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CVS(1) CVS(1) NAME cvs - Concurrent Versions System SYNOPSIS cvs [ cvs_options ] cvs_command [ command_options ] [ command_args ] DESCRIPTION cvs is a front end to the rcs(1) revision control system which extends the notion of revision control from a col- lection of files in a single directory to a hierarchical collection of directories consisting of revision con- trolled files. These directories and files can be com- bined together to form a software release. cvs provides the functions necessary to manage these software releases and to control the concurrent editing of source files among multiple software developers. cvs keeps a single copy of the master sources. This copy is called the source ``repository''; it contains all the information to permit extracting previous software releases at any time based on either a symbolic revision tag, or a date in the past. ESSENTIAL COMMANDS cvs provides a rich variety of commands (cvs_command in the Synopsis), each of which often has a wealth of options, to satisfy the many needs of source management in distributed environments. However, you don't have to mas- ter every detail to do useful work with cvs; in fact, five commands are sufficient to use (and contribute to) the source repository. cvs checkout modules... A necessary preliminary for most cvs work: creates your private copy of the source for modules (named collections of source; you can also use a path rel- ative to the source repository here). You can work with this copy without interfering with others' work. At least one subdirectory level is always created. cvs update Execute this command from within your private source directory when you wish to update your copies of source files from changes that other developers have made to the source in the reposi- tory. cvs add file... Use this command to enroll new files in cvs records of your working directory. The files will be added to the repository the next time you run `cvs commit'. Note: You should use the `cvs import' 03:05:16 1 CVS(1) CVS(1) command to bootstrap new sources into the source repository. `cvs add' is only used for new files to an already checked-out module. cvs remove file... Use this command (after erasing any files listed) to declare that you wish to eliminate files from the repository. The removal does not affect others until you run `cvs commit'. cvs commit file... Use this command when you wish to ``publish'' your changes to other developers, by incorporating them in the source repository. OPTIONS The cvs command line can include cvs_options, which apply to the overall cvs program; a cvs_command, which specifies a particular action on the source repository; and com- mand_options and command_arguments to fully specify what the cvs_command will do. Warning: you must be careful of precisely where you place options relative to the cvs_command. The same option can mean different things depending on whether it is in the cvs_options position (to the left of a cvs command) or in the command_options position (to the right of a cvs com- mand). There are only two situations where you may omit cvs_command: `cvs -H' elicits a list of available com- mands, and `cvs -v ' displays version information on cvs itself. CVS OPTIONS Use these options to control the overall cvs program: -H Display usage information about the specified cvs_command (but do not actually execute the com- mand). If you don't specify a command name, `cvs -H' displays a summary of all the commands avail- able. -Q Causes the command to be really quiet; the command will generate output only for serious problems. -q Causes the command to be somewhat quiet; informa- tional messages, such as reports of recursion through subdirectories, are suppressed. -b bindir Use bindir as the directory where RCS programs are located. Overrides the setting of the RCSBIN 03:05:16 2 CVS(1) CVS(1) environment variable. This value should be speci- fied as an absolute pathname. -d CVS_root_directory Use CVS_root_directory as the root directory path- name of the master RCS source repository. Over- rides the setting of the CVSROOT environment vari- able. This value should be specified as an abso- lute pathname. -e editor Use editor to enter revision log information. Overrides the setting of the EDITOR environment variable. -l Do not log the cvs_command in the command history (but execute it anyway). See the description of the history command for information on command his- tory. -n Do not change any files. Attempt to execute the cvs_command, but only to issue reports; do not remove, update, or merge any existing files, or create any new files. -t Trace program execution; display messages showing the steps of cvs activity. Particularly useful with -n to explore the potential impact of an unfa- miliar command. -r Makes new working files files read-only. Same effect as if the CVSREAD environment variable is set. -v Displays version and copyright information for cvs. -w Makes new working files read-write (default). Overrides the setting of the CVSREAD environment variable. USAGE Except when requesting general help with `cvs -H', you must specify a cvs_command to cvs to select a specific release control function to perform. Each cvs command accepts its own collection of options and arguments. How- ever, many options are available across several commands. You can display a usage summary for each command by speci- fying the -H option with the command. CVS COMMAND SUMMARY Here are brief descriptions of all the cvs commands: add Add a new file or directory to the repository, pending a `cvs commit' on the same file. Can only 03:05:16 3 CVS(1) CVS(1) be done from within sources created by a previous `cvs checkout' invocation. Use `cvs import' to place whole new hierarchies of sources under cvs control. (Does not directly affect repository; changes working directory.) admin Execute RCS control functions on the source reposi- tory. (Changes repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.) checkout Make a working directory of source files