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- Notes on the GNU Translation Project
- ************************************
-
- GNU is going international! The GNU Translation Project is a way to
- get maintainers, translators, and users all together, so that GNU will
- gradually become able to speak many languages. A few packages already
- provide translations for their messages.
-
- If you found this `ABOUT-NLS' file inside a GNU distribution, you
- may assume that the distributed package does use GNU `gettext'
- internally, itself available at your nearest GNU archive site. But you
- do *not* need to install GNU `gettext' prior to configuring, installing
- or using this package with messages translated.
-
- Installers will find here some useful hints. These notes also
- explain how users should proceed for getting the programs to use the
- available translations. They tell how people wanting to contribute and
- work at translations should contact the appropriate team.
-
- When reporting bugs in the `intl/' directory or bugs which may be
- related to internationalization, you should tell about the version of
- `gettext' which is used. The information can be found in the
- `intl/VERSION' file, in internationalized packages.
-
- One advise in advance
- =====================
-
- If you want to exploit the full power of internationalization, you
- should configure it using
-
- ./configure --with-included-gettext
-
- to force usage of internationalizing routines provided within this
- package, despite the existence of internationalizing capabilities in
- the operating system where this package is being installed. So far, no
- prior implementation provides as many useful features (such as locale
- alias or message inheritance). It is also not possible to offer this
- additional functionality on top of a `catgets' implementation. Future
- versions of GNU `gettext' will very likely convey even more
- functionality. So it might be a good idea to change to GNU `gettext'
- as soon as possible.
-
- INSTALL Matters
- ===============
-
- Some GNU packages are "localizable" when properly installed; the
- programs they contain can be made to speak your own native language.
- Most such packages use GNU `gettext'. Other packages have their own
- ways to internationalization, predating GNU `gettext'.
-
- By default, this package will be installed to allow translation of
- messages. It will automatically detect whether the system provides
- usable `catgets' (if using this is selected by the installer) or
- `gettext' functions. If neither is available, the GNU `gettext' own
- library will be used. This library is wholly contained within this
- package, usually in the `intl/' subdirectory, so prior installation of
- the GNU `gettext' package is *not* required. Installers may use
- special options at configuration time for changing the default
- behaviour. The commands:
-
- ./configure --with-included-gettext
- ./configure --with-catgets
- ./configure --disable-nls
-
- will respectively bypass any pre-existing `catgets' or `gettext' to use
- the internationalizing routines provided within this package, enable
- the use of the `catgets' functions (if found on the locale system), or
- else, *totally* disable translation of messages.
-
- When you already have GNU `gettext' installed on your system and run
- configure without an option for your new package, `configure' will
- probably detect the previously built and installed `libintl.a' file and
- will decide to use this. This might be not what is desirable. You
- should use the more recent version of the GNU `gettext' library. I.e.
- if the file `intl/VERSION' shows that the library which comes with this
- package is more recent, you should use
-
- ./configure --with-included-gettext
-
- to prevent auto-detection.
-
- By default the configuration process will not test for the `catgets'
- function and therefore they will not be used. The reasons are already
- given above: the emulation on top of `catgets' cannot provide all the
- extensions provided by the GNU `gettext' library. If you nevertheless
- want to use the `catgets' functions use
-
- ./configure --with-catgets
-
- to enable the test for `catgets' (this causes no harm if `catgets' is
- not available on your system). If you really select this option we
- would like to hear about the reasons because we cannot think of any
- good one ourself.
-
- Internationalized packages have usually many `po/LL.po' files, where
- LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. Unless
- translations have been forbidden at `configure' time by using the
- `--disable-nls' switch, all available translations are installed
- together with the package. However, the environment variable `LINGUAS'
- may be set, prior to configuration, to limit the installed set.
- `LINGUAS' should then contain a space separated list of two-letter
- codes, stating which languages are allowed.
-
- Using This Package
- ==================
-
- As a user, if your language has been installed for this package, you
- only have to set the `LANG' environment variable to the appropriate
- ISO 639 `LL' two-letter code prior to using the programs in the
- package. For example, let's suppose that you speak German. At the
- shell prompt, merely execute `setenv LANG de' (in `csh'),
- `export LANG; LANG=de' (in `sh') or `export LANG=de' (in `bash'). This
- can be done from your `.login' or `.profile' file, once and for all.
