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Microsoft Operating System/2: Learning Guide ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Microsoft(R) Operating System/2: Learning Guide Version 1.1 ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Microsoft Corporation. The software and/or databases described in this document are furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software and/or databases may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The purchaser may make one copy of the software for backup purposes. No part of this manual and/or database may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems, for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use, without the written permission of Microsoft Corporation. (C) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1989. All rights reserved. Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada. Printed in the United States of America. Microsoft(R), MS(R), MS-DOS(R), and the Microsoft logo are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Document No. SY0704-110-O00-1288 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Contents Welcome About This Guide Notational Conventions Using a Mouse with MS OS/2 Going On Chapter 1 Learning Presentation Manager Skills Introduction The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen Exercise 1: Getting Help Scrolling the Help Window Closing the Help Window Exercise 2: Starting an Application Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager Displaying Task Manager Switching to the DOS Session Returning to the Presentation Manager Session Switching to File System Switching to Control Panel Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows Moving Windows Sizing Windows Exercise 9: Quitting Applications Quitting Control Panel Quitting File System Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Chapter 2 Using a Presentation Manager Application Introduction Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks Starting Bricks Game Rules Setting Options Playing a Game Yourself Stopping and Resuming a Game Exercise 2: Opening Files Using a Dialog Box Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking Exercise 4: Creating New Files Adding Bricks Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box Adding a Brick to Your Game Correcting Mistakes Removing Bricks Completing Your Game Exercise 5: Saving Files Quitting Bricks Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Chapter 3 Learning File System Introduction Exercise 1: Starting File System Looking at the Directory Tree Window Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window Looking at the Directory Window Changing the Display in a Directory Window Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories Creating and Opening Subdirectories Arranging File System Windows Switching Between Directory Windows Copying Files Moving Files Renaming Files Deleting Files Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows Exercise 5: Quitting File System Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Chapter 4 Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters Introduction Typing Commands Controlling the Screen's Contents Using the Copy Command Using Editing Keys Starting an Application Using the System Menu in Cmd Changing the Font Size Scrolling the Contents of the Screen Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Starting an Application Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter Starting the DOS Command Interpreter Typing Commands Starting a DOS Application Shutting Down MS OS/2 Going On Appendix Computer Basics ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Welcome About This Guide Notational Conventions Using a Mouse with MS OS/2 Going On Microsoft(R) Operating System/2 is a powerful and flexible tool that allows you to perform several tasks on your computer at the same time. The way you work with MS(R) OS/2 is entirely up to you. Presentation Manager offers you a graphical way of working with MS OS/2 by providing windows you can work in and menus from which you can choose commands. In addition, the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters offer you a way of working with MS OS/2 that more closely resembles DOS. This guide is designed as a tutorial (a series of exercises) to help you learn about the different ways you can work with MS OS/2. It will give you hands-on experience using Presentation Manager and the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters to perform basic tasks, such as starting applications and managing files and directories. Also, the appendix to this tutorial provides an overview of basic computer terms and concepts, which you might find helpful in working through the exercises. If you would prefer to experiment with MS OS/2 on your own, you may find Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting Started helpful. There you will find information on setting up MS OS/2 on your computer, followed by a brief tour of the system. If you want to start using MS OS/2 right away, see the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide for instructions on how to perform specific tasks. For a complete reference to all of the commands, applications, and programs that come with MS OS/2, see the Microsoft Operating System/2 Desktop Reference. About This Guide This guide consists of four chapters. Each chapter presents exercises that explain how to use a particular MS OS/2 operating environment or application: ■ Chapter 1, "Learning Presentation Manager Skills," teaches the basic skills you need to use windows and to start and quit applications. ■ Chapter 2, "Using a Presentation Manager Application," demonstrates a sample game application called Bricks to teach basic techniques for working with Presentation Manager applications. ■ Chapter 3, "Learning File System," describes how to use File System to create a subdirectory and to move, copy, and delete files. ■ Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters," describes some basic techniques for using the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters, cmd and command. Here, you'll learn about typing commands and about an alternate way to manage your files and directories. If you've never used a personal computer before or are new to graphical operating environments such as Microsoft Windows, it's a good idea to work through the exercises in these chapters before you start using MS OS/2 to do your work. When you finish the set of exercises in each chapter, you can proceed to the next one or take a break. It is highly recommended that you use a mouse while working through the exercises──having a mouse makes Presentation Manager fast and easy to use. (For more information about the mouse, see "Using a Mouse with MS OS/2" in this chapter.) Textured bars in the left margin point out procedures for performing a particular task. The procedures for performing a task by using a mouse are marked by a mouse icon in the margin. If you don't have a mouse, you can still work through the exercises by using your keyboard. Keyboard procedures immediately follow the mouse procedures and are also marked by an icon in the margin. If you have a mouse, feel free to try both methods. This will give you an idea of the variety of ways you can accomplish tasks in the Presentation Manager session and will help you discover the method that is most comfortable for you. When the procedure may be performed by using either a mouse or keyboard, or by using both a mouse and keyboard in a combination of steps, the textured bar appears by itself in the margin. Notational Conventions To help you locate and interpret information easily, this guide uses specific typographic conventions and terminology. The following typographic conventions are used in this guide: Convention Used for ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── bold Bold letters indicate anything you must type exactly as it appears in this guide. this type Sample command lines, program code, program output, and examples. ALL CAPITALS Filenames, directory names, and acronyms. Names of keys on your keyboard. Initial Capitals Presentation Manager commands and menu names. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Key combinations and key sequences appear in the following format: Notation Meaning ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── KEY+KEY A plus sign (+) between key names means you must press the keys at the same time; for example, "Press ALT+ESC" means that you press the ALT key and hold it down while you press the ESC key. KEY, KEY A comma (,) between key names means you must press the keys in sequence; for example, "Press ALT, SPACEBAR" means that you press the ALT key and release it, and then press the SPACEBAR and release it. DIRECTION keys Arrow keys on your computer keypad indicate DIRECTION keys. The names refer to the direction the key points: UP, DOWN, RIGHT, and LEFT. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Using a Mouse with MS OS/2 A mouse is a small pointing device that you can use with MS OS/2. Moving the mouse across a flat surface, such as a table or a desktop, moves the pointer, which appears as an arrow on the screen. With a mouse, there's no need to memorize keystrokes or key sequences to perform common Presentation Manager tasks. You can use it to choose commands, select files and directories, and start applications by simply pointing on the screen and clicking the mouse button. You can use either a single-button or a multiple-button mouse with Presentation Manager applications. If you have a mouse with more than one button, use the left button. Other applications you use may respond to the other buttons, but the applications that come with MS OS/2 recognize the left button. (You can change which button Presentation Manager recognizes. See Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide for more information.) If you run out of room while moving the mouse (for example, by running off the edge of your desk), lift the mouse and put it back down where you have more room. Lifting the mouse does not move the pointer on the screen. The following list describes the mouse actions you will use in this guide: Term Action ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Point Move the mouse until the tip of the pointer rests on the object on the screen that you want to point to. Click Quickly press and release the mouse button. To click an object means to point to that object (for example, an icon or a menu name) and press the mouse button. Double-click Click the mouse button twice in rapid succession. Drag Press the mouse button and hold it down while moving the mouse. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Going On When you are ready, go on to Chapter 1, "Learning Presentation Manager Skills." Make sure you have installed and started MS OS/2 on your computer. If you have not installed MS OS/2 yet, or if you need a reminder on how to start it, see Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting Started before beginning the exercises in Chapter 1. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Chapter 1 Learning Presentation Manager Skills Introduction The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen Exercise 1: Getting Help Scrolling the Help Window Closing the Help Window Exercise 2: Starting an Application Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager Displaying Task Manager Switching to the DOS Session Returning to the Presentation Manager Session Switching to File System Switching to Control Panel Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows Moving Windows Sizing Windows Exercise 9: Quitting Applications Quitting Control Panel Quitting File System Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Introduction Microsoft Operating System/2 includes several different applications and programs that you can use to perform a variety of tasks. Presentation Manager is the graphical environment that provides you with a visual way of working with your computer, by displaying windows and menus on your screen. This chapter contains ten exercises that will give you hands-on experience performing basic Presentation Manager tasks. While working through the exercises, you will learn and practice the following skills: ■ Using Help information ■ Selecting and starting applications ■ Shrinking application windows to icons ■ Switching between applications ■ Arranging windows ■ Moving and sizing windows ■ Quitting applications ■ Shutting down MS OS/2 Before beginning the exercises, make sure you have set up and started MS OS/2 on your computer. If you have not set up MS OS/2 or if you need a review on how to start MS OS/2, see Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting Started. The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 10 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ When you start MS OS/2, the Start Programs application appears on your screen, running in the Presentation Manager session (a special graphical environment). Here are some terms that describe the elements of the Presentation Manager screen: ■ The work area is where a list of applications, directories, or the contents of a file are displayed. For example, in the Start Programs work area, you can see a list of applications that you can start by using Start Programs. ■ An arrow-shaped pointer shows your position on the screen, if you are using a mouse. ■ Scroll bars may appear in a window when it contains more information than can fit in the work area. If you are using a mouse, you use scroll bars to bring the information that does not fit in the work area into view. Clicking one of the scroll bars moves information in the work area up or down one line. ■ The border defines the boundaries of a window and determines its size. You can change the size and location of a window on your screen by adjusting the position of its borders. ■ The title bar displays the name of the application that is currently running in a window or, if you are using File System, the directory path of an open directory. ■ The System-menu box is used to display the System menu. The System menu is common to all applications that run in a window, and it can be used to move and size windows and to quit applications. ■ The menu bar displays the names of the menus in a Presentation Manager application. ■ The Minimize box can shrink a window to an icon, if you are using a mouse. If you are not using a mouse, you can use the Minimize command on the System menu to do this. ■ The Maximize box can enlarge a window, if you are using a mouse. If you are not using a mouse, you can use the Maximize command on the System menu to do this. ■ An icon represents a window that has been shrunk by using the Minimize command or the Minimize box. When you start MS OS/2, icons for Task Manager, Spooler Queue Manager, and the DOS session (the environment used to run DOS applications) automatically appear in the icon area located at the bottom of your screen. ■ The Help key reminds you that you can display Help information at any time by pressing the F1 function key. Exercise 1: Getting Help If you get stuck at any time while working in the Presentation Manager session, you can get help for the task you are performing. To display Help information, use the F1 function key. Do this now: 1. Press F1. Help information for Start Programs appears in a window on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 12 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Scrolling the Help Window The scroll bar at the right shows you that there's more Help information available than can fit in the window. If you are using a mouse, you can use the scroll bars to display more of the information: 1. Point to the scroll box in the scroll bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 13 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the scroll box down towards the bottom of the scroll bar. More of the text appears in the window as you drag the scroll box. If you are using your keyboard, you can scroll the Help information one window at a time by using the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys. If you are using your keyboard, try scrolling the text down one screen: 1. Press the PAGE DOWN key to display more Help text. Practice scrolling through the Help information by using your mouse or keyboard until you've reached the end. You'll know that you're at the end of the text when the scroll box reaches the bottom of the scroll bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 14 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Closing the Help Window To close the Help window, do the following: 1. Press the ESC key. The Help window disappears from your screen. For more detailed information on using Help, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. Exercise 2: Starting an Application When you start MS OS/2, the first application you see is Start Programs. Start Programs is a Presentation Manager application that you can use to start other applications. The applications you start are categorized into different groups. When you start MS OS/2, the titles of the applications in the Main Group are listed in the Start Programs window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 15 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Starting an application is easy by using a mouse; you just point to the title of the application you want to start and then double-click the left mouse button. Start File System by using your mouse: 1. Point to File System in the application list. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 15 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button to start File System. When you start File System by using a mouse, the pointer becomes a small hourglass to let you know that File System is being started. After a short pause, File System appears in a window on your screen. If you don't have a mouse, select and start File System by using your keyboard: 1. If File System is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key until File System is highlighted. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 16 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the ENTER key. