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- LS(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES LS(1L)
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- NAME
- ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
-
- SYNOPSIS
- ls [-abcdgiklmnpqrstuxABCFLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I
- pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode] [--kilo-
- bytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--hide-control-chars]
- [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tabsize=cols]
- [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify] [--file-type]
- [--ignore=pattern] [--dereference] [--literal] [--quote-
- name] [--recursive] [--sort={none,time,size,extension}]
- [--format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-
- column}] [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [path...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of ls. dir and
- vdir are versions of ls with different default output for-
- mats. These programs list each given file or directory
- path. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
- ls, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
- cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise they
- are listed one per line. For dir, files are by default
- listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vdir, files are
- by default listed in long format.
-
- OPTIONS
- -_a, --_a_l_l
- List all files in directories, including all files that
- start with `.'.
-
- -_b, --_e_s_c_a_p_e
- Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alpha-
- betic and octal backslash sequences like those used in
- C.
-
- -_c, --_t_i_m_e=_c_t_i_m_e, --_t_i_m_e=_s_t_a_t_u_s
- Sort directory contents according to the files' status
- change time instead of the modification time. If the
- long listing format is being used, print the status
- change time instead of the modification time.
-
- -_d, --_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
- List directories like other files, rather than listing
- their contents.
-
- -_g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
-
- -_i, --_i_n_o_d_e
- Print the index number of each file to the left of the
- file name.
-
- -_k, --_k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
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- If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
- bytes. This overrides the environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT.
-
- -_l, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_l_o_n_g, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
- In addition to the name of each file, print the file
- type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name,
- group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the modifica-
- tion time unless other times are selected). For files
- with a time that is more than 6 months old or more than
- 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year
- instead of the time of day.
-
- -_m, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_c_o_m_m_a_s
- List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on
- each line, separated by commas.
-
- -_n, --_n_u_m_e_r_i_c-_u_i_d-_g_i_d
- List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-
- -_p Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type.
-
- -_q, --_h_i_d_e-_c_o_n_t_r_o_l-_c_h_a_r_s
- Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters
- in file names.
-
- -_r, --_r_e_v_e_r_s_e
- Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-
- -_s, --_s_i_z_e
- Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of
- the file name. If the environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used
- instead.
-
- -_t, --_s_o_r_t=_t_i_m_e
- Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alpha-
- betically, with the newest files listed first.
-
- -_u, --_t_i_m_e=_a_t_i_m_e, --_t_i_m_e=_a_c_c_e_s_s, --_t_i_m_e=_u_s_e
- Sort directory contents according to the files' last
- access time instead of the modification time. If the
- long listing format is being used, print the last
- access time instead of the modification time.
-
- -_x, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_a_c_r_o_s_s, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l
- List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-
- -_A, --_a_l_m_o_s_t-_a_l_l
- List all files in directories except for `.' and `..'.
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- -_B, --_i_g_n_o_r_e-_b_a_c_k_u_p_s
- Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are
- given on the command line.
-
- -_C, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l
- List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-
- -_F, --_c_l_a_s_s_i_f_y
- Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type. For regular files that are executable,
- append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
- directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `='
- for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-
- -_L, --_d_e_r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
- List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of
- listing the contents of the links.
-
- -_N, --_l_i_t_e_r_a_l
- Do not quote file names.
-
- -_Q, --_q_u_o_t_e-_n_a_m_e
- Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
- graphic characters as in C.
-
- -_R, --_r_e_c_u_r_s_i_v_e
- List the contents of all directories recursively.
-
- -_S, --_s_o_r_t=_s_i_z_e
- Sort directory contents by file size instead of alapha-
- betically, with the largest files listed first.
-
- -_U, --_s_o_r_t=_n_o_n_e
- Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever
- order they are stored on the disk. This option is not
- called -_f because the Unix ls -_f option also enables -_a
- and disables -_l, -_s, and -_t. It seems useless and ugly
- to group those unrelated things together in one option.
- Since this option doesn't do that, it has a different
- name.
-
- -_X, --_s_o_r_t=_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
- Sort directory contents alphabetically by file exten-
- sion (characters after the last `.'); files with no
- extension are sorted first.
-
- -_1, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_s_i_n_g_l_e-_c_o_l_u_m_n
- List one file per line.
-
- -_w, --_w_i_d_t_h _c_o_l_s
- Assume the screen is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The default is
- taken from the terminal driver if possible; otherwise
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- the environment variable COLUMNS is used if it is set;
- otherwise the default is 80.
-
- -_T, --_t_a_b_s_i_z_e _c_o_l_s
- Assume that each tabstop is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The
- default is 8.
-
- -_I, --_i_g_n_o_r_e _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern
- _p_a_t_t_e_r_n unless they are given on the command line. As
- in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not
- match a wildcard at the start of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.
-
- BUGS
- On BSD systems, the -_s option reports sizes that are half
- the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX
- systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice
- the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD
- systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects
- the HP-UX ls program.
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- The long-named options can be introduced with `+' as well as
- `--', for compatibility with previous releases. Eventually
- support for `+' will be removed, because it is incompatible
- with the POSIX.2 standard.
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