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- 2.1 NCSA ImageTool
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- Formatting Your Data Files 2.1
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- National Center for Supercomputing Applications
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- January 1991
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- 2.1 NCSA ImageTool
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- Formatting Your Data Files 2.1
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- National Center for Supercomputing Applications
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- January 1991
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- Chapter 2 Formatting Your Data Files
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- Chapter Overview
- File Formats
- RGB and HSI Color Models
- Raw Raster Files
- Raw Palette Files
- HDF Files
- NCSA ImageTool Default Files
- Specifying the Dimensions of Raw Raster Files
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- Chapter Overview
-
- This chapter explains how NCSA ImageTool reads and displays
- data files. The chapter contains a detailed discussion of the file
- formats NCSA ImageTool can read and mentions other software
- packages that will enhance the use of this program.
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- File Formats
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- To understand the file formats required by NCSA ImageTool, you
- need to know how visualization programs represent colors. This
- chapter covers two of those methods. Raster, palette, and HDF files
- are also discussed.
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- RGB and HSI Color Models
- The most popular method of color representation is the RGB (red,
- green, blue) model where all colors can be represented as a
- combination of these three colors. For example, a high
- concentration of red and green with very little blue forms a shade
- of yellow. A different color model uses a mixture of hue,
- saturation, and intensity. This model is called the HSI model.
- NCSA ImageTool assumes the RGB model when reading palette
- files.
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- Raw Raster Files
- A raw raster file is a stream of raw, binary, 8-bit raster data in
- row-major order. Each 8-bit byte corresponds to a pixel in the
- image. The image is represented in row-major order; that is, the
- first raster line appears first in the file, succeeded by the next
- raster line, and so forth. Though raw raster files are easy to create,
- the raw raster file format is not very flexible and therefore, not
- highly recommended.
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- If you choose to use raw raster files to store your image data, you
- must specify the dimensions of the dataset before the file can be
- read by NCSA Image. The section entitled "Specifying the
- Dimensions of Raw Raster Files" discusses the procedures for
- specifying the dimensions of your dataset.
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- Raw Palette Files
- A raw palette file is a stream of 768 bytes. Raw palette files can
- store 256 colors, which can be selected from a palette of over 16
- million possible colors. Palette files are based on the red, green,
- and blue representation of color, the RGB color model. The files
- consist of, in order, 256 bytes of red, 256 bytes of green, and 256 bytes
- of blue. The 256 color palette entries are calculated by combining
- the nth element (red), the (n+256)th element (green), and the
- (n+512)th element (blue) to create the nth RGB component.
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- In other words, a palette file is a lookup table with 256 entries that
- tell which color to associate with each of the 256 possible pixel
- values. Each of the 256 palette entries in the palette is chosen from a
- master palette of 224 RGB colors. Each palette entry consists of three
- bytes, one each for red, green, and blue; the first red component, the
- first green component, and the first blue component, for example,
- comprise the first palette entry.
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- When you load a palette file, the hardware color table entries are
- remapped according to the new palette; that is, each color in the
- palette file is assigned to its corresponding entry in the hardware
- color table.
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- NOTE: The data values for user-defined palettes must be within
- the range of 0 to 255; however, the Macintosh reserves the palette
- values 0 and 255 for white and black, respectively. Consequently,
- you may have to scale your data to the range from 1 to 254, for NCSA
- Image overrides other assignments to 0 and 255 with white and
- black, respectively.
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- HDF Files
- Hierarchical Data Format, or HDF, is a flexible, standard file
- format designed at NCSA for sharing of graphical and floating-
- point data among different programs and machines. This general
- purpose and extensible file format allows you to store raster
- images, their dimensions, color tables, and annotations all in the
- same file. In addition, you may store floating-point data, scaling
- information, dimensions, annotations, and units of measurement
- in a single file. HDF files are accessible from NCSA software for
- the Macintosh such as NCSA Image, NCSA DataScope, NCSA
- PalEdit, and NCSA Layout as well as user programs, other NCSA
- software, and HDF utilities. These files can be used on such
- machines as the CRAY X-MP/48, CRAY-2, Sun Workstation, IBM
- PC, and Alliant. The portability and usefulness of HDF files is
- shown in Figure 2.1.
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- Figure 2.1 HDF Environment
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- Why Should I Use HDF?
- HDF lets you store datasets with extra file information about your
- data, for example, the dimensions of your image. This makes the
- files easier to read and manage by programs such as NCSA
- ImageTool and saves you the trouble of tracking this information
- externally.
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- What Information Goes into an HDF File?
- Both raster images and scientific floating-point data can be stored
- in HDF files for use in NCSA ImageTool.
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- A raster image set contains a raster image, together with its
- dimensions. It may also contain a palette. You may specify that the
- raster image be stored in compressed or non-compressed form.
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- A scientific dataset can store scientific data in an array of 32-bit
- floating-point numbers of any dimension, together with
- information regarding the rank and size of each dimension.
- When storing your datasets in HDF files, you have the option of
- storing other information such as labels for the data and the axes,
- scales for the axes, and the maximum and minimum values of the
- data.
- How Do I Create an HDF File?
- Public domain software is available from NCSA for creating HDF
- files. NCSA's HDF libraries support both Fortran and C calls on
- any of the following machines: Cray (UNICOS), Sun (UNIX),
- Alliant (Concentrix), Macintosh, and IBM PC (MS-DOS).
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- The best way to store your data in an HDF file is to incorporate
- calls to the appropriate HDF library in the program that produces
- your image or scientific data. These calls can store your raw
- image, palette, scientific data, and other information in an HDF
- file in proper format.
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- If you have access to the HDF libraries, you can store floating-point
- data in your file, and read it directly. NCSA ImageTool reads
- floating-point data rather than 8-bit binary data whenever the
- former is available, but performs image processing operations on
- the 256-color representation (i.e., 8-bit binary data), not on the
- floating-point data from which the 256-color image was
- constructed.
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- NOTE: If you have a UNIX-based system, you can use the
- command line utility called r8tohdf to convert one or more raw
- raster images and palettes to HDF format.
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- Where Can I Obtain More Information about HDF?
- Refer to Appendix C, "Obtaining NCSA Software," on information
- to obtain NCSA HDF as well as other NCSA software.
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- Specifying the Dimensions of Raw Raster Files
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- To read and display an image, NCSA Image must be able to
- ascertain its dimensions. If you use an image stored in an HDF
- file, which can contain an image along with information about the
- image dimensions and associated color table, NCSA Image can
- read the dimensions from the HDF file.
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- However, raw raster files do not provide this convenience. You
- must specify the image dimensions in the dimension areas
- (Xdim, Ydim) of the control panel.
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