for edit- ing. (Creates or changes working directory.) commit Apply to the source repository changes, additions, and deletions from your working directory. (Changes repository.) diff Show differences between files in working directory and source repository, or between two revisions in source repository. (Does not change either reposi- tory or working directory.) export Prepare copies of a set of source files for ship- ment off site. Differs from `cvs checkout' in that no cvs administrative directories are created (and therefore `cvs commit' cannot be executed from a directory prepared with `cvs export'), and a sym- bolic tag must be specified. (Does not change repository; creates directory similar to working directories). history Show reports on cvs commands that you or others have executed on a particular file or directory in the source repository. (Does not change repository or working directory.) History logs are kept only if enabled by creation of the `$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history' file; see cvs(5). import Incorporate a set of updates from off-site into the source repository, as a ``vendor branch''. (Changes repository.) log Display RCS log information. (Does not change repository or working directory.) rdiff Prepare a collection of diffs as a patch file between two releases in the repository. (Does not change repository or working directory.) release Cancel a `cvs checkout', abandoning any changes. (Can delete working directory; no effect on 03:05:16 4 CVS(1) CVS(1) repository.) remove Remove files from the source repository, pending a `cvs commit' on the same files. (Does not directly affect repository; changes working directory.) rtag Explicitly specify a symbolic tag for particular revisions of files in the source repository. See also `cvs tag'. (Changes repository directly; does not require or affect working directory.) status Show current status of files: latest version, ver- sion in working directory, whether working version has been edited and, optionally, symbolic tags in the RCS file. (Does not change repository or work- ing directory.) tag Specify a symbolic tag for files in the repository. Tags the revisions that were last synchronized with your working directory. (Changes repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.) update Bring your working directory up to date with changes from the repository. Merges are performed automatically when possible; a warning is issued if manual resolution is required for conflicting changes. (Changes working directory; does not change repository.) COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS This section describes the command_options that are avail- able across several cvs commands. Not all commands sup- port all of these options; each option is only supported for commands where it makes sense. However, when a com- mand has one of these options you can count on the same meaning for the option as in other commands. (Other com- mand options, which are listed with the individual com- mands, may have different meanings from one cvs command to another.) Warning: the history command is an exception; it supports many options that conflict even with these standard options. -D date_spec Use the most recent revision no later than date_spec (a single argument, date description specifying a date in the past). A wide variety of date formats are supported by the underlying RCS facilities, similar to those described in co(1), but not exactly the same. The date_spec is inter- preted as being in the local timezone, unless a specific timezone is specified. The specification is ``sticky'' when you use it to make a private copy of a source file; that is, when you get a 03:05:16 5 CVS(1) CVS(1) working file using -D, cvs records the date you specified, so that further updates in the same directory will use the same date (unless you explicitly override it; see the description of the update command). -D is available with the check- out, diff,, history, export, rdiff, rtag, and update commands. Examples of valid date specifica- tions include: 1 month ago 2 hours ago 400000 seconds ago last year last Monday yesterday a fortnight ago 3/31/92 10:00:07 PST January 23, 1987 10:05pm 22:00 GMT -f When you specify a particular date or tag to cvs commands, they normally ignore files that do not contain the tag (or did not exist on the date) that you specified. Use the -f option if you want files retrieved even when there is no match for the tag or date. (The most recent version is used in this situation.) -f is available with these commands: checkout, export, rdiff, rtag, and update. -H Help; describe the options available for this com- mand. This is the only option supported for all cvs commands. -k kflag Alter the default RCS processing of keywords; all the -k options described in rcs(1) are available. The -k option is available with the add, checkout, diff, rdiff, and update commands. Your kflag spec- ification is ``sticky'' when you use it to create a private copy of a source file; that is, when you use this option with the checkout or update com- mands, cvs associates your selected kflag with the file, and continues to use it with future update commands on the same file until you specify other- wise. -l Local; run only in current working directory, rather than recurring through subdirectories. Available with the following commands: checkout, commit, diff, export, remove, rdiff, rtag, status, tag, and update. Warning: this is not the same as the overall `cvs -l' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! -n Do not run any checkout/commit/tag/update program. 