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- TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
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- NAME
- tail - output the last part of files
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- SYNOPSIS
- tail [-c [+]N[bkm]] [-n [+]N] [-fqv] [--bytes=[+]N[bkm]]
- [--lines=[+]N] [--follow] [--quiet] [--silent] [--verbose]
- [--help] [--version] [file...]
-
- tail [{-,+}Nbcfklmqv] [file...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of tail. tail
- prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each given
- file; it reads from standard input if no files are given
- or when a filename of `-' is encountered. If more than
- one file is given, it prints a header consisting of the
- file's name enclosed in `==>' and `<==' before the output
- for each file.
-
- The GNU tail can output any amount of data, unlike the
- Unix version, which uses a fixed size buffer. It has no
- -r option (print in reverse). Reversing a file is really
- a different job from printing the end of a file; the BSD
- tail can only reverse files that are at most as large as
- its buffer, which is typically 32k. A reliable and more
- versatile way to reverse files is the GNU tac command.
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- OPTIONS
- tail accepts two option formats: the new one, in which
- numbers are arguments to the option letters, and the old
- one, in which a `+' or `-' and optional number precede any
- option letters.
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- If a number (`N') starts with a `+', tail begins printing
- with the Nth item from the start of each file, instead of
- from the end.
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- -c N, --bytes N
- Tail by N bytes. N is a nonzero integer, option-
- ally followed by one of the following characters to
- specify a different unit.
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- b 512-byte blocks.
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- k 1-kilobyte blocks.
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- m 1-megabyte blocks.
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- -f, --follow
- Loop forever trying to read more characters at the
- end of the file, on the assumption that the file is
- growing. Ignored if reading from a pipe. If more
- than one file is given, tail prints a header when-
- ever it gets output from a different file, to
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- FSF GNU Text Utilities 1
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- TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
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- indicate which file that output is from.
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- -l, -n N, --lines N
- Tail by N lines. -l is only recognized using the
- old option format.
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- -q, --quiet, --silent
- Never print filename headers.
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- -v, --verbose
- Always print filename headers.
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- --help Print a usage message and exit with a non-zero sta-
- tus.
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- --version
- Print version information on standard error then
- exit.
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- FSF GNU Text Utilities 2
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