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- Anonymous FTP: questions, answers, etc.
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- January 5, 1990
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- This is a document I pieced together from various
- sources. It is not a definitive guide to ftp, but just
- something to give a novice a general idea of what it is and
- how to do it.
- What is FTP?
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- FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows a person to
- transfer files between two computers, generally connected
- via the Internet. If your system has FTP and is connected
- to the Internet, you can access very large amounts of
- archives available on a number of systems. If you are on
- Bitnet or a UUCP host, you should look for servers that work
- through the mail. A good source of information on archives
- in general, is the Usenet newsgroup comp.archives.
-
- What is Anonymous FTP?
-
- Many systems throughout the Internet offer files
- through anonymous FTP. These include software, documents
- of various sorts, and files for configuring networks.
- Archives for electronic mailing lists are often stored
- available through anonymous FTP. Note that all this is
- subject to change.
-
- Commands
-
- All the normal FTP commands may be used to retrieve
- files. Some FTP commands are the same on different comput-
- ers, but others are not. Usually, FTP will list the com-
- mands if you type "help" type a question mark (?). Also,
- your computer's help command may have information about FTP.
- Try man ftp or man ftpd.
-
- Some useful commands available on most systems include:
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- get copy a file from the remote computer to yours
- ls/dir list the files in the current directory
- cd Change directory
- binary Switch to binary mode. For transferring binary files
- ascii Switch to ascii mode. Ascii mode is the default mode
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- Procedure
-
- Anonymous ftp is a facility offered by many machines on
- the Internet. This permits you to log in with the user name
- 'anonymous' or the user name 'ftp'. When prompted for a
- password, type your e-mail address -- it's not necessary,
- but it's a courtesy for those sites that like to know who is
- making use of their facility. Be courteous.
-
- You can then look around and retrieve files. (Most
- anonymous ftp sites do not permit people to store files)
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- Typically, a directory called 'pub' is where the
- interesting things are stored. Some sites will have a file
- with a name like ls-lR, that contains a complete list of the
- files on that site. Otherwise, you can type ls -lR and get
- such a listing -- for some sites, this can take a LONG time.
-
- Usuually, files are grouped in archive files, so you
- don't have to get many small files separately. The most com-
- mon archival file format for the Internet is tar. Occasion-
- ally, people use shell archives (shar) instead. tar archives
- can be unpacked by running the tar command -- you may want
- to first do a 'tar t' on the file to see what it contains
- before unpacking it. Be careful when unpacking shell
- archives since they have to be run through the Bourne shell
- to unpack them. (The simplest way is to use the unshar com-
- mand)
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- Files are often stored compressed -- for Unix, the most
- common scheme is the compress program, indicated by a .Z
- suffix on the file name. Sometimes, people use programs
- like arc or zoo, which are combined archival and compression
- formats. (There are probably other archival formats as well
- - talk to the systems staff if you encounter them and don't
- know how to deal with them)
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- When retrieving non-text files, you must use binary
- mode, otherwise the file gets messed up. To do this, use the
- 'binary' command. (It's safe to set this for text files. If
- the site at the other end is non-Unix, you may need to use
- some other mode -- see the documents for that site and for
- ftp)
-
- The simplest way to initiate FTP would be to give the
- command 'ftp <system-name>', where <system-name> is the
- remote system you are connecting to, either a name (wsmr-
- simtel20.army.mil, if you have an entry in /etc/hosts or are
- accessing a Domain-name Server) or the InterNet address
- (26.2.0.74, for Simtel20). After a short wait, you will be
- prompted for your username. If you do not have an account
- on the remote system, some systems allow you to use
- 'anonymous'. This gives you a restricted access path.
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- You would then be prompted for a password. Some sys-
- tems will tell you to send your real identity as the pass-
- word. What you type doesn't matter, but it is suggested to
- give your mail address. Other systems need a password of
- 'guest', or something similar.
-
- After that, you should receive the FTP prompt (usually
- ftp>), and now have access. You can get a directory of
- files be giving a 'dir' command, or if the remote system is
- Unix-based, 'ls -l' will give the familiar output. On Sim-
- tel20, there is a file available in the default anonymous
- ftp directory that explains what Simtel20 is, and where
- files are located. The name is 'SIMTEL-ARCHIVES.INFO.nn,
- where ".nn" is a file generation number. You don't need to
- specify the file generation number when requesting the file.
- In fact, it's better not to because you will always get the
- latest generation that way.
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- Unix systems will all have the familiar directory
- structure, and moving around is done with the familiar 'cd'
- or 'cwd' command. TOPS-20 systems have a different struc-
- ture, but movement is still accomplished with the 'cd' com-
- mand.
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- Different systems have different organizations for
- their files, and the above example is just the way I have it
- set up. By 'poking' around other systems, you can learn how
- their files are set up, and zip around much faster. Note,
- however, that FTP will not allow you outside the FTP 'root'
- directory, usually ~ftp on most systems. So, poking about
- the entire system is not permitted.
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- File types
-
- These are the common Unix file types:
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- Suffix FTP Type
- .Z bin compress
- .arc bin ARChive
- .shar ascii SHell ARchive
- .tar bin Tape ARchive
- .uu ascii uuencode/uudecode
- .zoo bin Zoo
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