-
- An operating system might already offer message localization for
- many of its programs, while other programs (whether GNU or not) have
- been installed locally with the full capabilities of GNU `gettext'.
- Just using `gettext' extended syntax for `LANG' would break proper
- localization of already available operating system programs. In this
- case, users should set both `LANGUAGE' and `LANG' variables in their
- environment, as programs using GNU `gettext' give preference to
- `LANGUAGE'. For example, some Swedish users would rather read
- translations in German than English for when Swedish is not available.
- This is easily accomplished by setting `LANGUAGE' to `sv:de' while
- leaving `LANG' to `sv'.
-
- Translating Teams
- =================
-
- For the GNU Translation Project to be a success, we need interested
- people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also
- able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language.
- Each translation team has its own mailing list, courtesy of Linux
- International. You may reach your translation team at the address
- `LL@li.org', replacing LL by the two-letter ISO 639 code for your
- language. Language codes are *not* the same as the country codes given
- in ISO 3166. The following translation teams exist, as of May 1996:
-
- Arabic `ar', Chinese `zh', Czech `cs', Danish `da', Dutch `nl',
- English `en', Esperanto `eo', Finnish `fi', French `fr', German
- `de', Greek `el', Hebrew `he', Hungarian `hu', Irish `ga', Italian
- `it', Indonesian `id', Japanese `ja', Korean `ko', Latin `la',
- Norwegian `no', Persian `fa', Polish `pl', Portuguese `pt',
- Russian `ru', Slovenian `sl', Spanish `es', Swedish `sv', Telugu
- `te', Turkish `tr' and Ukrainian `uk'.
-
- For example, you may reach the Chinese translation team by writing to
- `zh@li.org'.
-
- If you'd like to volunteer to *work* at translating messages, you
- should become a member of the translating team for your own language.
- The subscribing address is *not* the same as the list itself, it has
- `-request' appended. For example, speakers of Swedish can send a
- message to `sv-request@li.org', having this message body:
-
- subscribe
-
- Keep in mind that team members are expected to participate
- *actively* in translations, or at solving translational difficulties,
- rather than merely lurking around. If your team does not exist yet and
- you want to start one, or if you are unsure about what to do or how to
- get started, please write to `gnu-translation@gnu.ai.mit.edu' to reach
- the GNU coordinator for all translator teams.
-
- The English team is special. It works at improving and uniformizing
- the terminology used in GNU. Proven linguistic skill are praised more
- than programming skill, here. For the time being, please avoid
- subscribing to the English team unless explicitly invited to do so.
-
- Available Packages
- ==================
-
- Languages are not equally supported in all GNU packages. The
- following matrix shows the current state of GNU internationalization,
- as of May 1996. The matrix shows, in regard of each package, for which
- languages PO files have been submitted to translation coordination.
-
- cs de en es fi fr ja ko nl no pl pt sl sv
- .-------------------------------------------.
- bash | [] | 1
- bison | [] | 1
- clisp | [] [] [] | 3
- cpio | [] | 1
- diffutils | [] [] [] | 3
- enscript | [] [] [] [] | 4
- fileutils | [] [] [] [] | 4
- findutils | [] [] | 2
- flex | [] | 1
- gcal | [] | 1
- gettext | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 9
- glibc | [] [] [] | 3
- grep | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 6
- hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 6
- m4 | [] [] [] [] | 4
- make | | 0
- mkid | [] [] | 2
- music | [] | 1
- ptx | [] [] [] | 3
- recode | [] [] [] [] [] | 5
- sh-utils | [] [] | 2
- sharutils | [] [] [] [] | 4
- tar | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 7
- textutils | [] [] [] [] | 4
- wdiff | [] [] [] [] | 4
- `-------------------------------------------'
- cs de en es fi fr ja ko nl no pl pt sl sv
- 1 17 1 3 1 22 1 6 3 3 4 3 6 10 81
-
- Some counters in the preceding matrix are higher than the number of
- visible blocks let us expect. This is because a few extra PO files are
- used for implementing regional variants of languages, or language
- dialects.
-
- For a PO file in the matrix above to be effective, the package to
- which it applies should also have been internationalized and
- distributed as such by its maintainer. There might be an observable
- lag between the mere existence a PO file and its wide availability in a
- GNU distribution.
-
- If May 1996 seems to be old, you may fetch a more recent copy of
- this `ABOUT-NLS' file on most GNU archive sites.
-
-