03:05:16 6 CVS(1) CVS(1) (A program can be specified to run on each of these activities, in the modules database; this option bypasses it.) Available with the checkout, commit, export, and rtag commands. Warning: this is not the same as the overall `cvs -n' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! -P Prune (remove) directories that are empty after being updated, on checkout, or update. Normally, an empty directory (one that is void of revision- controlled files) is left alone. Specifying -P will cause these directories to be silently removed from your checked-out sources. This does not remove the directory from the repository, only from your checked out copy. Note that this option is implied by the -r or -D options of checkout and export. -p Pipe the files retrieved from the repository to standard output, rather than writing them in the current directory. Available with the checkout and update commands. -Q Causes the command to be really quiet; the command will generate output only for serious problems. Available with the following commands: checkout, import, export, rdiff, rtag, tag, and update. -q Causes the command to be somewhat quiet; informa- tional messages, such as reports of recursion through subdirectories, are suppressed. Available with the following commands: checkout, import, export, rtag, tag, and update. -r tag Use the revision specified by the tag argument instead of the default ``head'' revision. As well as arbitrary tags defined with the tag or rtag com- mand, two special tags are always available: `HEAD' refers to the most recent version available in the repository, and `BASE' refers to the revision you last checked out into the current working direc- tory. The tag specification is ``sticky'' when you use this option with `cvs checkout' or `cvs update' to make your own copy of a file: cvs remembers the tag and continues to use it on future update commands, until you specify otherwise. tag can be either a symbolic or numeric tag, in RCS fashion. Specify- ing the -q option along with the -r option is often useful, to suppress the warning messages when the RCS file does not contain the specified tag. -r is available with the checkout, commit, diff, history, export, rdiff, rtag, and update commands. Warning: 03:05:16 7 CVS(1) CVS(1) this is not the same as the overall `cvs -r' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! CVS COMMANDS Here (finally) are details on all the cvs commands and the options each accepts. The summary lines at the top of each command's description highlight three kinds of things: Command Options and Arguments Special options are described in detail below; common command options may appear only in the summary line. Working Directory, or Repository? Some cvs commands require a working directory to operate; some require a repository. Also, some commands change the repository, some change the working directory, and some change nothing. Synonyms Many commands have synonyms, which you may find easier to remember (or type) than the principal name. add [-k kflag] [-m 'message'] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: working directory. Synonym: new Use the add command to create a new file or direc- tory in the RCS source repository. The files or directories specified with add must already exist in the current directory (which must have been cre- ated with the checkout command). To add a whole new directory hierarchy to the source repository (for example, files received from a third-party vendor), use the `cvs import' command instead. If the argument to `cvs add' refers to an immediate sub-directory, the directory is created at the cor- rect place in the RCS source repository, and the necessary cvs administration files are created in your working directory. If the directory already exists in the source repository, `cvs add' still creates the administration files in your version of the directory. This allows you to use `cvs add' to add a particular directory to your private sources even if someone else created that directory after your checkout of the sources. You can do the fol- lowing: example% mkdir new_directory 03:05:16 8 CVS(1) CVS(1) example% cvs add new_directory example% cvs update new_directory An alternate approach using `cvs update' might be: example% cvs update -d new_directory (To add any available new directories to your work- ing directory, it's probably simpler to use `cvs checkout' or `cvs update -d'.) The added files are not placed in the RCS source repository until you use `cvs commit' to make the change permanent. Doing a `cvs add' on a file that was removed with the `cvs remove' command will res- urrect the file, if no `cvs commit' command inter- vened. You will have the opportunity to specify a logging message, as usual, when you use `cvs commit' to make the new file permanent. If you'd like to have another logging message associated with just cre- ation of the file (for example, to describe the file's purpose), you can specify it with the `-m message' option to the add command. The `-k kflag' option specifies the default way that this file will be checked out. The `kflag' argument is stored in the RCS file and can be changed with `cvs admin'. Specifying `-ko' is use- ful for checking in binaries that shouldn't have the RCS id strings expanded. admin [rcs-options] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: repository. Synonym: rcs This is the cvs interface to assorted administra- tive RCS facilities, documented in rcs(1). `cvs admin' simply passes all its options and arguments to the rcs command; it does no filtering or other processing. This command does work recursively, however, so extreme care should be used. checkout [options] modules... Requires: repository. Changes: working directory. Synonyms: co, get Make a working directory containing copies of the source files specified by modules. You must exe- cute `cvs checkout' before using most of the other cvs commands, since most of them operate on your working directory. 