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-
-
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
-
-
- NAME
- ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
-
- SYNOPSIS
- ls [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols]
- [-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode]
- [--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide-
- control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab-
- size=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify]
- [--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer-
- ence] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive]
- [--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--for-
- mat={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
- [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help] [--ver-
- sion] [path...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of ls. dir and
- vdir are versions of ls with different default output for-
- mats. These programs list each given file or directory
- path. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
- ls, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
- cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise
- they are listed one per line. For dir, files are by
- default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vdir,
- files are by default listed in long format.
-
- OPTIONS
- -a, --all
- List all files in directories, including all files
- that start with `.'.
-
- -b, --escape
- Quote nongraphic characters in file names using
- alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
- used in C.
-
- -c, --time=ctime, --time=status
- Sort directory contents according to the files'
- status change time instead of the modification
- time. If the long listing format is being used,
- print the status change time instead of the modifi-
- cation time.
-
- -d, --directory
- List directories like other files, rather than
- listing their contents.
-
- -f Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
- ever order they are stored on the disk. The same
- as enabling -a and -U and disabling -l, -s, and -t.
-
- --full-time
- List times in full, rather than using the standard
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 1
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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-
- abbreviation heuristics.
-
- -g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
-
- -i, --inode
- Print the index number of each file to the left of
- the file name.
-
- -k, --kilobytes
- If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
- bytes. This overrides the environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT.
-
- -l, --format=long, --format=verbose
- In addition to the name of each file, print the
- file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
- name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
- modification time unless other times are selected).
- For files with a time that is more than 6 months
- old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
- tamp contains the year instead of the time of day.
-
- -m, --format=commas
- List files horizontally, with as many as will fit
- on each line, separated by commas.
-
- -n, --numeric-uid-gid
- List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-
- -p Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type.
-
- -q, --hide-control-chars
- Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac-
- ters in file names.
-
- -r, --reverse
- Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-
- -s, --size
- Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the
- left of the file name. If the environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used
- instead.
-
- -t, --sort=time
- Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of
- alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.
-
- -u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
- Sort directory contents according to the files'
- last access time instead of the modification time.
- If the long listing format is being used, print the
- last access time instead of the modification time.
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 2
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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- -x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
- List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-
- -A, --almost-all
- List all files in directories, except for `.' and
- `..'.
-
- -B, --ignore-backups
- Do not list files that end with `~', unless they
- are given on the command line.
-
- -C, --format=vertical
- List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-
- -F, --classify
- Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type. For regular files that are executable,
- append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
- directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
- `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-
- -G, --no-group
- Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
- mat directory listing.
-
- -L, --dereference
- List the files linked to by symbolic links instead
- of listing the contents of the links.
-
- -N, --literal
- Do not quote file names.
-
- -Q, --quote-name
- Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
- graphic characters as in C.
-
- -R, --recursive
- List the contents of all directories recursively.
-
- -S, --sort=size
- Sort directory contents by file size instead of
- alphabetically, with the largest files listed
- first.
-
- -U, --sort=none
- Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
- ever order they are stored on the disk. This
- option is not called -f because the Unix ls -f
- option also enables -a and disables -l, -s, and -t.
- It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated
- things together in one option. Since this option
- doesn't do that, it has a different name.
-
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 3
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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- -X, --sort=extension
- Sort directory contents alphabetically by file
- extension (characters after the last `.'); files
- with no extension are sorted first.
-
- -1, --format=single-column
- List one file per line.
-
- -w, --width cols
- Assume the screen is cols columns wide. The
- default is taken from the terminal driver if possi-
- ble; otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS is
- used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
-
- -T, --tabsize cols
- Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide. The
- default is 8.
-
- -I, --ignore pattern
- Do not list files whose names match the shell pat-
- tern pattern unless they are given on the command
- line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a file-
- name does not match a wildcard at the start of pat-
- tern.
-
- --help Print a usage message and exit with a non-zero sta-
- tus.
-
- --version
- Print version information on standard error then
- exit.
-
- BUGS
- On BSD systems, the -s option reports sizes that are half
- the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-
- UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are
- twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted
- from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also
- affects the HP-UX ls program.
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 4
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