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ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. Alphabetical List of Commands ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ _{exp} (subscript) ^{exp} (superscript) \\ \- (hyphenation) \; \COLON \COMMA \! \= \> \< \+ \- (tabbing) \A \` \addcontentsline \addtocontents \addtocounter \address \addtolength \addvspace \alph \appendix \arabic \array \author \bf \bibitem \bigskip \cdots center \centering \circle \cite \cleardoublepage \clearpage \cline \closing \dashbox \date \ddots description \dotfill \em enumerate eqnarray equation figure \fbox \flushbottom flushleft flushright \fnsymbol \footnote \footnotemark \footnotesize \footnotetext \frac \frame \framebox \hfill \hline \hrulefill \hspace \huge \Huge (capital "h") \hyphenation \include \includeonly \indent \it itemize \kill \label \large \Large (capital "l") \LARGE (all caps) \ldots \line \linebreak \linethickness list \location \makebox \maketitle \mark \mbox \medskip minipage \multicolumn \multiput \newcommand \newcounter \newenvironment \newfont \newlength \newline \newpage \newsavebox \newtheorem \nocite \noindent \nolinebreak \normalsize \nopagebreak \onecolumn \opening \oval \overbrace \overline \pagebreak \pagenumbering \pageref \pagestyle \par \parbox picture \put quotation quote \raggedbottom \raggedleft \raggedright \raisebox \ref \rm \roman \rule \savebox \sc \scriptsize \setcounter \setlength \settowidth \sf \shortstack \signature \sl \small \smallskip \sqrt tabbing table tabular \telephone \thanks thebibliography theorem \thispagestyle \tiny \title titlepage \tt \twocolumn \typeout \typein \underbrace \underline \usebox \usecounter \value \vdots \vector \verb verbatim verse \vfill \vline \vspace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.1. _{exp} (subscript) ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. Use in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Subscripts & Superscripts. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2. ^{exp} (superscript) ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ To get an expression exp to appear as a superscript, you just type ^{exp}. Use in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Subscripts & Superscripts. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3. \\ ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \\[*][extra-space] The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4. \- ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5. \; ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Include a thick space in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Spacing In Math Mode. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6. \: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Include a medium space in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Spacing In Math Mode. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.7. \, ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Include a thin space in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Spacing In Math Mode. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.8. \! ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Include a negative thin space in math mode. See Math Formulae. See Spacing In Math Mode. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.9. \= ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \= command sets the tab stops. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10. \> ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.11. \< ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local margin without changing the margin. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.12. \+ ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.13. \- ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.14. \' ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.15. \` ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.16. \addcontentsline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry} The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table where┬╖┬╖┬╖ o file is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). o sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: 1. toc - the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. 2. lof - figure 3. lot - table o entry is the text of the entry. See Table Of Contents. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.17. \addtocontents ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \addtocontents{file}{text} The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables. o file is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). o text is the information to be written. See Table Of Contents. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.18. \addtocounter ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \addtocounter{counter}{value} The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.19. \address ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \address{Return address} The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. See Letters. See Declarations. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.20. \addtolength ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \addtolength{\gnat}{length} The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. See Lengths. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.21. \addvspace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \addvspace{length} The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.22. \alph ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \alph{counter} This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c┬╖┬╖┬╖ while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C┬╖┬╖┬╖ See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.23. \appendix ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \appendix The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or parts. See Sectioning. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.24. \arabic ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \arabic{counter} The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in arabic numbers, i.e., 3. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.25. \array ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{array}{col1col2┬╖┬╖┬╖coln} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ┬╖┬╖┬╖ & column n entry \\ . . . \end{array} Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted. o c for centered o l for flushleft o r for flushright Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string \\. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.26. \author ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \author{names} The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution or address. NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined the \maketitle command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown below that has any meaning. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.27. \bf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Boldface typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.28. \bibitem ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \bibitem[label]{cite_key} The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by label. If the label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the 'aux' file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this 'aux' file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label. See Environments. See thebibliography. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.29. \bigskip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where bigskipamount is determined by the document style. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.30. \cdots ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the center of the line. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.31. center ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{center} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{center} The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.32. \centering ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. See Environments. See center. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.33. \circle ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \circle[*]{diameter} The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.34. \cite ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \cite[text]{key_list} The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in key_list by entries on the 'aux' file read by the \begin{document} command. See Environments. See thebibliography. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.35. \cleardoublepage ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.36. \clearpage ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.37. \cline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \cline{i-j} The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are identified in the mandatory argument. See Environments. See tabular. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.38. \closing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \closing{text} The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e., \closing{Best Regards,} See Letters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.39. \dashbox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ } The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dash length. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.40. \date ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \date{text} The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date command, the current date is used. See Page Styles ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.41. \ddots ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.42. description ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{description} \item [label] First item \item [label] Second item . . . \end{description} The description environment is used to make labelled lists. The label is bold face and flushed right. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.43. \dotfill ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead of just spaces. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.44. \em ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.45. enumerate ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{enumerate} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{enumerate} The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments. Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There must be at least one \item command within the environment. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.46. eqnarray ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{eqnarray} math formula 1 \\ math formula 2 \\ . . . \end{eqnarray} The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.47. equation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{equation} math formula \end{equation} The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places the equation number in the right margin. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.48. figure ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{figure}[placement] body of the figure \caption{figure title} \end{figure} Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages. The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: 1. h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. 2. t: Top - at the top of a text page. 3. b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. 4. p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.49. \fbox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \fbox{text} The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.50. \flushbottom ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. See Document Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.51. flushleft ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{flushleft} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushleft} The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.52. flushright ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{flushright} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushright} The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.53. \fnsymbol ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \fnsymbol{counter} The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.54. \footnote ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \footnote[number]{text} The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode. See Footnotes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.55. \footnotemark ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command. See Footnotes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.56. \footnotesize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Third smallest of 10 typefaces available. This is the default size for footnotes. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.57. \footnotetext ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \footnotetext [number] {text} The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode. The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number. See Footnotes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.58. \frac ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \frac{num}{den} The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.59. \frame ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \frame{ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ } The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.60. \framebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \framebox[width][position]{text} The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. See Spaces & Boxes. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.61. \hfill ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.62. \hline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the table. See Environments. See tabular. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.63. \hrulefill ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.64. \hspace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \hspace[*]{length} The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the space is never removed. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.65. \huge ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Second largest of 10 typefaces available. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.66. \Huge ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Largest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in this size. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.67. \hyphenation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \hyphenation{words} The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.68. \include ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \include{file} The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the first name of a file, denoting 'file.tex'. If file is one the file names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage except that if the file 'file.tex' does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command. See Splitting The Input. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.69. \includeonly ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \includeonly{file_list} The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an \include command. It can only appear in the preamble. See Splitting The Input. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.70. \indent ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. See Making Paragraphs. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.71. \input ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \input file The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file 'file.tex' is used. See Splitting The Input. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.72. \it ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Italics typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.73. itemize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{itemize} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{itemize} The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments. Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must be at least one \item command within the environment. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.74. \kill ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in effect. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.75. \label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \label{key} A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to the key. A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are different. See Cross References. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.76. \large ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Slightly larger than default typeface size. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.77. \Large ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Fourth largest of typefaces available. Is generally the default for titles. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.78. \LARGE ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Third largest of typefaces available. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.79. \ldots ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.80. \line ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \line(x slope,y slope){length} The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.81. \linebreak ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \linebreak[number] The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.82. \linethickness ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \linethickness{dimension} Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.83. list ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{list}{label}{spacing} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{list} The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled. This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most cases. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.84. \location ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \location{address} This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. See Letters. See Declarations. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.85. \makebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \makebox[width][position]{text} The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument. o c - for centred o l - for flushleft o r - for flushright See Spaces & Boxes. \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ } The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height in multiples of \unitlength. The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: o t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle o b - Moves the item to the bottom o l - Moves the item to the left o r - Moves the item to the right See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.86. \maketitle ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \maketitle The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained using various other commands. See Page Styles for the commands to give the information. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.87. \mark ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head} The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.88. \mbox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \mbox{text} The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.89. \medskip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where medskipamount is determined by the document style. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.90. minipage ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{minipage}[position]{width} text \end{minipage} The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.91. \multicolumn ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry. See Environments. See tabular. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.92. \multiput ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object} The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object in a regular pattern across a picture. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.93. \newcommand ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def} These commands define (or redefine) a command. cmd A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must already be defined. args An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments. def The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. See Definitions. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.94. \newcounter ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newcounter{foo}[counter] The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented. See Counters. See Definitions. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.95. \newenvironment ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} These commands define or redefine an environment. nam The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must already be defined. args An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. begdef The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. enddef The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It may not contain any argument parameters. See Definitions. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.96. \newfont ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newfont{cmd}{font_name} Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current font. See Definitions. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.97. \newlength ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newlength{\gnat} The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command already exists. See Lengths. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.98. \newline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline command can be used only in paragraph mode. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.99. \newpage ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \newpage command ends the current page. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.100. \newsavebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newsavebox{cmd} Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.101. \newtheorem ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption} This command defines a theorem-like environment. env_name The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter. caption The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the number. within The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the sectional unit. numbered_likeThe name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. See Definitions. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.102. \nocite ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \nocite{key_list} The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the 'aux' file. See Environments. See thebibliography. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.103. \noindent ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. See Making Paragraphs. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.104. \nolinebreak ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \nolinebreak[number] The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.105. \normalsize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The size of \normalsize is defined by as 10pt unless the 11pt or 12pt document style option is used. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.106. \nopagebreak ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \nopagebreak[number] The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.107. \onecolumn ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. See Document Styles ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.108. \opening ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \opening{text} The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e., \opening{Dear John,} See Letters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.109. \oval ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \oval(width,height)[portion] The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. o t - Selects the top portion o b - Selects the bottom portion o r - Selects the right portion o l - Selects the left portion See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.110. \overbrace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \overbrace{text} The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.111. \overline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \overline{text} The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.112. \pagebreak ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \pagebreak[number] The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. See Line & Page Breaking. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.113. \pagenumbering ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \pagenumbering{num_style} Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: o arabic - Arabic numerals o roman - Lowercase roman numerals o Roman - Uppercase roman numerals o alph - Lowercase letters o Alph - Uppercase letters See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.114. \pageref ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \pageref{key} The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding \label command appears. See Cross References. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.115. \pagestyle ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \pagestyle{option} The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your document. The valid options are: o plain - Just a plain page number. o empty - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. o headings - Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headings. o myheadings - You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or the \markright commands. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.116. \par ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment definitions easier to read. See Making Paragraphs. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.117. \parbox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \parbox[position]{width}{text} A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The \parbox has two mandatory arguments: o width - specifies the width of the parbox, and o text - the text that goes inside the parbox. LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.118. picture ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) . picture commands . \end{picture} The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x and y coordinates. The picture environment also has an optional position argument, following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by TeX in determining how much room to leave for it. Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command \put (11.3,-.3){ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ } puts the object specified by "┬╖┬╖┬╖" in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.119. \put ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \put(x coord,y coord){ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ } The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.120. quotation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{quotation} text \end{quotation} The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.121. quote ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{quote} text \end{quote} The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.122. \raggedbottom ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text on that page. No extra vertical space is added. See Document Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.123. \raggedleft ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. See Environments. See flushright. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.124. \raggedright ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. See Environments. See flushleft. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.125. \raisebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text} The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode. Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.126. \ref ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \ref{key} The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation number, ┬╖┬╖┬╖ of the corresponding \label command. See Cross References. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.127. \rm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Roman typeface (default). See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.128. \roman ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \roman{counter} This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e., i, ii, iii┬╖┬╖┬╖, while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III┬╖┬╖┬╖ See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.129. \rule ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness} The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows. o raise-height - specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) o width - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) o thickness - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.130. \savebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \sbox{cmd}[text] \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.131. \sc ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Small caps typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.132. \scriptsize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Second smallest of 10 typefaces available. