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FIND(1L) FIND(1L) NNAAMMEE find - search for files in a directory hierarchy SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ffiinndd [path...] [expression] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN This manual page documents the GNU version of ffiinndd. ffiinndd searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERA- TORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for _a_n_d operations, true for _o_r), at which point ffiinndd moves on to the next file name. The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or `!' is taken to be the beginning of the expression; any arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments after it are the rest of the expression. If no paths are given, the current directory is used. If no expression is given, the expression `-print' is used. ffiinndd exits with status 0 if all files are processed suc- cessfully, greater than 0 if errors occur. EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS The expression is made up of options (which affect overall operation rather than the processing of a specific file, and always return true), tests (which return a true or false value), and actions (which have side effects and return a true or false value), all separated by operators. -and is assumed where the operator is omitted. If the expression contains no actions other than -prune, -print is performed on all files for which the expression is true. OOPPTTIIOONNSS All options always return true. They always take effect, rather than being processed only when their place in the expression is reached. Therefore, for clarity, it is best to place them at the beginning of the expression. -daystart Measure times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from the beginning of today rather than from 24 hours ago. -depth Process each directory's contents before the direc- tory itself. -follow Dereference symbolic links. Implies -noleaf. 1 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) -help, --help Print a summary of the command-line usage of ffiinndd and exit. -maxdepth _l_e_v_e_l_s Descend at most _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative integer) levels of directories below the command line argu- ments. `-maxdepth 0' means only apply the tests and actions to the command line arguments. -mindepth _l_e_v_e_l_s Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative integer). `-mindepth 1' means process all files except the command line arguments. -mount Don't descend directories on other filesystems. An alternate name for -xdev, for compatibility with some other versions of ffiinndd. -noleaf Do not optimize by assuming that directories con- tain 2 fewer subdirectories than their hard link count. This option is needed when searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix directory- link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesys- tems or AFS volume mount points. Each directory on a normal Unix filesystem has at least 2 hard links: its name and its `.' entry. Additionally, its subdirectories (if any) each have a `..' entry linked to that directory. When ffiinndd is examining a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirecto- ries than the directory's link count, it knows that the rest of the entries in the directory are non- directories (`leaf' files in the directory tree). If only the files' names need to be examined, there is no need to stat them; this gives a significant increase in search speed. -version, --version Print the ffiinndd version number and exit. -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems. TTEESSTTSS Numeric arguments can be specified as _+_n for greater than _n, _-_n for less than _n, _n for exactly _n. 2 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) -amin _n File was last accessed _n minutes ago. -anewer _f_i_l_e File was last accessed more recently than _f_i_l_e was modified. -anewer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -anewer on the command line. -atime _n File was last accessed _n*24 hours ago. -cmin _n File's status was last changed _n minutes ago. -cnewer _f_i_l_e File's status was last changed more recently than _f_i_l_e was modified. -cnewer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -cnewer on the command line. -ctime _n File's status was last changed _n*24 hours ago. -empty File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory. -false Always false. -fstype _t_y_p_e File is on a filesystem of type _t_y_p_e. The valid filesystem types vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem types that are accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. You can use -printf with the %F directive to see the types of your filesystems. -gid _n File's numeric group ID is _n. -group _g_n_a_m_e File belongs to group _g_n_a_m_e (numeric group ID allowed). -ilname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive. -iname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Like -name, but the match is case insensitive. For example, the patterns `fo*' and `F??' match the file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc. -inum _n File has inode number _n. 3 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) -ipath _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Like -path, but the match is case insensitive. -iregex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive. -links _n File has _n links. -lname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially. -mmin _n File's data was last modified _n minutes ago. -mtime _n File's data was last modified _n*24 hours ago. -name _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Base of file name (the path with the leading direc- tories removed) matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The metacharacters (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a `.' at the start of the base name. To ignore a directory and the files under it, use -prune; see an example in the description of -path. -newer _f_i_l_e File was modified more recently than _f_i_l_e. -newer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -newer on the command line. -nouser No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID. -nogroup No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID. -path _p_a_t_t_e_r_n File name matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for example, find . -path './sr*sc' will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one exists). To ignore a whole directory tree, use -prune rather than checking every file in the tree. For example, to skip the directory `src/emacs' and all files and directories under it, and print the names of the other files found, do something like this: find . -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print 4 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) -perm _m_o_d_e File's permission bits are exactly _m_o_d_e (octal or symbolic). Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of departure. -perm -_m_o_d_e All of the permission bits _m_o_d_e are set for the file. -perm +_m_o_d_e Any of the permission bits _m_o_d_e are set for the file. -regex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n File name matches regular expression _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. This is a match on the whole path, not a search. For example, to match a file named `./fubar3', you can use the regular expression `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3', but not `b.