03:05:16 9 CVS(1) CVS(1) modules are either symbolic names (themselves defined as the module `modules' in the source repository; see cvs(5)) for some collection of source directories and files, or paths to directo- ries or files in the repository. Depending on the modules you specify, checkout may recursively create directories and populate them with the appropriate source files. You can then edit these source files at any time (regardless of whether other software developers are editing their own copies of the sources); update them to include new changes applied by others to the source reposi- tory; or commit your work as a permanent change to the RCS repository. Note that checkout is used to create directories. The top-level directory created is always added to the directory where checkout is invoked, and usu- ally has the same name as the specified module. In the case of a module alias, the created sub- directory may have a different name, but you can be sure that it will be a sub-directory, and that checkout will show the relative path leading to each file as it is extracted into your private work area (unless you specify the -Q option). Running `cvs checkout' on a directory that was already built by a prior checkout is also permit- ted, and has the same effect as specifying the -d option to the update command described below. The options permitted with `cvs checkout' include the standard command options -P, -Q, -f, -k kflag , -l, -n, -p, -q, -r tag, and -D date. In addition to those, you can use these special command options with checkout: Use the -A option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or -k options. (If you get a working file using one of the -r, -D, or -k options, cvs remembers the corresponding tag, date, or kflag and continues using it on future updates; use the -A option to make cvs forget these specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file). The -j branch option merges the changes made between the resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if the tag refers to a branch, cvs will merge all changes made in that branch into your working file). With two -j options, cvs will merge in the changes 03:05:16 10 CVS(1) CVS(1) between the two respective revisions. This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your work- ing file. In addition, each -j option can contain on optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a spe- cific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag. An example might be what `cvs import' tells you to do when you have just imported sources that have conflicts with local changes: example% cvs checkout -jTAG:yesterday -jTAG module Use the -N option with `-d dir' to avoid shortening module paths in your working directory. (Nor- mally, cvs shortens paths as much as possible when you specify an explicit target directory.) Use the -c option to copy the module file, sorted, to the standard output, instead of creating or mod- ifying any files or directories in your working directory. Use the -d dir option to create a directory called dir for the working files, instead of using the module name. Unless you also use -N, the paths created under dir will be as short as possible. Use the -s option to display per-module status information stored with the -s option within the modules file. commit [-lnR] [-m 'log_message' | -f file] [-r revision] [files...] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: ci Use `cvs commit' when you want to incorporate changes from your working source files into the general source repository. If you don't specify particular files to commit, all of the files in your working current directory are examined. commit is careful to change in the repository only those files that you have really changed. By default (or if you explicitly specify the -R option), files in subdirectories are also examined and committed if they have changed; you can use the -l option to limit commit to the cur- rent directory only. commit verifies that the selected files are up to 03:05:16 11 CVS(1) CVS(1) date with the current revisions in the source repository; it will notify you, and exit without committing, if any of the specified files must be made current first with `cvs update'. commit does not call the update command for you, but rather leaves that for you to do when the time is right. When all is well, an editor is invoked to allow you to enter a log message that will be written to one or more logging programs and placed in the RCS source repository file. You can instead specify the log message on the command line with the -m option, thus suppressing the editor invocation, or use the -f option to specify that the argument file contains the log message. The -r option can be used to commit to a particular symbolic or numeric revision within the RCS file. For example, to bring all your files up to the RCS revision ``3.0'' (including those that haven't changed), you might do: example% cvs commit -r3.0 cvs will only allow you to commit to a revision that is on the main trunk (a revision with a single dot). However, you can also commit to a branch revision (one that has an even number of dots) with the -r option. To create a branch revision, one typically use the -b option of the rtag or tag com- mands. Then, either checkout or update can be used to base your sources on the newly created branch. From that point on, all commit changes made within these working sources will be automatically added to a branch revision, thereby not perturbing main- line development in any way. For example, if you had to create a patch to the 1.2 version of the product, even though the 2.0 version is already under development, you might do: example% cvs rtag -b -rFCS1_2 FCS1_2_Patch product_module example% cvs checkout -rFCS1_2_Patch product_module example% cd product_module [[ hack away ]] example% cvs commit Say you have been working on some extremely experi- mental software, based on whatever revision you happened to checkout last week. If others in your group would like to work on this software with you, but without disturbing main-line development, you could commit your change to a new branch. Others can then checkout your experimental stuff and uti- lize the full benefit of cvs conflict resolution. 03:05:16 12 CVS(1) CVS(1) The scenario might look like: example% cvs tag -b EXPR1 example% cvs update -rEXPR1 [[ hack away ]] example% cvs commit Others would simply do `cvs checkout -rEXPR1 whatever_module' to work with you on the experimen- tal change. diff [-kl] [rcsdiff_options] [[-r rev1 | -D date1] [-r rev2 | -D date2]] [files...] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: nothing. You can compare your working files with revisions in the source repository, with the `cvs diff' com- mand. If you don't specify a particular revision, your files are compared with the revisions they were based on. You can also use the standard cvs command option -r to specify a particular revision to compare your files with. Finally, if you use -r twice, you can see differences between two revi- sions in the repository. You can also specify -D options to diff against a revision in the past. The -r and -D options can be mixed together with at most two options ever specified. See rcsdiff(1) for a list of other accepted options. If you don't specify any files, diff will display differences for all those files in the current directory (and its subdirectories, unless you use the standard option -l) that differ from the corre- sponding revision in the source repository (i.e. files that you have changed), or that differ from the revision specified. export [-flNnQq] -r rev|-D date [-d dir] module... Requires: repository. Changes: current directory. This command is a variant of `cvs checkout'; use it when you want a copy of the source for module with- out the cvs administrative directories. For exam- ple, you might use `cvs export' to prepare source for shipment off-site. This command requires that you specify a date or tag (with -D or -r), so that you can count on reproducing the source you ship to others. The only non-standard options are `-d dir' (write the source into directory dir) and `-N' (don't shorten module paths). These have the same 03:05:16 13 CVS(1) CVS(1) meanings as the same options in `cvs checkout'. The -kv option is always set when export is used. This causes any RCS keywords to be expanded such that an import done at some other site will not lose the keyword revision information. There is no way to override this. history [-report] [-flags] [-options args] [files...] Requires: the file `$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history' Changes: nothing. cvs keeps a history file that tracks each use of the checkout, commit, rtag, update, and release commands. You can use `cvs history' to display this information in various formats. Warning: `cvs history' uses `-f', `-l', `-n', and `-p' in ways that conflict with the descriptions in COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS. Several options (shown above as -report) control what kind of report is generated: -c Report on each time commit was used (i.e., each time the repository was modified). -m module Report on a particular module. (You can mean- ingfully use -m more than once on the command line.) -o Report on checked-out modules. -T Report on all tags. -x typ Extract a particular set of record types X from the cvs history. The types are indicated by single letters, which you may specify in combi- nation. Certain commands have a single record type: checkout (type `O'), release (type `F'), and rtag (type `T'). One of four record types may result from an update: `W', when the working copy of a file is deleted during update (because it was gone from the repository); `U', when a working file was copied from the repository; `G', when a merge was necessary and it suc- ceeded; and 'C', when a merge was necessary but collisions were detected (requiring manual merg- ing). Finally, one of three record types results from commit: `M', when a file was modi- fied; `A', when a file is first added; and `R', when a file is removed. 03:05:16 14 CVS(1) CVS(1) -e Everything (all record types); equivalent to specifying `-xMACFROGWUT'. The options shown as -flags constrain the report without requiring option arguments: -a Show data for all users (the default is to show data only for the user executing `cvs history'). -l Show last modification only. -w Show only the records for modifications done from the same working directory where `cvs history' is executing. The options shown as -options args constrain the report based on an argument: -b str Show data back to a record containing the string str in either the module name, the file name, or the repository path. -D date Show data since date. -p repository Show data for a particular source repository (you can specify several -p options on the same command line). -r rev Show records referring to revisions since the revision or tag named rev appears in individual RCS files. Each RCS file is searched for the revision or tag. -t tag Show records since tag tag was last added to the the history file. This differs from the -r flag above in that it reads only the history file, not the RCS files, and is much faster. -u name Show records for user name. import [-options] repository vendortag releasetag... Requires: Repository, source distribution direc- tory. Changes: repository. Use `cvs import' to incorporate an entire source distribution from an outside source (e.g., a source vendor) into your source repository directory. You 03:05:16 15 CVS(1) CVS(1) can use this command both for initial creation of a repository, and for wholesale updates to the module form the outside source. The repository argument gives a directory name (or a path to a directory) under the CVS root directory for repositories; if the directory did not exist, import creates it. When you use import for updates to source that has been modified in your source repository (since a prior import), it will notify you of any files that conflict in the two branches of development; use `cvs checkout -j' to reconcile the differences, as import instructs you to do. By default, certain file names are ignored during `cvs import': names associated with CVS administra- tion, or with other common source control systems; common names for patch files, object files, archive files, and editor backup files; and other names that are usually artifacts of assorted utilities. Currently, the default list of ignored files includes files matching these names: RCSLOG RCS SCCS CVS* cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* *.old *.bak *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.o *.Z *.elc *.ln core The outside source is saved in a first-level RCS branch, by default `1.1.1'. Updates are leaves of this branch; for example, files from the first imported collection of source will be revision `1.1.1.1', then files from the first imported update will be revision `1.1.1.2', and so on. At least three arguments are required. repository is needed to identify the collection of source. vendortag is a tag for the entire branch (e.g., for `1.1.1'). You must also specify at least one releasetag to identify the files at the leaves cre- ated each time you execute `cvs import'. Three of the standard cvs command options are available: -Q, -q, and -m message. If you do not specify a logging message with -m, your editor is invoked (as with commit) to allow you to enter one. There are two additional special options. 