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 17 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ File System is a Presentation Manager application you can use to manage your files and directories on any disk you choose. You will learn some basic techniques for using File System in Chapter 3, "Learning File System." Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon Whenever you're not currently using an application that is running in a window, you can shrink the application window to an icon without having to quit the application. Since you won't be using File System in this chapter, you'll shrink the File System window to an icon. You shrink a window to an icon with the mouse by using the Minimize box in the upper-right corner of the window. If you have a mouse, shrink the File System window to an icon: 1. Point to the Minimize box in the upper-right corner of the File System window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 18 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Click the left mouse button. To shrink a window to an icon by using your keyboard, you use the Minimize command on the System menu: 1. Press and hold down the SHIFT key. 2. While holding down the SHIFT key, press the ESC key to display the System menu (SHIFT+ESC). The System menu appears on your screen with the first command, Restore, highlighted to show that it is selected. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 19 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The System menu contains commands that let you size, move, and close windows. The Minimize command shrinks the File System window to an icon. 3. Press the N key to choose the Minimize command. File System is now represented by an icon in the lower-left corner of your screen. The Start Programs window appears at the front of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 20 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ File System is still running, but it doesn't take up as much space on your screen. In this exercise, you've learned how to shrink a window to an icon. Next, you will learn how to change groups in Start Programs so that you can start other applications in other groups. Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs In addition to the applications listed in the Main Group, MS OS/2 includes other applications listed in two other groups──the Utility Programs group and the Demonstration Programs group. If you have a mouse, change to the Utility Programs group: 1. Point to the Group menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 21 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Click the left mouse button. The commands and groups on the Group menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 21 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The check mark next to the Main Group shows you that the applications in the Main Group are those currently displayed in the Start Programs window. 3. Point to the second group, Utility Programs. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 22 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Click the left mouse button. If you don't have a mouse, you can change to the Utility Programs group by using your keyboard: 1. Press the ALT key. The Program-menu name is then highlighted, showing you the menu is ready to use. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 22 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the G key. The Group menu appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 23 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The check mark next to the Main Group shows you that the applications in the Main Group are those currently displayed in the Start Programs window. 3. Press the 2 key to change to the Utility Programs group. When you change to the Utility Programs group, the titles of the applications in the group appear in the Start Programs window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 23 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Notice that the Utility Programs group includes Control Panel. Now that Control Panel is selected in the Start Programs window, you can easily start it. Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel If you have a mouse, follow these steps to start Control Panel: 1. Point to Control Panel in the applications list. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 24 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, here's how to start Control Panel: 1. If Control Panel is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key to select Control Panel. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 24 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the ENTER key. Control Panel appears in a window on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 25 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Control Panel is a Presentation Manager application you can use to customize MS OS/2 to your specific needs. Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide, describes in detail how to use Control Panel. Since you won't be using Control Panel in this chapter, you'll shrink the Control Panel window to an icon. If you are using a mouse, the following steps will shrink the Control Panel window: 1. Point to the Minimize box in the upper-right corner of the window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 26 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, shrink the Control Panel window by choosing the Minimize command from the System menu: 1. Press and hold down the SHIFT key. 2. While holding down the SHIFT key, press the ESC key to display the System menu. 3. Press the N key to choose the Minimize command. Control Panel appears as an icon in the lower-left corner of your screen, next to the File System icon. Once again, the Start Programs window appears at the front of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 27 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Just like File System, Control Panel is still running, but it occupies less space on your screen than before. You now have several application windows and the DOS session, Spooler Queue Manager, and Task Manager icons displayed on your screen at once. Start Programs is running in a window at the front of your screen; File System and Control Panel are running in icons at the bottom of your screen. In the next exercise, you'll learn how to use Task Manager to switch between these applications. Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager In MS OS/2, you can have several applications running at once, but you can work with only one application at a time. The application you are currently working with is the active application. When a Presentation Manager application becomes active, it appears at the front of your screen and its window borders and title bar change colors. For example, since Start Programs is now at the front of your screen and its window borders and title bar have changed colors, it is the active application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 28 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you want to use an application other than the one that is currently active, you need to switch to it. The most direct way to switch to another application is by using Task Manager. To switch to another application, you first display Task Manager and then choose the application you want to switch to from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. Displaying Task Manager Since Task Manager is currently running in an icon, you need to restore it before you can switch to another application. Restoring Task Manager by using the mouse is easy; point to the Task Manager icon in the lower-right corner of your screen and then double-click the left mouse button. If you are using a mouse, follow these steps to restore Task Manager: 1. Point to the Task Manager icon. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 29 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, press CTRL+ESC to restore Task Manager. Do this now: 1. Press and hold down the CTRL key. 2. Press the ESC key. 3. Release both keys. When you restore Task Manager, it appears at the front of your screen, displaying a list of applications that are currently running. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 30 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Switching to the DOS Session The way you switch to another application with Task Manager is similar to the way you start an application with Start Programs──you point to the application and then double-click the left mouse button. If you are using the keyboard, use the UP or DOWN key to select the application and then press the ENTER key. To practice switching to another application, switch to the DOS session (the environment used to run DOS applications). If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to DOS Command Prompt in the Task Manager window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 31 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, do the following to switch to the DOS session: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select the DOS Command Prompt. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 31 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the ENTER key. The Presentation Manager screen temporarily disappears and you are switched to the DOS session. Switching to the DOS session automatically starts the DOS command interpreter, command, as shown by the DOS prompt in the upper-left corner of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 32 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Command is the program you use to run your DOS applications. You'll learn more about using command in Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters." Returning to the Presentation Manager Session When you are using an application that is running in the DOS session or in the full-screen OS/2 session, you can quickly return to the Presentation Manager session and Task Manager at any time. Here's how: 1. Press CTRL+ESC. The Presentation Manager screen reappears, with Task Manager displayed. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 33 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Switching to File System To give yourself more practice using Task Manager, switch to File System. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to File System in the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you switch to File System in this way: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select File System. 2. Press the ENTER key. When you switch to File System, the File System icon is automatically restored to a window and appears at the front of your screen. The window borders and title bar change colors, showing you that File System is now active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 34 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Switching to Control Panel Next, you'll use Task Manager to switch to Control Panel. Before you can switch to Control Panel, you need to make Task Manager active. You can make Task Manager active at any time──here's how: 1. Press CTRL+ESC. The Task Manager window appears at the front of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 35 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ You can now switch to Control Panel. If you are using a mouse, follow these steps: 1. Point to Control Panel in the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to switch to Control Panel: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select Control Panel. 2. Press the ENTER key. The Control Panel icon is automatically restored to a window on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 36 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The Control Panel window appears in front of the File System window and its title bar changes color, showing you that Control Panel is active. You now have several application windows on your screen at the same time── the Start Programs window, the File System window, the Control Panel window, and the Task Manager window. The Control Panel, File System, and Task Manager windows are all partially visible. The Start Programs window is hidden behind the File System window. Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager When you have several windows on your screen at once, it's useful to be able to arrange them so that each is at least partially visible. This helps you to keep track of where your applications are and lets you view several windows on your screen at the same time. Task Manager provides you with a convenient way to arrange windows on your screen by using the Cascade or the Tile command on the Arrange menu. The Cascade command arranges your windows so that they overlap and so that their title bars are visible. The Tile command arranges your windows so that they appear side-by-side on your screen. To see how this works, use the Cascade command to arrange the windows. To do this, you need to make Task Manager active: 1. Press CTRL+ESC. Task Manager becomes the active application. You now can use the Cascade command to arrange the windows on your screen. If you have a mouse, follow these steps: 1. Point to the Arrange menu in the Task Manager menu bar and click the left mouse button. The Arrange menu appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 37 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Point to the Cascade command and click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to arrange your windows: 1. Press the ALT key and then the A key to select the Arrange Menu. 2. Press the C key to choose the Cascade command. Presentation Manager arranges the windows so that they overlap and so that their title bars are visible. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 38 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The Control Panel window is in front of the other application windows, showing you that Control Panel is now active. Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows In addition to using Task Manager to arrange your windows, you can also move and size them. By sizing your windows, you can make them as small or as large as you want. By moving them, you can place them anywhere on your screen. Moving Windows To move a window by using a mouse, you point to its title bar and then drag its borders to where you want it on your screen. To try this, move the Task Manager window to the lower-right area of your screen. Before you can move a window, you must first make it active. Make Task Manager active: 1. Press CTRL+ESC. The Task Manager window, now active, moves to the front. If you have a mouse, follow these steps to move the Task Manager window to the lower-right area of your screen: 1. Point to the title bar of the Task Manager window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 39 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press and hold down the left mouse button. When you press the left mouse button, the window borders turn gray. 3. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the window borders to the lower-right area of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 40 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Release the mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you can move the Task Manager window with the Move command on the System menu, together with the DIRECTION keys. Do the following: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 41 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the M key to choose the Move command. The borders around the Task Manager window turn gray. 3. Press the DOWN key several times until the bottom border rests just above the DOS and Spool Queue Manager icons. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 42 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Press and hold down the RIGHT key until the right border touches the right edge of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 43 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. Release the RIGHT key. 6. Press the ENTER key. The Task Manager window now appears in the lower-right area of your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 44 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Sizing Windows Besides being able to move application windows around on your screen, you can also change their size. You change the size of a window by expanding or contracting its borders. To see how this works, try making the Task Manager window smaller. If you have a mouse, try this now: 1. Point to the left border of the Task Manager window. The pointer turns into a two-headed arrow. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 45 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press and hold down the left mouse button. The window borders turn gray. 3. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the border to a position about halfway inside the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 46 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Release the mouse button. 5. Point to the bottom border. Once again, the pointer turns into a two-headed arrow. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 47 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 6. Press and hold down the left mouse button. The window borders turn gray. 7. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the border upward to a position just below the title of the last application displayed in the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 48 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 8. Release the mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you use the Size command on the System menu, together with the DIRECTION keys, to size a window. Try sizing the Task Manager window: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. 2. Press the S key to choose the Size command. The borders around the Task Manager window turn gray. 3. Press the LEFT key to indicate that you want to move the left border. 4. Press and hold down the RIGHT key until the left border is at a position halfway inside the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 49 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. Press the DOWN key to indicate that you now want to move the bottom border. 