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.133. \setcounter ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \setcounter{counter}{value} The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified by the value argument. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.134. \setlength ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \setlength{\gnat}{length} The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. See Lengths. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.135. \settowidth ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \settowidth{\gnat}{text} The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the width of the text argument. See Lengths. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.136. \sf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Sans serif typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.137. \shortstack ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \shortstack[position]{┬╖┬╖┬╖ \\ ┬╖┬╖┬╖ \\ ┬╖┬╖┬╖} The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are: o r - Moves the objects to the right of the stack o l - Moves the objects to the left of the stack o c - Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.138. \signature ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \signature{Your name} Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should be separated by \\ commands. See Letters. See Declarations. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.139. \sl ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Slanted typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.140. \small ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Slightly smaller than default typeface size. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.141. \smallskip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \smallskip The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where smallskipamount is determined by the document style. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.142. \sqrt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \sqrt[root]{arg} The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.143. tabbing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{tabbing} text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ second row \> \> more \\ . . . \end{tabbing} The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter. See Environments. See tabbing. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.144. table ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} \end{table} Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages. The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: o h : Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears. o t : Top - at the top of a text page. o b : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. o p : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. The standard report and article styles use the default placement [tbp]. The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.145. tabular ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ┬╖┬╖┬╖ & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular} or┬╖┬╖┬╖ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ┬╖┬╖┬╖ & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular*} These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: width Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. pos Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the center of the environment. 1. t - align on top row 2. b - align on bottom row cols Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. 1. l - A column of left-aligned items. 2. r - A column of right-aligned items. 3. c - A column of centred items. 4. | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. 5. @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument. 6. p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: (i) inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox, or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element. 7. *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.146. \telephone ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \telephone{number} This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. See Letters. See Declarations. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.147. \thanks ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \thanks{text} The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.148. thebibliography ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} \bibitem[label]{cite_key} . . . \end{thebibliography} The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference list. In the article style, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the report style, it is labelled "Bibliography". o widest-label - Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.149. theorem ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{theorem} theorem text \end{theorem} The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text. See Environments ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.150. \thispagestyle ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \thispagestyle{option} The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command except that it changes the style for the current page only. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.151. \tiny ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Smallest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in this size. See Typefaces. See Sizes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.152. \title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \title{text} The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title. See Page Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.153. titlepage ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{titlepage} text \end{titlepage} The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The \today command comes in handy for title pages. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.154. \tt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ Typewriter typeface. See Typefaces. See Styles. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.155. \twocolumn ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. See Document Styles ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.156. \typeout ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \typeout{msg} Prints msg on the terminal and in the 'log' file. Commands in msg that are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their definitions before being printed. LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in msg causes a single space to be printed. See Terminal Input/Output. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.157. \typein ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \typein[cmd]{msg} Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. See Terminal Input/Output. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.158. \underbrace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \underbrace{text} The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.159. \underline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \underline{text} The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.160. \usebox ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \usebox{cmd} Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.161. \usecounter ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \usecounter{counter} The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.162. \value ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \value{counter} The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters. See Counters. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.163. \vdots ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. See Math Formulae. See Math Miscellany. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.164. \vector ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \vector(x slope,y slope){length} The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. See Environments. See picture. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.165. \verb ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. See Environments. See verbatim. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.166. verbatim ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{verbatim} text \end{verbatim} The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.167. verse ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \begin{verse} text \end{verse} The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. See Environments. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.168. \vfill ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically. See Spaces & Boxes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.169. \vline ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. See Environments. See tabular. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.170. \vspace ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ \vspace[*]{length} The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command. LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the space is never removed. See Spaces & Boxes.