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- MEMORY
-
- What it is:
- Memory is inside the computer. Every time you press the Return, Enter, or <──┘
- key to execute a command, the operating system and the program to be executed
- must be in memory for anything to happen. The operating system is read into
- memory when the computer is booted. It reads other programs into memory in
- response to your commands. The contents of memory changes each time the
- computer is booted, or a program is executed.
-
-
- How it is measured: bytes
- One byte equals one character of memory. Memory is measured by how many bytes
- of it there are in a computer. The MEM or CHKDSK command can be used to find
- out how much memory a computer has.
-
- Conventional ("normal") memory is what every computer has. A computer can
- have as much as 655,360 bytes (usually called 640K, since 1K = 1,024
- and 640 times 1K = 655,360) of conventional memory. The operating
- system and all programs use conventional memory. Each byte of memory
- is known by its numeric address (like a street address), with values
- in the range 1K to 640K.
-
- Extended, expanded, and "upper" memory are defined next.
- Extended memory (XMS) is on many, but not all, computers. Some, but not all
- programs, can use it, and DOS 4.0 can use it. This memory is known
- by addresses greater than 1024K (or 1M, since 1024 times 1K is about
- 1 million). The maximum possible XMS address is either 16M or 4096M,
- depending on what type of computer you have. A special device driver
- (see the CONFIG.SYS DEVICE HIMEM.SYS topic) can help programs share
- XMS.
-
- Expanded memory (EMS) can be added to any computer, but is not on all
- computers. Any computer can use it, with the right programs. This
- memory is not addressed like conventional or extended memory. Instead,
- a special device driver (see the CONFIG.SYS DEVICE EMM.SYS topic) is
- required, and programs using expanded memory must obey special rules
- established by the LIM 4.0 Expanded Memory Specification. LIM stands
- for Lotus/Intel/Microsoft. As much as 32M of EMS can be added to a
- computer. It is possible to emulate EMS with XMS hardware and a clever
- XMS device driver.
-
- "Upper" memory. Notice that the last conventional memory address is 640K,
- and the first XMS address is 1024K. The addresses in between may be on
- any computer, and are often called the "upper" memory area. How much
- "upper" memory is on a specific computer and what it is used for,
- depends on the computer. An EMS device driver uses some of "upper"
- memory to support EMS.