6. Press and hold down the UP key until the bottom border is at a position just below the title of the last application listed in the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 50 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 7. Press the ENTER key. The Task Manager window becomes smaller, occupying the new space defined by its borders. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 51 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now that you have had some practice starting applications, shrinking application windows, switching between applications, and arranging, moving, and sizing windows, the final steps are to quit each of the applications you have started and then shut down MS OS/2. Exercise 9: Quitting Applications You quit a Presentation Manager application by double-clicking the System-menu box or by using the Close command on the System menu. This quits the application by closing the application window. Quitting Control Panel Before you can quit an application, you must make it active. If you have a mouse, switch to Control Panel now: 1. Point to Control Panel in the Task Manager window and double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, here's how to switch to Control Panel: 1. Use the UP or DOWN key to select Control Panel. 2. Press the ENTER key. Control Panel moves to the front of your screen and becomes the active application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 53 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ You can now quit Control Panel. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to the System-menu box in the Control Panel window and double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, use the Close command in the System menu to close Control Panel. Here's how: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu for Control Panel. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 54 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the C key to choose the Close command. When you double-click the System-menu box or choose the Close command, the Control Panel window disappears, showing you that Control Panel is no longer running. Start Programs becomes the active application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 55 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Quitting File System Now quit File System. Remember, before you can do anything with an application, you need to switch to it first. Switch to File System: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active. 2. Choose File System from the list of applications that is displayed in the Task Manager window. (Point to File System and double-click with the mouse or, if you are using the keyboard, select File System with the UP or DOWN key and press the ENTER key.) The File System window moves to the front of your screen and is now active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 56 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you are using a mouse, quit File System the same way as you quit Control Panel: 1. Point to the System-menu box and double-click the left mouse button. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit File System. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 56 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Point to the Yes button and click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, use the Close command on the System menu. Follow these steps: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. 2. Press the C key. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit File System. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 57 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 3. Press the ENTER key. When you quit File System, Start Programs moves to the front of your screen and becomes the active application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 58 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now, you are almost back to where you began──the DOS session and Spooler Queue Manager are represented by icons and Start Programs is the active application. Task Manager is running in a window behind Start Programs. Start Programs, Task Manager, Spooler Queue Manager, and the DOS session are always present on your screen; you can't close them and they won't go away. If you don't have any other applications running in windows or in icons, it is safe to shut down MS OS/2. Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2 At this point, you either can begin the exercises in the next chapter, or you can take a break and return to the next chapter later. If you decide to take a break and will be away from your computer for a while, it's a good idea to shut down MS OS/2 and turn off your computer. You shut down MS OS/2 by using the Shutdown Now command in Task Manager. When you shut down MS OS/2, each application that is still running displays a message, asking you to confirm your decision to quit the application and to continue the shutdown process. Try shutting down MS OS/2: 1. Switch to Task Manager (press CTRL+ESC). 2. Select the Shutdown menu (point to it and then click the left mouse button or press the ALT key and then the S key). The Shutdown menu appears on your screen with the Shutdown Now command highlighted, showing you that it is already selected. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 59 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 3. Press the ENTER key to carry out the Shutdown Now command. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit the applications that are still running and to continue shutting down MS OS/2. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 60 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Choose the Yes button (point to it and then click the left mouse button or press the LEFT key and then the ENTER key). A message appears to let you know that all your applications are closed and that it is now safe to turn off your computer. 5. If you will be leaving your computer for a while, turn it off. If you decide to continue working and want to restart MS OS/2, press the ENTER key. Summary The exercises in this chapter provided you with hands-on experience performing basic Presentation Manager skills, such as starting applications, shrinking windows to icons, switching between applications, arranging, moving and sizing windows, and quitting applications. If you want more detailed information about these features of the system before going to the next chapter, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. In the next chapter, you will use a sample application called Bricks to learn how to use dialog boxes and to open, create, and save files. The sample application is an entertaining way to learn new skills and to sharpen some of the skills you've already learned in this chapter. When you are ready, go on to Chapter 2, "Using a Presentation Manager Application." ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Chapter 2 Using a Presentation Manager Application Introduction Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks Starting Bricks Game Rules Setting Options Playing a Game Yourself Stopping and Resuming a Game Exercise 2: Opening Files Using a Dialog Box Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking Exercise 4: Creating New Files Adding Bricks Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box Adding a Brick to Your Game Correcting Mistakes Removing Bricks Completing Your Game Exercise 5: Saving Files Quitting Bricks Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Introduction In this chapter, you will use the sample applications, Bricks and Alarm Clock, to learn some basic techniques for using all Presentation Manager applications. Although each Presentation Manager application is unique, all of them have several characteristics in common. For example, the way you open, create, and save files is basically the same in all Presentation Manager applications. Bricks has been designed to incorporate features that are common to many Presentation Manager applications. While playing Bricks and creating your own customized bricks games, you will learn, review, and practice the following skills: ■ Starting applications ■ Switching between applications ■ Using multitasking ■ Opening, creating, and saving files ■ Using dialog boxes Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks In this exercise, you will review how to start a Presentation Manager application by starting Bricks. Then, you will play a game of Bricks to familiarize yourself with the game rules and the way the Bricks application works. Starting Bricks The Bricks game is located in the Demonstration Programs group, so you need to change groups in Start Programs before starting Bricks. You change groups in Start Programs by selecting the Group menu and then choosing the group that you want to change to. If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter, the first thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs. 1. Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window (point to Start Programs and double-click with the mouse, or, if you are using your keyboard, select Start Programs with the UP or DOWN key and then press the ENTER key). Now, if you have a mouse, change to the Demonstration Programs group: 1. Point to the Group menu in the Start Programs menu bar and then click the left mouse button. The commands on the Group menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 10 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Point to Demonstration Programs and then click the left mouse button. If you are using the keyboard, change to the Demonstration Programs group: 1. Press the ALT key and then the G key to select the Group menu. 2. Press the 3 key. A list of applications in the Demonstration Group appears in the Start Programs window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 12 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now, you can start Bricks. If you are using the mouse, here's how: 1. Point to Bricks and then double-click the left mouse button. If you are using the keyboard, do this to start Bricks: 1. Use the UP or DOWN key to select Bricks and then press the ENTER key. Bricks appears in a window on your screen, with the Paris game displayed in the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 13 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The title bar displays the name of the application (in this case, Bricks), the name of the file that is currently open (in this case, PARIS.BRK), and the score counter. The Paris game, as well as the other Bricks games, is composed of numerous rectangular objects, or "bricks," of different sizes and colors. The object of the game is to clear the screen by knocking away all of the bricks that compose the scene. Before you play a game of Bricks, take a few minutes to read the next two sections to learn the game rules and to familiarize yourself with how Bricks works. Game Rules There are two options for playing Bricks──you can use the Play command to play a game yourself or you can use the Self Play command to have Bricks play a game automatically. To get an idea of how Bricks works, start a self-play game of Bricks and then watch what happens. To start a self-play game of Bricks by using your mouse, follow these steps: 1. Point to the Game menu in the Bricks menu bar and then click the left mouse button. The Game menu appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 14 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Point to the Self Play command and then click the left mouse button. If you are using the keyboard, do this to start a self-play game: 1. Press the ALT key and then the G key to select the Game menu. 2. Press the DOWN key once to select Self Play and then press the ENTER key. A small white ball appears in the work area and starts moving toward the bricks. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 15 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ When the ball hits a brick, the brick is removed from the work area and you are awarded points, which are displayed by the score counter. The red paddle at the bottom of the window moves back and forth with the ball. When the ball hits the paddle, the ball bounces back into play. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 15 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Setting Options When you first start a game of Bricks, the paddle size is set to Medium Paddle, the ball speed is set to Regular Ball, and the sound is turned on. If, while you are playing a game, you want to make the game easier or more challenging, you can adjust the paddle size and the ball speed yourself. You can also turn off the sound so that your computer won't beep each time the ball hits a brick. You adjust the ball speed, paddle size, and sound by using the commands on the Options menu. Many Presentation Manager applications have an Options menu that you can use to change the way your application runs. To see how this works, try making the ball move slower: 1. Select the Options menu (point to it and then click the left mouse button or press the ALT key and then the O key). The commands on the Options menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 16 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Notice the check marks next to the Medium Paddle, Regular Ball, and Sound commands. A check mark next to a command shows you that it is currently active. 2. Choose the Slow Ball command to slow down the ball (point to it and then click the left mouse button or use the DOWN key to select it and then press the ENTER key). The ball now moves slower in the Bricks window. If you were to select the Options menu again, you would see a check mark next to the Slow Ball command, since it is now active. If you want to adjust the paddle size, just select the Options menu again and choose the paddle size you want to use. To turn the Sound off, select the Options menu one more time and then choose the Sound command. Playing a Game Yourself Now that you've seen how Bricks works, try playing a game yourself: 1. Select the Game menu (click the menu or press ALT, G). The commands on the Game menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 17 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Play command (click the command or, since it is already selected, press the ENTER key). The first ball appears in the window and starts moving toward the bricks. 3. Use the RIGHT and LEFT keys to move the paddle and keep the ball in play. If the ball misses the paddle, it is taken out of play. Bricks gives you three balls per game. When you've used up all three balls, a message appears, letting you know that the game is over. The message displays how many bricks you hit out of all the bricks possible. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 18 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ To delete the message from your screen, do the following: 1. Click the OK button or press the ENTER key. Stopping and Resuming a Game If you want to take a break in the middle of a game, you can stop it any time and then resume it when you are ready. Just choose the Stop command from the Game menu to stop the game. When you are ready to resume the game, choose the Continue command. Now try stopping and resuming your game: 1. Select the Game menu (click the menu or press ALT, G). 2. Choose the Stop command (click the command or press the S key). The ball and the paddle stop moving and the game pauses. 3. Select the Game menu again. 4. Choose the Continue command. The ball and the paddle start moving again. To start a new game at any time, just choose the Play command from the Game menu again. The Paris game will reappear in the window, with all its bricks in place. When you are ready, go on to the next exercise to learn how to open files. Exercise 2: Opening Files In this exercise, you'll learn how to open files and use dialog boxes in Presentation Manager applications. Because you just played a game of Bricks using the PARIS.BRK file, you'll open a different file called SEATTLE.BRK. You open files in most Presentation Manager applications with the Open command on the File menu. Choose the Open command by using either your mouse or your keyboard. The general procedure is the same: 1. Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F). The commands on the File menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 19 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Open command (click the command or press the O key). The Open Brick File dialog box appears on your screen. Using a Dialog Box Some commands in Presentation Manager applications, such as the Open command, require additional information from you before the command can be carried out. If this is the case, the application displays a dialog box on your screen. The dialog box prompts you to select items, choose options, or type additional information needed to carry out the command. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 20 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The Open Brick File dialog box includes three different types of areas──a text box, two list boxes, and two command buttons. The selection cursor shows you which area of the dialog box is currently selected. To specify the game file that you want to open, you can either select the filename from the list of files displayed in the list box or you can type the name of the file in the text box. The insertion point marks the place in the text box where you start typing, and as you type, it moves to the right. Once you've selected or typed the filename, choose the Open command button to carry out the Open command. If a file is already open (in this case, the PARIS.BRK file is open), the name of that file appears in the text box. Now open the file named SEATTLE.BRK by erasing PARIS.BRK and then typing SEATTLE.BRK in the text box: 1. Press the BACKSPACE key repeatedly to erase PARIS.BRK. The insertion point moves to the left as you press the BACKSPACE key. 2. Now type the following: seattle.brk The insertion point moves to the right as you type. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 21 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you make a mistake while typing, use the BACKSPACE key to erase it, and then continue typing. 3. When you've typed the filename correctly, point to the Open command button and then click the left mouse button. If you don't have a mouse, just press the ENTER key. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 21 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The Seattle game appears in the work area of the Bricks window. Because the Seattle game is larger than the Paris game, the Bricks window expands to fill your entire screen. Now play another game of Bricks, or go on to the next step to learn how to use list boxes. Remember, you can stop and then resume your game at any time by using the Stop and Continue commands on the Game menu. When you've finished playing, try opening another file. This time, open the file that contains the Athens game by selecting it from the list of files in the list box. Do the following: 1. Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F). 2. Choose the Open command (click the command or press the O key). The Open Brick File dialog box appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 22 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you are using a mouse, follow these steps to select the file: 1. Point to the file named ATHENS.BRK in the Filenames list box and then double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you use the TAB key to move around in a dialog box and the UP and DOWN keys to select items in an area. Move to the Filenames list box and select the ATHENS.BRK file: 1. Press the TAB key twice to move to the Filenames list box. The selection cursor appears in the list box, showing you that the list box is selected. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 22 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press the UP key repeatedly until the file named ATHENS.BRK is selected. 3. Press the ENTER key. The Athens game appears in the window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 23 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now go on to the next exercise to learn about multitasking. Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking In MS OS/2 you can perform several related tasks or even several completely different tasks at the same time. This feature is called multitasking. To see how multitasking works in the Presentation Manager session, you'll start another application called Alarm Clock and run it at the same time you are running Bricks. Before you can start Alarm Clock, you need to switch to Start Programs. If you don't remember how to switch to another application with Task Manager, here's a review: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 23 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose Start Programs from the list of applications in the Task Manager window (double-click Start Programs or use the UP or DOWN key to select it and then press the ENTER key). Start Programs moves to the front of your screen, displaying the list of applications in the Demonstration Programs group. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 24 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now, you can start Alarm Clock: 1. Choose Alarm Clock from the list of applications displayed in the window. Alarm Clock appears in a window on your screen, displaying the time. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 24 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ You now have two application windows on your screen at the same time. Use Task Manager to switch to the Bricks window and start a self-play game: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active. 2. Choose Bricks from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. The Bricks window, with the Athens game displayed, moves to the front of your screen, showing you that Bricks is now the active application. Now start a self-play game of Bricks: 1. Select the Game menu. 2. Choose the Self Play command. The ball in the Bricks window starts moving. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 25 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ You now have Alarm Clock and a game of Bricks going on at once, illustrating the multitasking capabilities of MS OS/2. Now use Task Manager to switch to the Alarm Clock window so that you can quit Alarm Clock and close the window: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager. 2. Choose Alarm from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. The Alarm Clock window becomes active, as shown by the colored title bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 26 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now quit Alarm Clock and close the window. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to the System-menu box in the Alarm Clock window and double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, here's how you quit Alarm Clock: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. 2. Press the C key to choose the Close command. The Alarm Clock window disappears and the Start Programs window is now active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 27 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now switch to the Bricks window with Task Manager: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager. 2. Choose Bricks from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. Bricks moves to the front of your screen and becomes the active application. Now go on to the next exercise to learn how to create new files. Exercise 4: Creating New Files This exercise demonstrates how you can create new files by creating your own customized Bricks game. To create your own game, the first thing you need to do is clear the Athens game from the work area and create a new file for storing your game. In most Presentation Manager applications, you create new files by using the New command on the File menu. Try it now, using either your mouse or your keyboard. The general procedure is the same: 1. Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F). The commands on the File menu appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 28 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the New command (click the command or, since it is already selected, press the ENTER key). The Athens game is cleared from the work area and the word "untitled" appears in the title bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 29 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The word "untitled" in the title bar lets you know that the file displayed in the window does not have a filename assigned to it. You'll learn how to assign names to new files later on. Now, you can begin creating your new game. Adding Bricks In Bricks, there are two ways that you can add bricks to create a new game──by using either the Random Bricks or the Add Bricks commands on the Bricks menu. With the Random Bricks command, Bricks clears whatever is currently displayed in the work area and replaces it with a stack of bricks of different colors and sizes. This lets you create a basic Bricks game quickly and easily. In this exercise, you won't be using the Random Bricks command. Instead, you will create your own Bricks game by using any size or color of bricks you'd like to make a scene or picture of your choice. With the Add Bricks command, you can specify the color and size of the bricks that you want to add to your game by selecting the brick color, height, and width from the color and size options in the Add Bricks dialog box. Start creating your game by specifying the first kind of brick you want to add to your game. To do this, choose the Add Bricks command: 1. Select the Bricks menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 30 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Add Bricks command. The Add Bricks dialog box appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 31 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box The Add Bricks dialog box is a different kind of dialog box from the Open dialog box. Instead of a text box and list boxes, it contains three groups of round option buttons──one group for the brick color, one for the brick width, and one for the brick height. Like the Open dialog box, the Add Bricks dialog box also includes a selection cursor and two command buttons──Enter and Cancel. To specify the type of brick you want to add, you select the option button that corresponds to the color, width, and height of the brick. In most Presentation Manager applications, you select an option button by pointing to it and then clicking the left mouse button or, if you are using your keyboard, by pressing the TAB key to move to the group of options you want to use, and then using the UP and DOWN keys to select the option. A round mark appears inside the option button when the corresponding option is selected. Use the Add Bricks dialog box to specify the kind of brick you want to add. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Click the option button in the Brick Colors group that corresponds to the brick color of your choice. 2. Click the option button in the Brick Width group that corresponds to the brick width of your choice. 3. Click the option button in the Brick Height group that corresponds to the brick height of your choice. The brick in the lower-right corner of the dialog box shows what the brick looks like with the options you've just selected. 4. Click the Enter command button to activate your selections. If you are using the keyboard, follow these steps to specify the brick you want to add: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds to the brick color of your choice. 2. Press the TAB key to move to the Brick Width group. The selection cursor appears around the second option button in the Brick Width group, showing you that the group is selected. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 31 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 3. Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds to the brick width of your choice. 4. Press the TAB key to move to the Brick Height group. The selection cursor now appears around the first option in the Brick Height group. 5. Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds to the brick height of your choice. The brick in the lower-right corner of the dialog box shows what the brick looks like with the options you've just selected. 6. Press the ENTER key to activate your selections. After you've specified the kind of brick you want to add, the pointer turns into cross-hairs, showing you that you can now add the bricks you specified to your game. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 32 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Adding a Brick to Your Game Now add the brick you just specified to your game. If you have a mouse, follow these steps: 1. Point to the place in the work area where you want the bottom-left corner of the brick to appear. 2. Click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to add a brick: 1. Use the DIRECTION keys to move the pointer to the place in the work area where you want the bottom-left corner of the brick to appear. 2. Press the SPACEBAR to add the brick. The brick appears in the work area. If the brick you are about to add is on top of another brick, a message box appears, asking if you want to overlap bricks. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 33 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you want to create a solid mass of color by overlapping bricks, choose the Yes button by pointing to it and then clicking the left mouse button or press the LEFT key to select it and then press the ENTER key. If you don't want to overlap bricks, just press the ENTER key. You can now continue adding bricks of the same size and color to your new game, or you can use the Add Bricks dialog box to specify a new kind of brick. To specify a new kind of brick, choose the Add Bricks command from the Bricks menu and then select the color, width, and height for the new brick you want to add. Continue to repeat these steps, specifying and placing as many kinds of bricks as you want. Correcting Mistakes If you make a mistake and put a brick in the wrong place, you can clear it from the work area by using the Undo command on the Edit menu. In most Presentation Manager applications, choosing the Undo command cancels the last action (such as adding or removing a brick) that you performed. Here's how to cancel your last action: 1. Select the Edit menu. 2. Choose the Undo command. The work area looks the same as it did before you performed your last action. You can now add the brick again so that it appears in the correct place. Removing Bricks You can remove bricks at any time from any game file. If you put a brick in the wrong place while creating your game, or if you just want to remove it, use the Remove Bricks command. Here's how: 1. Select the Bricks menu. 2. Choose the Remove Bricks command. The pointer turns into a moving hammer with a nail underneath it, your tool for removing unwanted bricks. If you have a mouse, here's how to remove a brick: 1. Point to the brick you want to remove so that the nail is on top of it. 2. Click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to remove a brick: 1. Use the DIRECTION keys to move the nail over the brick you want to remove. 2. Press the SPACEBAR. When you click the left mouse button or press the SPACEBAR, the brick disappears. If, directly after removing a brick, you decide that you want to keep it after all, you can use the Undo command to restore it. Here's how: 1. Select the Edit menu and choose the Undo command. The brick you removed reappears in its previous place in the work area. Completing Your Game To switch back to adding bricks, just choose the Add Bricks command from the Bricks menu and then specify the type of brick you want to add. If you are using a mouse, here's a quick method for adding the rest of the bricks to your game: 1. Use the Add Bricks command to specify the color of brick you want to add. (With this method, you don't need to specify the brick height or width.) 2. Point to the place where you want the brick to appear. 3. Press and hold down the right mouse button. 4. Drag the cross-hairs. As you drag the cross-hairs, the brick changes size. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 34 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. When the brick is the size you want it, release the right mouse button. Using this method, you can add bricks of any size. If you put a brick in the wrong place, use either the Undo command or the Remove Bricks command to correct your mistake. When you are finished creating your new game, go on to the next exercise to learn how to save it. Exercise 5: Saving Files Once your game is complete, you can save it in a separate file by using the Save or Save As command on the File menu. If you've modified a game file that already exists, you can use the Save command to save your modified file and overwrite the original file, or you can use the Save As command to keep the original file and save the modified file under a new filename. For example, suppose you added some bricks to the Seattle game. You could either use the Save command to overwrite the original SEATTLE.BRK file, or you could use the Save As command to store the modified Seattle game in a separate file with its own filename, such as NEWFILE.BRK, leaving the original SEATTLE.BRK file unchanged. If you are saving a new file that does not yet have a name assigned to it (such as the new game file you just created), use the Save As command. To save your new game, do the following: 1. Select the File menu. 2. Choose the Save As command. A dialog box appears, prompting you for a name for the new file. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 35 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 3. In the text box, type a descriptive name for your new game file, including the .BRK extension. For example, suppose you have created a scene of your favorite city. You might name the file MYCITY.BRK. 4. Choose the Save button (click it or press the TAB key and then the ENTER key). Bricks stores your game in a file and assigns it the filename you typed. You may want to play the game you just created, or you may want to try your hand at the Tokyo or Atlantis game (TOKYO.BRK or ATLANTIS.BRK). You can play any of the Bricks games as they are, or you can modify them by adding or removing bricks. If you decide to modify an existing game, use the Save As command to save your modified game in a separate file. Otherwise, you will lose the original game by overwriting the existing file with the modified game. Quitting Bricks When you are finished using Bricks, quit Bricks and close the Bricks window. Here's a reminder on how to quit an application and close a window with the mouse: 1. Double-click the System-menu box. If you modified the current game file, a message appears, asking if you want to save your changes. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 36 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. If you want to save your changes, double-click the Yes button. Otherwise, press the ENTER key to choose the No button. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to quit Bricks: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to select the System menu. 2. Press the C key to choose the Close command. If you modified the current game file, a message appears, asking if you want to save your changes. 3. If you want to save your changes, press the LEFT key to select the Yes button and then press the ENTER key. Otherwise, just press the ENTER key to choose the No button. The Bricks window disappears. Shutting Down MS OS/2 If you want to take a break before going on to the next chapter, you might want to shut down MS OS/2 if you're going to be away from your computer for a while. Here's a review of how to shutdown MS OS/2: 1. Switch to Task Manager (press CTRL+ESC). 2. Choose the Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown menu. A message appears, asking if you want to quit the applications that are still running and continue shutting down MS OS/2. 