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- $ THE HISTORY OF ESS $
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- Of all the new 1960s wonders of telephone technology - satelites, ultra
- modern Traffic Service Positions (TSPS) for over a WKM, the Picturephone, and
- so on - the one that gave Bell Labs the most trouble, and unexpectedly became
- the greatest development effort in Bell System's history, was the
- perfection of an electronic switching system, or ESS.
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- It may be recalled that such a system was the specific end in view
- when the project that had culminated in the invention of the transistor had
- been launched back in the 1930s. After successful accomplishment of that
- planned miracle in 1947-48, further delays were brought about by financial
- stringency and the need for further development of the transistor itself.
- In the early 1950s, a Labs team began serious work on electronic swithcing.
- As early as 1955, Western Electric became involved when five engineers
- from the HaoK works were assigned to collaborate with the Labs on the
- project. The President of AT&T in 1956, wrote confidently, "At Bell Labs,
- developement of the new electronic switching system is going full speed
- ahead. We are sure this will lead to many improvements in service and also
- to greater efficiency. The first service trial will start in Morris,
- Ill., in 1959." Shortly thereafter, Kappel said that the cost of the whole
- Project would 0robably be $45 million.
-
- But it gradually became apparent that the developement of a commercially
- usable electronic switching system - in effect, a computerized telephone
- exchange - represented vastly greater technical problems than had been
- anticipated, and that, accordingly, Bell Labs had vastly underestimated
- both the time and the investment needed to do the job. The year 1959 passed
- without the promised first trial at Morris, Illinois; it was finally made
- in November 1960, and quickly showed how much more work remained to be done.
- As time dragged on and costs mounted, there was a concern at AT&T and some-
- thing approaching panic at Bell Labs. But the project had to go forward; by
- this time the investment was too great to be sacrificed, and in any case
- the projections of increased demand for telephone service indicated
- that within a phew years a time would come when, without the quantum leap
- in speed and flexibility thaty electronic switching would provide, the
- national network would be unable to meet the demand. In November 1963,
- an, all-electronic switching system went into use at the Brown Engineering
- Company at Cocoa Beach, Florida. But this was a small installation,
- essentially another test installation, serving only a single company. Kappel's
- tone on the subject in the 1964 report was, for him, an almost
- apologetic: "Electronic switching equipment must be manufactured in
- volume to unprecedented standards of reliability.... To turn out the
- equipment economically and with good speed, mass production methods must
- be developed; but, at the same time, there can be no loss of precision..."
- Another year and millions of dollars later, on May 30, 1965, the first
- commercial electric centeral office was put into service at Succasunna,
- New Jersey.
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- Eventually in Succasunna, only 200 of the town's 4,300 subscribers initially had
- the benefit of electronic switching's sytem's speed and additional service.
-