had.╗
- Ç B
- 2.èWhich one of the following sentences contains a past
- participle?
-
- A)ïWas she applauded for her solo?
- B)ïI must have been dreaming for a moment.
- C)ïThe train leisurely crossed the bridge.
- D)ïå
- ü
- #êïThe past participle is ╖applauded; was ╗is the helping verb.
- #In another sentence, ╖must have been dreaming ╗ consists of three help-
- ing verbs plus a present participle, and the remaining sentence has no
- participle at all, just the past ç of the regular verb cross.
- Ç A
- 3.èWhich one of the following sentences contains a present and
- past participle used as a main verb?
-
- A)ïLarry Holmes is still boxing.
- B)ïWill he be seated at court today?
- C)ïThey were hoping that snow would have fallen by now.
- D)ïå
- ü
- #êï╢Hoping ╗is a present participle and ╢were ╗ is its helping
- #verb; ╖╗╢fallen ╗is a past participle; ╢would have ╗are the two helping
- #verbs.ïOne sentence contains only the present participle ╖boxing, ╗pre-
- #ceded by the helping verb ╖is╖, ╗and one sentence contains only the past
- #participle ╖seated, ╗preceded by the helping verbs ╖will be.╗
- Ç C
- 4.èWhich one of the following sentences contains a past par-
- ticiple used as the main verb?
-
- A)ïI questioned his statistics.
- B)ïWilly has sighted a deer.
- C)ïJimmy answered the letters.
- D)ïå
- ü
- #êïEven though all the main verbs end in ╖ed, ╗the only one that
- #is a past participle is ╢sighted ╗because it, unlike the other two
- #verbs, is preceded by the helping verb ╢has.ï╗In the other sentences,
- #╖questioned and ╖answered ╗are the past tense forms of the regular verbs
- #╖question ╗and ╖answer.
- Ç B
- 5.èWhich one of the following sentences contains a past par-
- ticiple used as the main verb and preceded by three helping verbs?
-
- A)ïCould the cemetery have been lighted better?
- B)ïShould he have been in charge of the crew?
- C)ïWhom am I looking for?
- D)ïå
- #üè╢Lighted ╗is a participle preceded by three helping verbs: ╢
- #╢could, have, ╗and ╢seen.ï╗The subject of the sentence, the ╖cemetery,
- separates the first helping verb from the second two--as often happens
- #in questions involving helping verbs.ïIn another sentence, ╖been, ╗
- instead of functioning as a helping verb, is a past participle (of the
- #verb ╖be╗) used as the main verb and is preceded by the two helping
- #verbs ╖should have.ï╗In the remaining sentence, there is no past par-
- #ticiple.ïThe present participle ╖looking╗ is the main verb, and ╖am ╗is
- the helping verb.
- Ç A
- 6.èWhich one of the following sentences contains the appro-
- priate form of the past participle of an irregular verb used as the main
- verb?
- A)ïHe has drank a quart of milk.
- B)ïThey have wrote to the President.
- C)ïShe could have lead the team.
- D)ïå
- #üèå of the main verbs are proper past participle forms.ï╖
- #╖Drank ╗ is the past tense of the irregular verb ╖drink: drunk ╗is the
- #correct past participle form.╖ Wrote ╗is the past tense of the irregular
- #verb╖ write: written ╗is the correct past participle form.ïThe verb ╖
- #╖lead, ╗(it is often mispronounced as if it were the noun ╖lead, ╗the
- #metal) should be spelled ╖led.ï╗If it were spelled correctly, then it
- would be the correct form of the past participle of the irregular verb
- #╖lead.ï╗Note that ╖led ╗is also the past tense ending.
- Ç D
- 7.èWhich one of the following irregular verbs does not change
- from the base form when forming the past participle?
-
- A)ïsit
- B)ïset
- C)ïsup
- D)ïnone
- ü
-
- #êïAs a past participle, ╢set ╗doesn't change its basic form at
- #all.ï╖Sat ╗is the past participle of ╖sit.ïSup ╗is the past participle
- #of╖ sip.
- Ç B
- 8.èWhich one of the following irregular verbs does not change
- its base when forming the past participle or the past tense?
-
- A)ïdo
- B)ïbegin
- C)ïread
- D)ïnone
- ü
-
- #êï╢Read ╗doesn't change its form from the base verb to past or
- #past participle.ï╖Done ╗is the past participle of ╖do.ïBegun ╗is the
- #past participle of ╖begin.╗
- Ç C
- 9.èWhich one of the following verbs is a past participle form
- of an irregular verb?
-
- A)ïrose
- B)ïstole
- C)ïrode
- D)ïnone
- ü
- êïå of the above verbs are past participles.ïThey are all
- #past tense forms.ï╖Rose ╗is the past tense of ╖rise.ïRisen ╗is the
- #correct past participle form.ï╖Stole ╗is the past tense of╖ steal:
- #╖stolen ╗is the correct past participle form.ï╖Rode ╗is the past ç
- #of ╖ride: ridden ╗is the correct past participle form.
- Ç D
- 10.èWhich one of the following verbs is a past participle
- form of an irregular verb?
-
- A)ïsewn
- B)ïdove
- C)ïstrove
- D)ïnone
- ü
-
- #êï╢Sewn ╗is the past participle of the verb ╢sew.ï╗Both ╖dove ╗
- #and ╖strove ╗are past tense forms of the irregular verbs ╖dive ╗and ╖
- #╖strive:╗ the past participle of ╖strive ╗is ╖strived ╗or ╖striven; ╗the
- past participle of dive is dived.
- Ç A
-