03:05:16 16 CVS(1) CVS(1) Use `-b branch' to specify a first-level branch other than `1.1.1'. Use `-I name' to specify file names that should be ignored during import. You can use this option repeatedly. To avoid ignoring any files at all (even those ignored by default), specify `-I !'. log [-l] rlog-options [files...] Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: nothing. Synonym: rlog Display log information for files. `cvs log' calls the RCS utility rlog; all the options described in rlog(1) are available. Among the more useful rlog options are -h to display only the header (includ- ing tag definitions, but omitting most of the full log); -r to select logs on particular revisions or ranges of revisions; and -d to select particular dates or date ranges. See rlog(1) for full expla- nations. This command is recursive by default, unless the -l option is specified. rdiff [-flags] [-V vn] [-r t|-D d [-r t2|-D d2]] modules... Requires: repository. Changes: nothing. Synonym: patch Builds a Larry Wall format patch(1) file between two releases, that can be fed directly into the patch program to bring an old release up-to-date with the new release. (This is one of the few cvs commands that operates directly from the reposi- tory, and doesn't require a prior checkout.) The diff output is sent to the standard output device. You can specify (using the standard -r and -D options) any combination of one or two revisions or dates. If only one revision or date is specified, the patch file reflects differences between that revision or date and the current ``head'' revisions in the RCS file. Note that if the software release affected is con- tained in more than one directory, then it may be necessary to specify the -p option to the patch command when patching the old sources, so that patch is able to find the files that are located in other directories. If you use the option -V vn, RCS keywords are expanded according to the rules current in RCS ver- sion vn (the expansion format changed with RCS ver- sion 5). 03:05:16 17 CVS(1) CVS(1) The standard option flags -f, -l, -Q, and -q are available with this command. There are also sev- eral special options flags: If you use the -s option, no patch output is pro- duced. Instead, a summary of the changed or added files between the two releases is sent to the stan- dard output device. This is useful for finding out, for example, which files have changed between two dates or revisions. If you use the -t option, a diff of the top two revisions is sent to the standard output device. This is most useful for seeing what the last change to a file was. If you use the -u option, the patch output uses the newer ``unidiff'' format for context diffs. You can use -c to explicitly specify the `diff -c' form of context diffs (which is the default), if you like. release [-dQq] modules... Requires: Working directory. Changes: Working directory, history log. This command is meant to safely cancel the effect of `cvs checkout'.' Since cvs doesn't lock files, it isn't strictly necessary to use this command. You can always simply delete your working direc- tory, if you like; but you risk losing changes you may have forgotten, and you leave no trace in the cvs history file that you've abandoned your check- out. Use `cvs release' to avoid these problems. This command checks that no un-committed changes are present; that you are executing it from immediately above, or inside, a cvs working directory; and that the repository recorded for your files is the same as the repository defined in the module database. If all these conditions are true, `cvs release' leaves a record of its execution (attesting to your intentionally abandoning your checkout) in the cvs history log. You can use the -d flag to request that your work- ing copies of the source files be deleted if the release succeeds. remove [-lR] [files...] Requires: Working directory. Changes: Working directory. 03:05:16 18 CVS(1) CVS(1) Synonyms: rm, delete Use this command to declare that you wish to remove files from the source repository. Like most cvs commands, `cvs remove' works on files in your work- ing directory, not directly on the repository. As a safeguard, it also requires that you first erase the specified files from your working directory. The files are not actually removed until you apply your changes to the repository with commit; at that point, the corresponding RCS files in the source repository are moved into the `Attic' directory (also within the source repository). This command is recursive by default, scheduing all physically removed files that it finds for removal by the next commit. Use the -l option to avoid this recursion, or just specify that actual files that you wish remove to consider. rtag [-falnRQq] [-b] [-d] [-r tag | -D date] sym- bolic_tag modules... Requires: repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: rfreeze You can use this command to assign symbolic tags to particular, explicitly specified source versions in the repository. `cvs rtag' works directly on the repository contents (and requires no prior check- out). Use `cvs tag' instead, to base the selection of versions to tag on the contents