3. Choose the Yes button. A message appears to let you know that it is now safe to turn off your computer. You can now safely turn off your computer or you can press the ENTER key to restart MS OS/2. Summary This chapter has described some basic techniques for using Presentation Manager applications and has introduced you to the multitasking feature of MS OS/2. The methods for performing certain tasks, such as using dialog boxes, and opening, creating, and saving files are similar, regardless of the Presentation Manager application you are using. Although Presentation Manager applications are similar in some ways, keep in mind that each one is unique and is designed for performing specific kinds of tasks. To learn how to best use a specific Presentation Manager application, see the user's instructions that accompany it. When you are ready, go on to Chapter 3, "Learning File System," to learn how you can use File System to help you manage your files and directories. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Chapter 3 Learning File System Introduction Exercise 1: Starting File System Looking at the Directory Tree Window Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window Looking at the Directory Window Changing the Display in a Directory Window Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories Creating and Opening Subdirectories Arranging File System Windows Switching Between Directory Windows Copying Files Moving Files Renaming Files Deleting Files Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows Exercise 5: Quitting File System Shutting Down MS OS/2 Summary Introduction File System is a Presentation Manager application you can use to manage your files and directories. With File System, you can view the directory structure of any drive you choose and look at the contents of your directories. To help you keep your files and directories organized and up-to-date, File System provides you with easy ways to perform several file-management tasks, such as copying, moving, renaming, and deleting files and directories. While working through the exercises in this chapter, you will use the Bricks game files that you used in the previous chapter to learn and practice these skills: ■ Viewing the directory structure on your disk ■ Opening directory windows ■ Creating subdirectories ■ Arranging File System windows ■ Copying, moving, renaming, and deleting files ■ Closing directory windows Exercise 1: Starting File System To begin learning File System, start File System from Start Programs. If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter, the first thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs. Here's a reminder: 1. Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. To start File System, you need to be in the Main Group. If you are not in the Main Group, change to it now: 1. Choose Main Group from the Group menu. Now, to start File System with the mouse, do the following: 1. Double-click File System in the work area of the Start Programs window. To start File System by using your keyboard, follow these steps: 1. If File System is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key to select it. 2. Press the ENTER key. The File System window appears on your screen, with the Directory Tree window displayed in it. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 98 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Looking at the Directory Tree Window The Directory Tree window makes it easy for you to view the layout, or directory structure, of the directories and subdirectories on any disk or drive you choose. The directory structure is arranged like a "tree" in the Directory Tree window. The root directory appears at the top of the tree, with the names of the other directories listed underneath the root directory in alphabetical order. (For definitions of computer terminology, see the appendix, "Computer Basics," in this manual.) The root directory is automatically created when you format a disk. All other directories you create are simply subdirectories of the root directory. Note that the Directory Tree window displays only the directory structure, and not the files in each directory. The Directory Tree window looks similar to other Presentation Manager windows──it has borders, a title bar, and a System-menu box. Below the title bar are the drive icons. They represent the disk drives on your computer. The current drive is the one that is highlighted. The structure of your directories and subdirectories on the current drive is shown in the work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 99 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Unlike a Presentation Manager application window, the Directory Tree window does not have a menu bar and it does not have Minimize or Maximize boxes. The size of the Directory Tree window is limited to the size of the File System work area, so you cannot enlarge it to fill the entire screen, nor can you shrink it to an icon. Since the Directory Tree window has its own System menu, you can use the Size and Move commands to size the Directory Tree window and move it around within the File System work area. The Directory Tree does not have its own menus and commands because it is not a separate application. These characteristics apply to all windows that appear in the work area of an application window. From the Directory Tree window, you can open another window that lists the contents (subdirectories and files) of the directory you want to view. You can have several directory windows open at once, allowing you to view the contents of several different directories at the same time and carry out tasks that involve more than one directory. Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window To practice opening a directory, open the OS2\INTRO directory, which contains the Bricks game files you used in the previous chapter. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to OS2\INTRO in the directory tree. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 100 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you can open the OS2\INTRO directory by using the UP and DOWN keys to select OS2\INTRO from the Directory Tree. Here's how: 1. Press the DOWN or UP key several times until OS2\INTRO is selected. 2. Press the ENTER key. Looking at the Directory Window Like the Directory Tree window, the OS2\INTRO directory window is a window within the File System window──it has a System-menu box, but no menu bar and no Maximize or Minimize boxes. You can move and size the OS2\INTRO directory window, but you cannot enlarge it to fill the entire screen and you cannot shrink it to an icon. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 101 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The drive letter and the directory path for the OS2\INTRO directory appear in the title bar. The directory path shows the OS2\INTRO directory's location in relation to the root directory. The wildcard characters *.* tell you that the entire contents of the OS2\INTRO directory are displayed in the directory window. (When you are specifying filenames, the wildcard characters can take the place of any other characters, allowing you to find several related files at once.) The files in the OS2\INTRO directory are marked with a file icon and the program files (files you use to start applications) are marked with a program icon. Both types of icons appear to the left of the filename. Changing the Display in a Directory Window You can view the contents of an open directory in several different ways. For example, you can display full details about the files and subdirectories, including their sizes in bytes and the dates and times they were created or last modified. To do this, use the Full File Details command on the Options menu: 1. Select the Options menu (click the menu or press ALT, O). ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 102 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Full File Details command (click the command or press the F key). The file information displayed in the OS2\INTRO directory window changes to show the size of each file and the date and time it was created or last modified. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 103 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you select the Options menu again, you'll see a check mark next to the Full File Details command. The check mark shows you that the command is active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 103 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories Once you have opened a directory window, you can perform several tasks with File System to organize and keep track of your files and subdirectories. For example, you can easily rename and delete files, as well as copy and move files within a directory or from one directory to another. With File System, you can also create subdirectories in the open directory. In this exercise, you'll create a subdirectory in the OS2\INTRO directory, and then you'll copy and move some of your Bricks game files to that subdirectory. You'll also learn how to rename files, as well as how to delete old files you no longer need. Creating and Opening Subdirectories With File System, you can create subdirectories in an open directory window. To see how to do this, you'll create a subdirectory named OLDGAMES in the OS2\INTRO directory. Follow these steps: 1. Select the File menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 104 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Create Directory command. The Create Directory dialog box appears on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 105 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 3. In the text box, type the following: oldgames If you make a mistake while typing, use the BACKSPACE key to erase it and then continue typing. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 105 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Choose the Create button (click it or press the ENTER key). OLDGAMES is added to the list of files and subdirectories shown in the work area of the OS2\INTRO directory window. The directory icon appears to the left of OLDGAMES. The directory icon lets you know that OLDGAMES is a subdirectory of the OS2\INTRO directory. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 106 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now, you'll open the OLDGAMES subdirectory from the OS2\INTRO directory window. You open a subdirectory from a directory window by using the mouse the same way as you open a directory from the Directory Tree window: 1. Point to OLDGAMES in the OS2\INTRO directory window and double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, do the following to open the OLDGAMES directory: 1. If OLDGAMES is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key to select it. 2. Press the ENTER key. The OLDGAMES directory window appears in front of the OS2\INTRO directory window with the path for OLDGAMES displayed in the title bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 107 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Note that, since there are no files or subdirectories in the OLDGAMES subdirectory, nothing is listed in the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window. Arranging File System Windows When you have several windows displayed on top of each other at the same time, you can arrange them so that they do not overlap in the File System work area. Arranging directory windows with File System is similar to arranging application windows with Task Manager──you use the commands on the Arrange menu. To see how this works, use the Tile command on the Arrange menu to arrange the Directory Tree, OS2\INTRO, and OLDGAMES windows so that they do not overlap: 1. Select the Arrange menu and choose the Tile command. File System arranges the windows in the work area so that they do not overlap, making it easy for you to view the directory tree and the contents of each open directory at the same time. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 108 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Switching Between Directory Windows When you have several directory windows open at the same time, only one of them is active. Right now the OLDGAMES directory window is active, as you can see by its colored borders and title bar. Since you will be performing tasks on files in the OS2\INTRO directory, you need to switch to the OS2\INTRO directory window to make it active. If you are using a mouse, make the OS2\INTRO directory window active: 1. Point to a place anywhere in the background of the OS2\INTRO directory window. (Make sure that the pointer is not touching a filename, a directory name, or an icon.) ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 109 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you can switch to the OS2\INTRO directory window by using the Window menu. Do the following: 1. Press ALT, W to select the Window menu. The list of directory windows that are currently open appears on the Windows menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 110 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The check mark next to the OLDGAMES directory tells you that the OLDGAMES directory window is active. 2. Press the 2 key to choose C:\OS2\INTRO. When you switch to the OS2\INTRO directory window, the bor- ders and title bar of the window change colors, showing you that OS2\INTRO is now the active window. Now that the OS2\INTRO directory window is active, you'll learn how to perform a few basic file-management tasks by using some of the files in the OS2\INTRO directory. Copying Files With File System, you can easily copy and move files from one directory to another with your mouse. If you are using a mouse, try copying the ATHENS.BRK file from the OS2\INTRO directory to the OLDGAMES directory: 1. Point to ATHENS.BRK in the OS2\INTRO directory window. 2. Press and hold down the left mouse button. 3. While holding down the mouse button, drag the pointer to a place anywhere in the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window. When you start dragging the mouse, the pointer changes to a file icon. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 111 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. When the pointer is in the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window, release the mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you use the Copy command on the File menu to copy a file from one directory to another. Here's how to copy the ATHENS.BRK file with your keyboard: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select ATHENS.BRK. 2. Select the File menu. 3. Choose the Copy command. The Copy dialog box appears, with the name of the file you just selected displayed in the From text box. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 112 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. In the To text box, type the following: c:\os2\intro\oldgames ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 112 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. Choose the Copy button (press the ENTER key). The ATHENS.BRK file is now listed both in the OS2\INTRO directory window and in the OLDGAMES directory window. This tells you that two copies of ATHENS.BRK exist in two different directories. The borders and title bar of the OS2\INTRO directory window are still colored, showing you that OS2\INTRO is still the active directory window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 113 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Moving Files You may want to move a file into another directory without making a copy of it. If you are using a mouse, try this method now to move the file named APLTREE.BRK from the OS2\INTRO directory to the OLDGAMES directory: 1. Point to the file named APLTREE.BRK in the OS2\INTRO directory window. 2. Press and hold down the ALT key. 3. While holding down the ALT key, press and hold down the left mouse button. 4. While holding down the left mouse button, release the ALT key and then drag the pointer to a place anywhere within the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window. When you begin dragging, the pointer turns into a file icon. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 114 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. Release the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you use the Move command on the File menu to move a file from one directory to another. Moving a file with the keyboard is similar to copying a file. Try this method to move the APLTREE.BRK file from the OS2\INTRO directory to the OLDGAMES directory: 1. Press the UP or DOWN key to select APLTREE.BRK from the list of files in the OS2\INTRO directory window. 2. Select the File menu. 3. Choose the Move command. The Move dialog box appears, with the name of the selected file in the From text box. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 115 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. In the To text box, type the following: c:\os2\intro\oldgames Because you won't be changing the name of the file, you do not need to include a filename with the directory path. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 115 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 5. Choose the Move button (press the ENTER key). The file APLTREE.BRK now appears in its alphabetical place in the OLDGAMES directory window and is gone from the OS2\INTRO directory window. The OS2\INTRO directory window is still active. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 116 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Renaming Files The Rename command on the File menu makes it easy to change the name of a file. The general procedure for renaming files is the same, regardless of whether you are using the mouse or the keyboard. Try giving the file named ATHENS.BRK in the OLDGAMES directory the new name ATHENS.OLD. Remember, before you can perform a task on a file, the directory window in which that file is located must be active. Since you will be renaming the copy of the ATHENS.BRK file that is located in the OLDGAMES directory, you first need to switch to the OLDGAMES directory window. If you are using a mouse, here's how: 1. Click the OLDGAMES directory window. If you are using your keyboard, do the following to switch to the OLDGAMES directory window: 1. Select the Window menu. 2. Choose the OLDGAMES directory window. The borders and title bar of the OLDGAMES directory window change colors, showing you that the OLDGAMES directory window is active. You now can rename the ATHENS.BRK file to ATHENS.OLD: 1. Select ATHENS.BRK from the list of files in the OLDGAMES directory window. 