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- it would be wise to initiate the design using a Smith chart,
- matching the input and output at opposite ends of the band de-
- sired. Then, use these values as a starting point, specifying
- the overall desired performance as objectives for the optimiza-
- tion process.
-
- C. EXAMPLES
-
- a. LOWPASS FILTER
-
- Let us assume, for the moment, that we desire a slightly
- better stopband performance from the lowpass filter used as an
- example on page 18. In this exercise, let us seek to achieve
- 20 dB or better of attenuation or better from 1.4 GHz and on,
- while at the same time improving the passband return loss to
- 10 dB or better for 0.9 GHz and below. We could, of course,
- achieve this performance by simply designing a lowpass filter
- with a larger number of poles, but for the purposes of our ex-
- ample we will assume that we have limitations (physical space,
- parts count, cost, etc.) that are preventing us from doing so.
- We will also have to accept a less than minimum passband rip-
- ple, and initially we shall specify a 0.2 dB ripple.
- By accepting a marginal passband return loss, we have
- made a compromise in the performance that should enable us to
- achieve our objective. Speaking of which, we need to write a
- set of objectives for our optimization. We should specify a
- few points in both the passband and stopband. For the pass-
- band, frequencies of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 GHz should suffice.
- As for the stopband, 1.4 and 1.7 GHz can be used. We need not
- specify any more for the stopband, as the performance for the
- higher frequencies can be assumed to be better than that at
- 1.4 GHz, due to the nature of the filter. Using the objectives
- editor (see the following chapter for a description), we write
- the following:
-
- FREQ OBJECTIVES
- in GHz S11 WGT S22 WGT S21 WGT
- 0.3 -10 10 -10 10 -0.1 10
- 0.6 -10 10 -10 10 -0.1 10
- 0.9 -10 10 -10 10 -0.1 10
- 1.4 0 0 0 0 -20 -10
- 1.7 0 0 0 0 -20 -10
-
- The purpose in specifying the passband S21 as -0.1 dB
- rather than -0.2 dB is that we achieve equal weighting either
- side of this value, thereby giving us -0.2 dB overall. The
- stopband return loss is of no concern to us, therefore is has
- been eliminated from the error function by setting the weight-
- ing to zero. Setting the weighting to a negative value for
- the stopband S21 tells the program that anything less than
- -20 dB is perfectly acceptable. The weightings applied to
- our objectives are purely arbitrary at this point, a value of
-
-
-
- - 30 -