of your working directory. In general, tags (often the symbolic names of soft- ware distributions) should not be removed, but the -d option is available as a means to remove com- pletely obsolete symbolic names if necessary (as might be the case for an Alpha release, say). The -b option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing concurrent, isolated development. This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software distribution. You can use the standard -r and -D options to tag only those files that already contain a certain tag. This method would be used to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag. rtag executes recursively by default, tagging all subdirectories of modules you specify in the argu- ment. You can restrict its operation to top-level 03:05:16 19 CVS(1) CVS(1) directories with the standard -l option; or you can explicitly request recursion with -R. The modules database can specify a program to exe- cute whenever a tag is specified; a typical use is to send electronic mail to a group of interested parties. If you want to bypass that program, use the standard -n option. The standard options -Q and -q are also available with this command. Use the -a option to have rtag look in the `Attic' for removed files that contin the specified tag. The tag is removed from these files, which makes it convenient to re-use a symbolic tag as development continues (and files get removed from the up-coming distribution). status [-lR] [-v] [files...] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: nothing. Display a brief report on the current status of files with respect to the source repository, including any ``sticky'' tags, dates, or -k options. (``Sticky'' options will restrict how `cvs update' operates until you reset them; see the description of `cvs update -A...'.) You can also use this command to anticipate the potential impact of a `cvs update' on your working source directory. If you do not specify any files explicitly, reports are shown for all files that cvs has placed in your working directory. You can limit the scope of this search to the current directory itself (not its subdirectories) with the standard -l option flag; or you can explicitly request recursive status reports with the -R option. The -v option causes the symbolic tags for the RCS file to be displayed as well. tag [-lQqR] [-b] [-d] symbolic_tag [files...] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: freeze Use this command to assign symbolic tags to the nearest repository versions to your working sources. The tags are applied immediately to the repository, as with rtag, but the versions are sup- plied implicitly by the cvs records of your working files' history rather than applied explicitly. 03:05:16 20 CVS(1) CVS(1) One use for tags is to record a ``snapshot'' of the current sources when the software freeze date of a project arrives. As bugs are fixed after the freeze date, only those changed sources that are to be part of the release need be re-tagged. The symbolic tags are meant to permanently record which revisions of which files were used in creat- ing a software distribution. The checkout and update commands allow you to extract an exact copy of a tagged release at any time in the future, regardless of whether files have been changed, added, or removed since the release was tagged. If you use `cvs tag -d symbolic_tag...', the sym- bolic tag you specify is deleted instead of being added. Warning: Be very certain of your ground before you delete a tag; doing this effectively discards some historical information, which may later turn out to have been valuable. The -b option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing concurrent, isolated development. This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software distribution. Normally, tag executes recursively through subdi- rectories; you can prevent this by using the stan- dard -l option, or specify the recursion explicitly by using -R. update [-AdflPpQqR] [-d] [-r tag|-D date] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: working directory. After you've run checkout to create your private copy of source from the common repository, other developers will continue changing the central source. From time to time, when it is convenient in your development process, you can use the update command from within your working directory to rec- oncile your work with any revisions applied to the source repository since your last checkout or update. update keeps you informed of its progress by print- ing a line for each file, prefaced with one of the characters `U A R M C ?' to indicate the status of the file: U file The file was brought up to date with respect to the repository. This is done for any file that exists in the repository but not in your source, and for files that you haven't changed but are not the most recent versions available in the 03:05:16 21 CVS(1) CVS(1) repository. A file The file has been added to your private copy of the sources, and will be added to the RCS source repository when you run `cvs commit' on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed. R file The file has been removed from your private copy of the sources, and will be removed from the RCS source repository when you run `cvs commit' on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed. M file The file is modified in your working directory. `M' can indicate one of two states for a file you're working on: either there were no modifi- cations to the same file in the repository, so that your file remains as you last saw it; or there were modifications in the repository as well as in your copy, but they were merged suc- cessfully, without conflict, in your working directory. C file A conflict was detected while trying to merge your changes to file with changes from the source repository. file (the copy in your work- ing directory) is now the output of the rcsmerge(1) command on the two versions; an unmodified copy of your file is also in your working directory, with the name `.