2. Select the File menu. 3. Choose the Rename command. The Rename dialog box appears, with ATHENS.BRK displayed in the From text box. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 117 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. In the To text box, type the following: athens.old 5. Choose the Rename button. File System changes the name of ATHENS.BRK to ATHENS.OLD. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 118 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Now practice renaming files by changing the name of the APLTREE.BRK file to APLTREE.OLD. Follow these steps: 1. Select APLTREE.BRK from the list of files in the OLDGAMES directory window. 2. Select the File menu. 3. Choose the Rename command. The Rename dialog box appears, with APLTREE.BRK displayed in the From text box. 4. In the To text box, type the following: apltree.old 5. Choose the Rename button. File System changes the name of APLTREE.BRK to the new name, APLTREE.OLD. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 119 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Deleting Files It's a good idea to clean up your disk regularly by deleting files you no longer need. Deleting unwanted files frees up storage space on your disk so that you have more room for additional software and data files. With File System, you can delete a single file or you can delete multiple files at once. If you are deleting multiple files that are not related, you can select all the files you want to delete from the directory window, or you can type their filenames in the text box of the Delete dialog box. If you are deleting multiple files that are related (for example, the files have the same filename or extension), you can use wildcard characters when specifying the files in the Delete dialog box. Try using wildcard characters to delete the ATHENS.OLD and APLTREE.OLD files from the OLDGAMES directory: 1. Select the file ATHENS.OLD from the list of files in the OLDGAMES directory window. 2. Select the File menu. 3. Choose the Delete command. The Delete dialog box appears, with ATHENS.OLD displayed in the Delete text box. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 120 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 4. Select the Delete text box (point somewhere to the right of the filename in the text box and then click the left mouse button or press SHIFT+TAB). 5. Use the BACKSPACE key to erase ATHENS.OLD, then type the following: *.old ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 120 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 6. Choose the Delete button. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to delete the ATHENS.OLD file. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 121 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 7. Choose the Yes button. Another message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to delete the APLTREE.OLD file. 8. For each message you see, choose the Yes button. The files with the extension .OLD no longer appear in the OLDGAMES directory window, showing you that they have been deleted. Now that you've deleted your old Bricks game files, you have almost reached the end of this set of exercises. The last things you'll do are close the OS2\INTRO and OLDGAMES directory windows and then quit File System. Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows When you are finished working in a directory, you can close the directory window to make more room in the File System work area. To close a directory window with the mouse, just double-click the System-menu box. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to the System-menu box in the OLDGAMES directory window. Make sure that you don't accidentally point to the System-menu box in the File System window. Otherwise, you will close File System instead of the OLDGAMES directory window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 122 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, you can close a directory window easily by using the Close command on the System menu. You select the System menu in a directory window differently from the way you select the System menu in an application window. Instead of pressing SHIFT+ESC, you press CTRL+- (the CTRL key and the hyphen key). Pressing SHIFT+ESC selects the System menu in the File System window, whereas pressing CTRL+- selects the System menu in the active directory window. This allows you to select either System menu and use its commands quickly and easily. If you are using your keyboard, close the OLDGAMES directory window: 1. Press CTRL+- to display the System menu in the OLDGAMES directory window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 123 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Press C to choose the Close command. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 124 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The OLDGAMES directory window no longer appears in the work area of the File System window. The OS2\INTRO directory window is now active. Now close the OS2\INTRO directory window the same way you closed the OLDGAMES directory window. If you have a mouse, do the following: 1. Double-click the System-menu box in the OS2\INTRO directory window. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 125 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to close the OS2\INTRO directory window: 1. Select the System menu in the OS2\INTRO directory window (press CTRL+-). 2. Choose the Close command. The OS2\INTRO directory no longer appears in the File System work area. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 126 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Exercise 5: Quitting File System Now that you have closed the directory windows, you are ready to quit File System. If you are using a mouse, follow these steps: 1. Double-click the System-menu box. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit File System. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 126 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ (The message dialog box also gives you an opportunity to save any settings you have made on the Options menu, but you don't need to change this now. For more information about changing and saving settings, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.) 2. Choose the Yes button. Here's a review of how to quit File System by using your keyboard: 1. Select the System menu (press SHIFT+ESC). 2. Choose the Close command. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit File System. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 127 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ (The message dialog box also gives you an opportunity to save any settings you have made on the Options menu, but you don't need to change this now. For more information about changing and saving settings, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.) 3. Choose the Yes button. The File System window disappears and Start Programs becomes the active window. Shutting Down MS OS/2 You can now go on to the exercises in Chapter 4 or, if you want to take a break, you can shut down MS OS/2. If you want to shut down MS OS/2, switch to Task Manager and then choose the Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown menu, as described in Chapters 1 and 2 of this manual. Summary So far, you've learned some basic techniques for working with Presentation Manager applications in the Presentation Manager session. In Chapter 1, you learned how to start applications, shrink application windows to icons, and arrange application windows on your screen. In Chapter 2, you were introduced to multitasking and several features that are common to most Presentation Manager applications. In this chapter, you've learned about using File System to view the directory structure on any drive you choose and the contents of any directory you choose. In addition, you've practiced some basic file-management tasks, such as creating subdirectories and copying and moving files. If you've worked through the exercises up to this point, you should have all the information you need to begin working in the Presentation Manager session of MS OS/2 on your own. If, while working in the Presentation Manager session, you need more detailed information to perform a specific task, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters," introduces you to two other kinds of sessions in MS OS/2──the full-screen OS/2 session and the DOS session. Chapter 4 also describes some basic techniques for using the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters──cmd and command. Cmd and command are the programs you use to perform some advanced tasks with MS OS/2, such as configuring your system and running utilities for maintaining your disks. If you have never used DOS and are unfamiliar with typing commands, it is recommended that you work through the exercises in Chapter 4. There you will learn and practice some basic techniques of typing commands by performing some of the same tasks you've performed in the previous chapters. For example, you'll learn how to type commands to start applications, view the contents of a directory, and copy files. If you are familiar with DOS and know how to type commands and start DOS applications, you may want to skip Chapter 4 and see Part 2, "Using Cmd and the DOS Session," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide and the Microsoft Operating System/2 Desktop Reference for instructions on how to perform specific tasks with cmd and command. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Chapter 4 Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters Introduction Typing Commands Controlling the Screen's Contents Using the Copy Command Using Editing Keys Starting an Application Using the System Menu in Cmd Changing the Font Size Scrolling the Contents of the Screen Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Starting an Application Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter Starting the DOS Command Interpreter Typing Commands Starting a DOS Application Shutting Down MS OS/2 Going On Introduction The MS OS/2 command interpreter, cmd, is another program you can use to perform the same kinds of tasks that you can perform with Start Programs and File System. With cmd, you can start both Presentation Manager and full-screen OS/2 applications, as well as manage your files and directories. The DOS command interpreter, command, is the program you use to run your applications that were designed for MS-DOS or a computer manufacturer's version of DOS. In addition to running your DOS applications, you can also use command to perform some file- and directory-management tasks. (If you are familiar with how to use DOS, you may want to do only the exercises that demonstrate cmd.) With cmd and command, instead of choosing commands from menus, you type them in yourself by using your keyboard. In addition, cmd is the program you use to run utilities for maintaining your disks and configuring your system. (For more detailed information on using utilities, see the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. Also, if you feel an overview of computer terms and concepts would be helpful, see the appendix, "Computer Basics," in this tutorial.) The exercises in this chapter will give you hands-on experience using cmd and command, while you learn and practice the following skills: ■ Running cmd in both the Presentation Manager and the full-screen OS/2 sessions ■ Running the DOS command interpreter in the DOS session ■ Typing commands ■ Using editing keys ■ Starting applications ■ Quitting cmd and command When you run cmd in the Presentation Manager session, it runs in a window that you can move, size, and shrink to an icon. This exercise shows you how to run cmd in a window, how to type commands, control the movement of text on the screen, and use the commands on the System menu that are unique to full-screen OS/2 applications that can run in the Presentation Manager session. If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter, the first thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs: 1. Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. To start cmd, you need to be in the Main Group. If you are not in the Main Group, change to it now: 1. Choose Main Group from the Group menu. Now start cmd so that it runs in the Presentation Manager session. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to OS/2 Windowed Command Prompt in the Start Programs window. 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, do the following to start cmd: 1. Use the UP or DOWN key to select OS/2 Windowed Command Prompt from the list of applications displayed in the Start Programs window. 2. Press the ENTER key. Cmd appears in a window on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 133 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The MS OS/2 prompt is located in the upper-left corner of the work area, followed by a cursor. The cursor indicates where the command line is. The command line is the place where you type information, such as commands or text, for cmd to process. Typing Commands Cmd has its own commands that you can use to manage files and directories, maintain disks, and customize MS OS/2 for your needs. When you communicate with an application by using cmd, you type commands instead of choosing them from menus. To practice typing commands, you'll use the commands cd and dir to change to the OS2\INTRO directory (the directory that contains your Bricks game files) and then list its contents. When you type commands, make sure you include one space between the command and the directory path or filename. Also, it makes no difference whether you type the letters in uppercase or lowercase; the system doesn't distinguish between them. Here's how to change to the OS2\INTRO directory: 1. Type the following: cd \os2\intro The cursor moves to the right as you type. If you make a mistake while typing, use the BACKSPACE key to erase it, then continue typing the command correctly. 2. Press the ENTER key. The command prompt changes to show you that OS2\INTRO is now the current directory. C:\OS2\INTRO Now list the contents of the OS2\INTRO directory by using the dir command: 1. Type the following: dir 2. Press the ENTER key. A list of the subdirectories and files in the OS2\INTRO directory appears on your screen. The volume label in drive C is RALPH. Directory of C:\OS2\INTRO . <DIR> 10-31-88 2:32p .. <DIR> 10-31-88 2:32p OLDGAMES <DIR> 11-09-88 12:19p ACLOCK EXE 11264 10-27-88 6:53a APLTREE BRK 738 10-26-88 1:53a ATHENS BRK 6878 10-28-88 8:49a ATLANTIS BRK 17098 10-26-88 1:54p BRICKS EXE 36864 11-02-88 4:25a PARIS BRK 8818 10-28-88 8:36a SEATTLE BRK 21578 10-26-88 1:55p TOKYO BRK 9058 10-26-88 1:55p 11 File(s) 7643136 bytes free Controlling the Screen's Contents Often, the list of files and subdirectories in a directory is too long to fit on your screen. With the CTRL key and the S key, you can stop the list from scrolling by pressing CTRL+S. To resume scrolling, press CTRL+S again. Now use the dir command again to redisplay the contents of the OS2\INTRO directory, but this time practice controlling the contents of the screen: 1. Type the following: dir 2. Press the ENTER key. 3. While the list is scrolling, quickly press CTRL+S. If you reached the end of the list before you were able to press CTRL+S, repeat the previous procedure and try again. Now resume scrolling the list to display the rest of the files in the directory: 1. Press CTRL+S again. The list continues scrolling until the entire contents of the OS2\INTRO directory have been displayed. You can scroll and stop the contents of your screen by pressing CTRL+S as many times as you like, until you reach the end of the list. Using the Copy Command Just like the Copy command on the File menu in File System, the copy command in cmd lets you copy files and directories to the same directory or to other directories. To practice using the copy command, copy the SEATTLE.BRK file to a new file, which you'll name SEATTLE.OLD: 1. Type the following: copy seattle.brk seattle.old 2. Press the ENTER key. Cmd copies the SEATTLE.BRK file to a new file named SEATTLE.OLD and stores it in the current directory (in this case, the OS2\INTRO directory). When the copy operation is complete, a message appears in the work area that tells you how many files have been copied. 1 file(s) copied. Using Editing Keys If you want to carry out the same command on different files or want to modify a command slightly, you don't have to type the entire command over again. Cmd remembers the last command you typed, so you can use an editing key to redisplay a command. With editing keys, you can redisplay the entire command or only the part that you specify, in just one keystroke. Next, you'll copy three more files, to practice using three of the MS OS/2 editing keys. With the F1 key, you can redisplay the previous command, one character at a time: 1. Press the F1 key once. The "c" from "copy" appears on the command line. Now redisplay the remaining characters in "copy": 1. Press the F1 key three more times to redisplay the "o," the "p," and the "y." Now copy the PARIS.BRK file to a new file named PARIS.OLD by typing the filenames after the copy command: 1. After the "y" in "copy," press the SPACEBAR once. 2. Type the following: paris.brk paris.old 3. Press the ENTER key. Cmd copies PARIS.BRK to a new file named PARIS.OLD and stores it in the OS2\INTRO directory. When the copy operation is complete, the message that the file has been copied appears in the work area. Now use the F3 key to copy the TOKYO.BRK file to a new file named TOKYO.OLD. The F3 key redisplays the entire previous command, including the names of the files you typed. Try the following: 1. Press the F3 key. The copy command and the names of the files you previously specified reappear on the command line. copy paris.brk paris.old 2. Press the BACKSPACE key several times to erase the names of the two files you specified, leaving a blank space after the "y" in "copy." copy 3. Type the following: tokyo.brk tokyo.old 4. Press the ENTER key. Cmd copies TOKYO.BRK to a new file named TOKYO.OLD and stores it in the OS2\INTRO directory. Now try using one more editing key to copy the ATHENS.BRK file. This time, use the F2 key to redisplay the previous command up to the first letter you specify. Follow these steps: 1. Press the F2 key. Nothing appears on your screen until you specify a character from the previous command. 