*r3'. -size _n[bckw] File uses _n units of space. The units are 512-byte blocks by default or if `b' follows _n, bytes if `c' follows _n, kilobytes if `k' follows _n, or 2-byte words if `w' follows _n. The size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in sparse files that are not actually allocated. -true Always true. -type _c File is of type _c: b block (buffered) special c character (unbuffered) special d directory p named pipe (FIFO) f regular file l symbolic link s socket -uid _n File's numeric user ID is _n. -used _n File was last accessed _n days after its status was last changed. 5 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) -user _u_n_a_m_e File is owned by user _u_n_a_m_e (numeric user ID allowed). -xtype _c The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link. For symbolic links: if -follow has not been given, true if the file is a link to a file of type _c; if -follow has been given, true if _c is `l'. In other words, for symbolic links, -xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not check. AACCTTIIOONNSS -exec _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ; Execute _c_o_m_m_a_n_d; true if 0 status is returned. All following arguments to ffiinndd are taken to be argu- ments to the command until an argument consisting of `;' is encountered. The string `{}' is replaced by the current file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions of ffiinndd. Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\') or quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell. The command is exe- cuted in the starting directory. -fls _f_i_l_e True; like -ls but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint. -fprint _f_i_l_e True; print the full file name into file _f_i_l_e. If _f_i_l_e does not exist when ffiinndd is run, it is cre- ated; if it does exist, it is truncated. The file names ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are han- dled specially; they refer to the standard output and standard error output, respectively. -fprint0 _f_i_l_e True; like -print0 but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint. -fprintf _f_i_l_e _f_o_r_m_a_t True; like -printf but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint. -ok _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ; Like -exec but ask the user first (on the standard input); if the response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and return false. -print True; print the full file name on the standard out- put, followed by a newline. -print0 True; print the full file name on the standard out- put, followed by a null character. This allows 6 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) file names that contain newlines to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the ffiinndd out- put. -printf _f_o_r_m_a_t True; print _f_o_r_m_a_t on the standard output, inter- preting `\' escapes and `%' directives. Field widths and precisions can be specified as with the `printf' C function. Unlike -print, -printf does not add a newline at the end of the string. The escapes and directives are: \a Alarm bell. \b Backspace. \c Stop printing from this format immediately and flush the output. \f Form feed. \n Newline. \r Carriage return. \t Horizontal tab. \v Vertical tab. \\ A literal backslash (`\'). A `\' character followed by any other character is treated as an ordinary character, so they both are printed. %% A literal percent sign. %a File's last access time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function. %A_k File's last access time in the format speci- fied by _k, which is either `@' or a direc- tive for the C `strftime' function. The possible values for _k are listed below; some of them might not be available on all sys- tems, due to differences in `strftime' between systems. @ seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT. Time fields: H hour (00..23) 7 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) I hour (01..12) k hour ( 0..23) l hour ( 1..12) M minute (00..59) p locale's AM or PM r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) S second (00..61) T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) X locale's time representation (H:M:S) Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable Date fields: a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday) b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) B locale's full month name, variable length (January..December) c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989) d day of month (01..31) D date (mm/dd/yy) h same as b j day of year (001..366) m month (01..12) U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) w day of week (0..6) W week number of year with Monday as 8 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) first day of week (00..53) x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy) y last two digits of year (00..99) Y year (1970...) %b File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up). %c File's last status change time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function. %C_k File's last status change time in the format specified by _k, which is the same as for %A. %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a command line argument. %f File's name with any leading directories removed (only the last element). %F Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be used for -fstype. %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has no name. %G File's numeric group ID. %h Leading directories of file's name (all but the last element). %H Command line argument under which file was found. %i File's inode number (in decimal). %k File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up). %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a symbolic link). %m File's permission bits (in octal). %n Number of hard links to file. %p File's name. %P File's name with the name of the command line argument under which it was found removed. 9 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) %s File's size in bytes. %t File's last modification time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function. %T_k File's last modification time in the format specified by _k, which is the same as for %A. %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no name. %U File's numeric user ID. A `%' character followed by any other character is discarded (but the other character is printed). -prune If -depth is not given, true; do not descend the current directory. If -depth is given, false; no effect. -ls True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on standard output. The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used. OOPPEERRAATTOORRSS Listed in order of decreasing precedence: ( _e_x_p_r ) Force precedence. ! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. -not _e_x_p_r Same as ! _e_x_p_r. _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2 And (implied); _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is false. _e_x_p_r_1 -a _e_x_p_r_2 Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2. _e_x_p_r_1 -and _e_x_p_r_2 Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2. _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2 Or; _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is true. _e_x_p_r_1 -or _e_x_p_r_2 Same as _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2. 10 FIND(1L) FIND(1L) _e_x_p_r_1 , _e_x_p_r_2 List; both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are always evaluated. The value of _e_x_p_r_1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of _e_x_p_r_2. SSEEEE AALLSSOO llooccaattee(1L), llooccaatteeddbb(5L), uuppddaatteeddbb(1L), xxaarrggss(1L) FFiinnddiinngg FFiilleess (on-line in Info, or printed) 11