#file.version', where version is the RCS revi- sion that your modified file started from. (Note that some systems automatically purge files that begin with `.#' if they have not been accessed for a few days. If you intend to keep a copy of your original file, it is a very good idea to rename it.) ? file file is in your working directory, but does not correspond to anything in the source repository, and is not in the list of files for cvs to ignore (see the description of the -I option). Use the -A option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or -k options. (If you get a working copy of a file by using one of the -r, -D, or -k options, cvs remembers the corresponding tag, date, or kflag and continues using it on future updates; use the -A option to make cvs forget these specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file). The -jbranch option merges the changes made between 03:05:16 22 CVS(1) CVS(1) the resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if the tag refers to a branch, cvs will merge all changes made in that branch into your working file). With two -j options, cvs will merge in the changes between the two respective revisions. This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your working file. E.g., If the file foo.c is based on revision 1.6 and I want to remove the changes made between 1.3 and 1.5, I might do: example% cvs update -j1.5 -j1.3 foo.c # note the order... In addition, each -j option can contain on optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a spe- cific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag. -jSymbolic_Tag:Date_Specifier Use the -d option to create any directories that exist in the repository if they're missing from the working directory. (Normally, update acts only on directories and files that were already enrolled in your working directory.) This is useful for updating directories that were created in the repository since the initial checkout; but it has an unfortunate side effect. If you deliberately avoided certain directo- ries in the repository when you created your working directory (either through use of a module name or by listing explicitly the files and directories you wanted on the command line), then updating with -d will create those directories, which may not be what you want. Use -I name to ignore files whose names match name (in your working directory) during the update. You can specify -I more than once on the command line to specify several files to ignore. By default, update ignores files whose names match any of the following: RCSLOG RCS SCCS CVS* cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* *.old *.bak *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.o *.Z *.elc *.ln core Use `-I !' to avoid ignoring any files at all. The standard cvs command options -f, -k, -l, -P, -p, 03:05:16 23 CVS(1) CVS(1) -Q, -q, and -r are also available with update. FILES For more detailed information on cvs supporting files, see cvs(5). Files in working directories: CVS A directory of cvs administrative files. Do not delete. CVS/Entries List and status of files in your working directory. CVS/Entries.Backup A backup of `CVS/Entries'. CVS/Entries.Static Flag: do not add more entries on `cvs update'. CVS/Repository Pathname to the corresponding directory in the source repository. CVS/Tag Contains the per-directory ``sticky'' tag or date information. This file is created/updated when you specify -r or -D to the checkout or update com- mands, and no files are specified. CVS/Checkin.prog Name of program to run on `cvs commit'. CVS/Update.prog Name of program to run on `cvs update'. Files in source repositories: $CVSROOT/CVSROOT Directory of global administrative files for repos- itory. CVSROOT/commitinfo,v Records programs for filtering `cvs commit' requests. CVSROOT/history Log file of cvs transactions. CVSROOT/modules,v Definitions for modules in this repository. CVSROOT/loginfo,v Records programs for piping `cvs commit' log 03:05:16 24 CVS(1) CVS(1) entries. CVSROOT/rcsinfo,v Records pathnames to templates used dueing a `cvs commit' operation. CVSROOT/editinfo,v Records programs for editing/validating `cvs commit' log entries. Attic Directory for removed source files. #cvs.lock A lock directory created by cvs when doing sensi- tive changes to the RCS source repository. #cvs.tfl.pid Temporary lock file for repository. #cvs.rfl.pid A read lock. #cvs.wfl.pid A write lock. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CVSROOT Should contain the full pathname to the root of the cvs source repository (where the RCS files are kept). This information must be available to cvs for most commands to execute; if CVSROOT is not set, or if you wish to override it for one invoca- tion, you can supply it on the command line: `cvs -d cvsroot cvs_command...' You may not need to set CVSROOT if your cvs binary has the right path com- piled in; use `cvs -v' to display all compiled-in paths. CVSREAD If this is set, checkout and update will try hard to make the files in your working directory read- only. When this is not set, the default behavior is to permit modification of your working files. RCSBIN Specifies the full pathname where to find RCS pro- grams, such as co(1) and ci(1). If not set, a com- piled-in value is used; see the display from `cvs -v'. EDITOR Specifies the program to use for recording log mes- sages during commit. If not set, the default is /usr/ucb/vi. 03:05:16 25 CVS(1) CVS(1) AUTHORS Dick Grune Original author of the cvs shell script version posted to comp.sources.unix in the volume6 release of December, 1986. Credited with much of the cvs conflict resolution algorithms. Brian Berliner Coder and designer of the cvs program itself in April, 1989, based on the original work done by Dick. Jeff Polk Helped Brian with the design of the cvs module and vendor branch support and author of the checkin(1) shell script (the ancestor of `cvs import'). SEE ALSO ci(1), co(1), cvs(5), diff(1), grep(1), mkmodules(1), patch(1), rcs(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rm(1), sort(1). 03:05:16 26