2. Type the following: t The letters and spaces in the previous command up to the "t" in "tokyo" reappear on the command line. copy 3. Type the following: athens.brk athens.old 4. Press the ENTER key. Cmd copies the file and displays a message when the copy is complete. At this point, you have copied four files using the copy command and the editing keys. Since you won't be using the copies you've just made, you'll use the del command to delete them from your disk. Delete the copy of the first file: 1. Type the following: del seattle.old Since you cannot recover any files that you've deleted, make sure that you type the filename exactly as shown. If you make a mistake, use the BACKSPACE key to erase it and then type the del command and the filename correctly. 2. Press the ENTER key. When you press the ENTER key, cmd deletes the file you specified. You can use the dir command to see whether the file was deleted correctly. Try it now: 1. Type the following: dir seattle.old 2. Press the ENTER key. If the file was deleted correctly, you'll see the message "The system cannot find the file specified" on your screen. With the del command, you can delete a single file or several files at the same time. To see how this works, delete the three files PARIS.OLD, TOKYO.OLD and ATHENS.OLD: 1. Type the following: del paris.old tokyo.old athens.old Remember, once you delete a file you cannot restore it, so make sure that you type the filenames exactly as they are shown. 2. Press the ENTER key. Now use the dir command to make sure that the files were deleted correctly: 1. Type the following: dir paris.old tokyo.old athens.old 2. Press the ENTER key. If the files were deleted, you'll see the message "The system cannot find the file specified" on your screen. If, instead of the message, you see information for any of the files you just specified, then the files were not deleted correctly. If this is the case, try repeating the procedure with the undeleted files by using the del command. Starting an Application You start an application with cmd by typing the command that starts the application you want to use. To practice starting an application, start the Bricks application that you used in Chapter 2: 1. At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following: bricks 2. Press the ENTER key. The Bricks game appears in a window on your screen. The window where cmd is running shrinks to an icon. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 140 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ You can start any kind of application with cmd, regardless of whether it runs in the Presentation Manager session or in a full-screen OS/2 session. Your screen changes to reflect the type of application you start. When you are ready to quit Bricks, do the following: 1. Select the System menu. 2. Choose the Close command. Bricks disappears and cmd is automatically restored to a window on your screen. Using the System Menu in Cmd The System menu for cmd running in a window differs slightly from the System menu in Presentation Manager applications──it contains additional commands at the bottom of the menu. You display the System menu for cmd running in a window the same way as you display the System menu in Presentation Manager applications. If you are using a mouse, display the System menu: 1. Point to the System-menu box in the cmd window and click the left mouse button. If you are using your keyboard, do the following to display the System menu: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC. The System menu appears on your screen, with four additional commands listed at the bottom of the menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 142 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Choosing the Help command is similar to pressing the F1 key──a window of Help information appears on your screen for the task you are performing. The Next Window command makes another window active. The following sections will show you how to use the Small Font command to adjust the font size of the characters on your screen and how to use the Scroll command to bring information not currently visible in the window into view. Changing the Font Size Use the Small Font command to change the size of the characters displayed in the work area of the cmd window. Here's how: 1. With the System menu displayed, choose the Small Font command (click Small Font by using your mouse or press the F key). The font size of the characters in the work area becomes smaller. Displaying information in a smaller font lets you fit more information in the work area. Now change the screen characters back to the larger font: 1. Select the System menu (click the System-menu box or press SHIFT+ESC). When the information in the work area is displayed in the smaller font, the Small Font command changes to the Large Font command. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 143 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ 2. Choose the Large Font command (click Large Font or press the F key). The characters in the work area reappear in the larger font. Scrolling the Contents of the Screen If you are using a mouse, you can use the vertical and horizontal scroll bars at the right and at the bottom of the cmd window to scroll the contents of the screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 143 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ See how this works by using the mouse and the horizontal scroll bar to scroll the contents of the screen to the right: 1. Click the right scroll arrow in the horizontal scroll bar. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 144 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ The contents move to the left. 2. Click the left scroll arrow. The contents move back to their original position. If you are using your keyboard, you can scroll the contents of the screen by using the Scroll command, together with the DIRECTION keys. Choose the Scroll command: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. 2. Press the L key to choose the Scroll command. You now can scroll the contents of the screen by using the DIRECTION keys on your keyboard. Press the RIGHT key to move the contents to the left and then the LEFT key to move the contents to the right. Here's how: 1. Press the RIGHT key several times to move the contents of the screen to the left. Notice that the scroll box in the horizontal scroll bar also moves as you press the RIGHT key. 2. Press the LEFT key several times to move the contents back to its original position. To scroll the contents of the screen by using the keyboard, the Scroll command must be active. The Scroll command is active if there is a small check mark next to the command on the System menu. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 145 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ To make the Scroll command inactive, just choose it again from the System menu. Do the following: 1. Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu. 2. Press the L key to choose the Scroll command. Since the Scroll command is now inactive, pressing the DIRECTION keys will not scroll the contents of the screen. In this exercise, you've been introduced to two commands that appear on the System menu when you run full-screen OS/2 applications in a window──the Small Font command and the Scroll command. Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide, describes the other commands in detail. Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window To quit cmd and close the window, you use the exit command. Do this now: 1. At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following: exit 2. Press the ENTER key. The cmd window disappears from your screen and Start Programs becomes the active application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 146 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ In this exercise, you've learned and practiced some techniques for running cmd in a window in the Presentation Manager session. In the next exercise, you'll learn how to run cmd in a full-screen OS/2 session. Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session Using cmd while it is running in a full-screen OS/2 session is easy. The way you type commands, control the contents of the screen, use editing keys, and start applications is identical to the way you perform these tasks when cmd is running in the Presentation Manager session. First, start cmd so that it runs in a full-screen OS/2 session. If you are using a mouse, do the following: 1. Point to OS/2 Full-Screen Command Prompt in the Start Programs window. 2. Double-click the left mouse button. If you are using the keyboard, do the following: 1. Use the UP or DOWN key to select OS/2 Full-Screen Command Prompt. 2. Press the ENTER key. The Presentation Manager window disappears and cmd appears on your screen, running in a full-screen OS/2 session. The MS OS/2 prompt appears in the upper-left corner of your screen, with the cursor next to it. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 147 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session When you run cmd in a full-screen OS/2 session, it looks different from when you run it in a window in the Presentation Manager session. In a full-screen OS/2 session, cmd occupies your entire screen and there is no System-menu box, no Maximize or Minimize boxes, no title bar, and no borders. Even though cmd looks different when it is running in a full-screen session, it is the same program and you use it the same way as when it is running in a window. Now change to the OS2\INTRO directory, and then list its contents the same way as you did in the previous exercise──by using the cd and dir commands. Here's how: 1. To change to the OS2\INTRO directory, type the following: cd \os2\intro 2. Press the ENTER key. The name of the current directory appears as part of the MS OS/2 prompt. 3. To list the contents of the OS2\INTRO directory, type the following: dir 4. Press the ENTER key. A list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory appears on your screen. Starting an Application You start an application when cmd is running in a full-screen OS/2 session the same way as when it is running in the Presentation Manager session. To see how this works, start the Bricks game again: 1. At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following: bricks 2. Press the ENTER key. Because Bricks is a Presentation Manager application, cmd automatically switches to the Presentation Manager session, and Bricks appears in a window on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 149 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ To quit Bricks, do the following: 1. Select the System menu. 2. Choose the Close command. Bricks disappears and cmd returns, running in a full-screen session, just as cmd running in a window returned when you quit Bricks in the previous exercise. Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session You use the exit command to quit cmd when it is running in a full-screen OS/2 session, just as you did when it was running in a window. Try it now: 1. At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following: exit 2. Press the ENTER key. Cmd disappears and Start Programs becomes the active application in the Presentation Manager session. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 151 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ In this exercise, you were introduced to cmd running in a full-screen OS/2 session. When using cmd, keep in mind that it is the same program, whether you run it in the Presentation Manager session or in a full-screen OS/2 session. There is no difference in the way you type commands, use editing keys, control the movement of text on the screen, or start applications. The only difference, when you run cmd in the Presentation Manager session, is that it is running in a window that you can move, size, and shrink to an icon. You can also use the additional commands located at the bottom of the System menu. In the next exercise, you will run the DOS command interpreter, command, in the DOS session. Then, you'll learn how to use it to start your DOS applications and perform some file-management tasks. Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter The DOS command interpreter, command, is the program that you use to run applications that were designed for the MS-DOS operating system, or a computer manufacturer's own version of DOS. Starting the DOS Command Interpreter When you start MS OS/2, the Presentation Manager session appears, with Start Programs running in a window and command represented as a DOS icon in the lower-left corner of your screen. The DOS icon lets you know that command is available to use whenever you want to start a DOS application. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 152 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Unlike other applications that have been shrunk to icons, command doesn't actually run until you restore it or until you switch to it by using Task Manager. If you are using the mouse, do the following to run command: 1. Click the DOS icon. If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to start command: 1. Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager. 2. Use the UP or DOWN key to select DOS Command Prompt from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window. 3. Press the ENTER key. The Presentation Manager window disappears and command appears as a darkened background on your screen. The DOS prompt appears in the upper-left corner, followed by a cursor, indicating that you are now in the DOS session. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 154 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Unlike cmd, command cannot run in the Presentation Manager or full-screen OS/2 session. It can only run in the DOS session. Typing Commands Like cmd, command has its own set of commands that help you manage your files and maintain your disks. Several of these commands are identical to those in cmd. Some of these commands function a little differently from the same commands in cmd, and others are unique to command. For a list and a complete description of command commands, see the Microsoft Operating System/2 Desktop Reference and, for more detailed information on the DOS session, see Part 2, "Using Cmd and the DOS Session," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. The way you type commands, use editing keys, start applications, and control the contents of the screen in command is exactly the same as the way you perform these tasks in cmd. For example, you type the cd and dir commands to change to a new directory and to display its contents in the same way. Starting a DOS Application Starting a DOS application with command is exactly like starting an MS OS/2 application with cmd──you type the command that starts the application. (If the application you want is not in your current directory, you may have to switch to the directory that contains the application.) For example, to start Microsoft Word, you do the following: 1. At the DOS prompt, type the following: word 2. Press the ENTER key. If you have Microsoft Word on your system, Word will appear on your screen. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 155 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ When you are using MS OS/2 to run applications, keep in mind that you must use command to run DOS applications. DOS applications will not run with cmd or in a Presentation Manager session. Similarly, applications designed for MS OS/2 will run with Presentation Manager or cmd, but they will not run with command. Now quit command and switch to Task Manager: 1. Press CTRL+ESC. The Presentation Manager window reappears with Task Manager displayed. Command is represented as an icon at the bottom of your screen, just as it was when you first started MS OS/2. ┌────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ This screen can be viewed on │ │ page 156 of the printed manual. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────┘ Shutting Down MS OS/2 You have now reached the end of the MS OS/2 tutorial. If you want to leave your computer or turn it off for a while, it is recommended that you shut down MS OS/2. To do this, switch to Task Manager and then choose the Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown menu. Going On In this guide, you've been introduced to Presentation Manager and the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters, cmd and command. For more information and instructions on how to use Presentation Manager and the Presentation Manager applications, Start Programs, Task Manager, Control Panel, File Manager, and Spooler Queue Manager, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. For more detailed information and instructions on how to use the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters, cmd and command, see Part 2, "Using Cmd and the DOS Session," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. For advanced information on customizing MS OS/2 to your needs, see Part 3, "Configuring and Maintaining Your System," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Appendix Computer Basics This section describes some of the basic computer terms you will need to know in order to work with MS OS/2. In the descriptions, italicized words are defined elsewhere in the appendix. A Application A computer program that is used for a particular purpose, such as word processing or data management. For example, if you want to organize your company's financial records, you can work with a spreadsheet application. B Byte A unit of measure used to indicate an amount of information on a computer. One byte usually represents one character; for example, one letter or a single-digit number. See also Kilobyte. C Command A word or phrase you choose from a menu listing that carries out a certain action. For example, choosing the Copy command allows you to copy a file, and the Rename command allows you to give the file a different name. In some cases, rather than choosing a command from a menu, you type it at the command prompt. For example, typing dir gives you a list of the contents of your directory. Command prompt The drive letter and accompanying symbols that appear on your screen when you switch to DOS in MS OS/2 or to the MS OS/2 command interpreter. You type commands at the command prompt. Cursor Usually a blinking line or small box on the computer screen that shows where the next character you type will appear. See also Selection cursor. D Dialog box A rectangular box that appears when MS OS/2 needs further information from you before it can carry out a command, or when the system is providing you with information. Direction key See Keyboard. Directory A single group of files that may be linked in a structure to other groups of related files. A directory is similar to a file drawer that contains a group of file folders. A directory can include both files and subdirectories, and those subdirectories in turn may include additional files (and subdirectories). The directory listing contains the names of your files and subdirectories, and may also contain the sizes in bytes, and the dates they were created or last modified. To learn more about directories and directory structures, see "Exercise 1, Starting File System" in Chapter 3 of this guide. See also Directory name, File, Path, Root directory, and Subdirectory. Directory name A name, up to eight characters long, that identifies a particular directory. For example, OLDGAMES and OS2\INTRO are the names of two directories used in this guide. A directory may also have an extension──up to three additional characters added to the directory name and separated from the name by a period (.). Directory path See Path. Disk A disk is a permanent storage medium for computer information. Once you save information to a disk, the information remains there until you change or delete it. Information is stored on disks in files and directories. The process of storing information is referred to as "writing to a disk," while retrieving information is called "reading from a disk." Disks are either hard disks (sometimes called fixed disks) or floppy disks (sometimes called diskettes). The hard disk usually is located inside your computer's system unit; you can't see the disk, only the indicator light that goes on when the disk ".br is in use. A hard disk can store much more information than a floppy disk, and you can write to and read from a hard disk much faster than with a floppy disk. See also Disk drive, Floppy disk, and Hard disk. Disk drive Disk drives come in two varieties──the hard disk or hard-disk drive and the so-called "floppy" drives. Disk drives are named by letters of the alphabet, and the hard disk often is called drive C. (In some cases, the hard disk is organized into additional drives, named D, E, and so forth.) Your computer may have more than one floppy-disk drive, and the drives may or may not be located in the system unit. A floppy-disk drive is a narrow slot into which you can slide a floppy disk. On most 5-1/4-inch drives, after you slide in the disk, you need to close a small lever, locking the disk into the drive. There are two sizes of floppy drives to accomodate the two sizes of disks──5-1/4-inch and 3-1/2-inch. You computer may have either or both sizes of floppy-disk drives. Floppy-disk drives have indicator lights just as do hard-disk drives, and their purpose is the same──to show when activity is taking place on the disk. Floppy-disk drives are usually named A or B. See also Disk, Drive letter, Floppy disk, and Hard disk. Drive letter A letter representing a hard- or floppy-disk drive. For example, "A" usually denotes a floppy-disk drive. F File A collection of related information, stored on a disk. There are different kinds of files, including program files and text or data files, which are roughly equivalent to file folders containing papers of text information. For example, a file might contain the text of a letter or budgetary information on a particular project. See also Directory and Filename. Filename A name, up to eight characters long, that identifies a particular file. A filename may also have an extension──up to three additional characters added to the base filename, and separated from the name by a period (.). Extensions often give you information about the kind of file; for example, the .TXT extension may be used for text files for a particular word-processing application. Format To prepare a disk so that it can hold information. Formatting a disk erases whatever information was previously on it. Floppy disk Floppy disks are removeable, flat disks, permanently encased in a square protective cover. There are two common sizes of floppy disks: 5-1/4-inch and 3-1/2-inch. (The term "floppy" originated from the fact that the disks, made of a thin plastic, first were encased in a flexible cover and thus were "floppy." This is still the case with 5-1/4-inch disks. However, the 3-1/2-inch disks are protected by a hard plastic cover and are no longer flexible, though they are sometimes still referred to as floppy disks.) Floppy disks are often packaged and stored in removeable paper envelopes for further protection. There are two types of floppy disks──low density and high density. As the name implies, a high-density disk can store more information than a low-density disk. Floppy disks have a write-protection feature that you use to prevent their contents from being overwritten or added to. On the 5-1/4-inch disks, there is a small notch along the side of the protective cover. You cannot write information to the disk if this notch is covered (usually with a piece of tape or small adhesive tab). The 3-1/2-inch disks have a built-in write-protect tab, which slides one direction to allow writing and the other direction to protect the disk from being written to. You can read the information on a floppy disk whether or not it is write-protected. Although they are protected by their covers, floppy disks must be carefully handled. To ensure the safety of your disks, follow these guidelines: ■ Store floppy disks in their paper envelopes. ■ Label disks by using a felt-tip pen (be sure to label all disks, so you know what they contain). ■ Hold the disk at the corner of the protective cover to avoid pressure on the disk inside the cover. To prevent damage to your disks, avoid these situations: ■ Bending, cleaning, exposing to extreme heat, or touching the exposed surface (inside the oblong hole in the protective cover) ■ Writing on the disk with a ballpoint pen or pencil ■ Placing the disk near a magnet See also Disk, Disk drive, Format, and Hard disk. Function key See Keyboard. H Hard disk A hard disk is a circular metallic plate on which computer information is stored magnetically. Your computer generally has only one hard disk, usually located out of sight in the system unit. An indicator light comes on when information is being stored on or retrieved from the disk. A hard disk has some advantages over a floppy disk. Besides being able to store more information (usually many times more), it gives you faster access to the information. See also Disk, Disk drive and Floppy disk. Hardware Hardware is loosely defined as the parts of the computer you can touch, including those you could touch if you opened up the computer. Hardware includes the system unit (with all its parts), the keyboard, modem, mouse, printer, and screen. High density See Floppy disk. K Keyboard Probably the most familiar-looking part of the hardware is the keyboard, which you use to type information into the computer. Though the keys may have slightly different names, they are much like the keys on a normal typewriter, with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers, the SHIFT key, the SPACEBAR, and so forth. The computer keys are, for the most part, not like any keys on a typewriter. These are divided into four groups──numeric keypad, DIRECTION keys, function keys, and other special keys. For a description of each group, read the following: ■ Numeric keypad──Similar in appearance to a 10-key adding machine or calculator keyboard, these keys are used for much the same purpose──to quickly type numbers. Notice that in addition to numbers, these keys may also have characters on them; for example, "HOME," "END," and arrows. Before using these keys to type numbers, you may have to press the NUMLOCK key (just as you would need to press the CAPS LOCK or SHIFT LOCK key on a typewriter to type in capital letters). ■ DIRECTION keys──These keys move the cursor to locations you choose on the screen. Each DIRECTION key has an arrow or a word on it (such as "PAGE UP" or "PAGE DOWN"), to show which direction the cursor will move. On the keyboard, you'll notice that some keys are labeled to suggest a dual purpose, such as when a DIRECTION key arrow and a numeric keypad number share the same keytop. ■ Function keys──These are special keys (labeled F1, F2, and so forth) whose purpose is defined by the software application. For example, in some applications, pressing the F1 key displays Help information about the subject you selected on the screen. To learn about the function keys used by your application, see the manual for your application. ■ Other keys──Some additional keys don't fit into any particular category, but you will use them often. These keys have various functions, which you'll learn as you become more experienced with MS OS/2. For example, the ENTER key generally is used to complete an operation. And pressing the CTRL, ALT, and DEL keys at the same time restarts your computer. Kilobyte A unit of measure for the amount of information that can be processed or stored in a computer──approximately 1000 bytes. Storage (disk space) and memory are often measured in kilobytes or megabytes (approximately 1,000,000 bytes). L Low density See Floppy disk. M Megabyte See Kilobyte. Memory More properly called random-access memory or RAM, this is the place where data and programs are stored temporarily while your computer is turned on. If you want to preserve something you have in memory, you must save it in storage, which usually means saving it on a disk. For example, if you are using a word-processing application to edit a text file, a copy of your text file is loaded from disk storage into memory. Once you make changes to the memory copy (for example, if you rewrite a paragraph), you need to save the revised version on the disk. This is important because, when you turn off your computer, the memory copy disappears. Memory is measured in units called kilobytes (K) or megabytes. Your applications require a minimum amount of memory to run; you can generally find out how much by checking the application's manual or packaging. Menu A menu is a list of commands or tasks you can choose to have your computer do. Each menu has a name──to look at the list of available commands, you select the menu name. Menus appear in the menu bar of a window. Message A sentence or short paragraph of information that may appear on your screen, warning you about the consequence of some action you've taken or asking for additional information or verification from you. For example, when you attempt to shut down MS OS/2, you will see a message, asking if you really want to quit all your applications. Modem A modem is a piece of hardware that allows you to connect your computer to telephone lines so that you can communicate with another computer. Modems are commonly used to connect your computer to an information service, such as a stock-quote service, but you also can use a modem to send information to another computer. Monitor The monitor or display screen is similar to a television screen, which in this case you use to see what you are typing or to read information the computer is sending you. There are various types of monitors. In general, monitors fall into two categories: monochrome and color. Monochrome monitors produce one color (usually green, amber, or white) on a black background. In addition, some can display graphics. Color monitors may display a range of colors, as well as graphics. Mouse The mouse is a small device attached to your computer by a long cord. You slide the mouse across a flat surface, such as a tabletop or a book, and as you do, the mouse pointer moves across the screen in the same direction. If you're using a word-processing application, you might use the mouse to select a word you want to change on the screen by pointing to it with the mouse pointer, then pressing and releasing a mouse button. In other applications, you can move an item across the screen by pointing to it, pressing a mouse button, and holding down the button while you move the mouse. See also Mouse button and Mouse pointer. Mouse button A mouse has one, two, or three small buttons that you press with your fingertip. This transmits a signal to the mouse pointer, which usually results in something happening on the screen; for example, an item is selected or moved. Mouse pointer The arrow or other shape on your screen that moves as you slide the mouse across a flat surface. Multitasking Multitasking is the ability to run more than one program at the same time. The multitasking feature of MS OS/2 allows you to do such things as start a program that is performing complex calculations, while you switch to your word-processing application and start typing. The first program continues to calculate, while you work on your document. N Numeric keypad See Keyboard. O On/Off switch Both your system unit and monitor usually have on/off switches that you will need to turn on before you can work with your computer. Common locations for these switches are on the back, side, or front of the system unit, and on the front, back, or side of the monitor. Operating system The operating system is a collection of instructions that tell your computer how to run programs and applications. Microsoft Operating System/2 (this system) has a particularly important feature you should be aware of──multitasking. See also Multitasking. P Path One or more directory names that specify the exact location of a file or directory. In the path, also called the directory path, each directory is separated from the next by a backslash (\). You could also add a drive-letter designation to the path. The following is an example of a path, preceded by a drive letter, with a filename added. c:\customers\ecoast\nyc\berman.jkl See also Directory and Drive letter. Port A port is a kind of electrical outlet in your system unit that you can use to plug additional equipment into your computer, such as a modem, a mouse, or a printer. Ports have names that relate to the type of equipment that can be connected to them. For example, printer ports are usually named LPT1, LPT2, and so forth (the LPT originates from "line printer," which most printers used to be). Communication ports (where you plug in a modem and some types of printers) are named COM1, COM2, COM3. Ports often are located on the back of your system unit. Printer Printers come in many styles. They all print information from your computer onto paper, but vary widely in printing speed, print quality, and what they can print. For example, some dot-matrix and laser printers print both text and graphics, while some letter-quality printers are limited to text. Processor Also called the CPU or central processing unit, this is the physical place your computer interprets and processes information. Program A set of instructions, written in computer language, that tell the computer how to perform a task or set of tasks. See also Application. Prompt See Command prompt. R Root directory The highest-level in the directory structure. All files and directories are contained within the root directory. The root directory is created automatically by the system, and it is indicated by a backslash (\) that follows the drive letter. See also Directory. S Screen See Monitor. Selection cursor In Presentation Manager, the mark, often a dark bar or dotted box, that shows you where you are working in a window or dialog box and what you have selected. The selection cursor varies, depending on where you are working. For example, in File System, a dark bar shows you which disk drive or file you have selected. In a dialog box, a dotted box shows you which area of the dialog box you are working in. Software Software is a set of computer instructions that make the hardware perform the tasks the computer was designed to do, such as displaying graphics on the screen, printing a text file, or calculating mathematics. Software includes the operating system (MS OS/2) that allows you to run applications, as well as the applications themselves, and is supplied on floppy disks. Storage Storage is the saving of computer information on a permanent medium. Usually, this refers to saving information on a disk, either hard or floppy. Once saved to a disk, information will remain there until it is changed or deleted, as opposed to information in your computer's memory, which is deleted when the computer is turned off. See also Memory. Subdirectory A directory contained within another directory. In actuality, all directories are subdirectories of the root directory. See also Directory and Root directory. System unit The system unit is the main part of your computer, the piece of hardware that integrates all the other pieces. It contains several important parts of your computer──the disk drives, memory, on/off switch, ports, and a processor. W Window A window is a rectangular area on the screen in which an application is displayed. A window has menus from which you choose commands, in order to perform certain tasks. A window may also include a title bar, menu bar, System menu, work area, scroll bars, and borders. Your screen may have several windows displayed at one time, either overlapping or side-by-side.