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- 136
- êêè ADDING FRACTIONS, ELEMENTARY LEVEL
-
- è In this section we will be looking at adding positive fractions.ïWe
- will do this by considering two cases.ïThe first case will involve add-
- ing positive fractions that have the same denominators.ïCase two, a
- more general problem type, includes adding positive fractions that have
- different denominators.ïIn both cases when you add two positive frac-
- tions, you always get a positive fraction as the answer.ïThe positive
- fractions are described in the list below.ïThe number at the beginning
- of each row is the same as the number zero.ïActually, we are looking at
- the positive fractions and the number zero.ïThese numbers are often
- referred to as the non-negative fractions, but it seems more straight
- forward to just say "the positive fractions."
-
- êêêë Positive Fractions
-
- #êêê ╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêê 1è1è1è1è1è1è1
-
- #êêê ╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêê 2è2è2è2è2è2è2
-
- #êêê ╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêê 3è3è3è3è3è3è3
- êêêè.
- êêêè.
- êêêè.
-
- Case 1)èAdding Positive Fractions With the Same Denominators
-
- è To add positive fractions that have the same denominators, you
- should write down the common denominator once then add the numerators.
-
- Example 1)
-
- è To add the fractions 5/12, 7/12, and 1/12, you should write down the
- common denominator once then add the numerators.
-
- êê 5è 7è 1êï5 + 7 + 1êï13
- #êê── + ── + ──è =è ─────────è =è ──
- êê12è12è12êë12êë 12
-
- The answer can be left in this form or changed to the mixed number,
-
- êêêêê 1
- #êêêêë1 ──.
- êêêêê12
-
- Case 2)ïAdding Positive Fractions with Different Denominators
-
-
- è To add positive fractions that have different denominators, it is
- first necessary to express the denominators in prime factored form.ïTo
- write a denominator in prime factored form, you should break it down in-
- to products of prime numbers.ïThe prime numbers are described in the
- following list.
- êêè 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,...
- Each of ç numbers has the property that the only factors of each
- number are "1" and the number itself.ïOnce the denominators are in
- prime factored form, you can multiply the top and bottom of individual
- fractions by missing factors to make all of the denominators the same.
- Then, write down the common denominator once and add the numerators.
-
- Example 2)ïExpress the number, 6, in prime factored form.ïSince the
- number, 6, can be factored into the product of the two prime numbers
- 2 and 3, the prime factorization of 6 is 2∙3.
-
- Example 3)ïExpress the number, 18, in prime factored form.ïYou should
- start with the smallest prime number, 2, and see if it divides evenly
- into 18.ïSince 2 goes into 18 nine times, you can express 18 as 2∙9.
- Also, since the next smallest prime number, 3, divides evenly into 9,
- 18 can be expressed as 2∙3∙3.ïSince ç factors are all prime num-
- bers, the prime factorization of 18 is 2∙3∙3.
-
- Example 4)
-
- è To add the fractions,ï1/14ïandï5/7 , it is first necessary
- to express the denominators in prime factored form.
-
- êêêè1ë5êè1ë 5
- #êêêï──ï+ï─è =è ───ï+ï─
- êêêï14ë7êï2∙7ë7
-
- At this point you can see that the second fraction is missing a factor
- of "2" in its denominator.ïIt is necessary to multiply both the top
- and the bottom of this fraction by "2".
-
- êêê1ë 5êè1ë 5è2
- #êêë ───ï+ï─è =è ───ï+ï─ ∙ ─
- êêë 2∙7ë7êï2∙7ë7è2
-
- Now, both denominators have the same factors, and you can multiply to
- simplify the form of the problem.
-
- êêê1ë 5è2êè1ë10
- #êêë ───ï+ï─ ∙ ─è =è ──ï+ï──
- êêë 2∙7ë7è2êï14ë14
-
- Since the two fractions have the same denominators, you can write down
- the denominator once and add the numerators like we did in Example 1.
-
- êêê 1ë10êï1 + 10êï11
- #êêê──ï+ï──è =è ──────è =è ──
- êêê14ë14êè 14êè 14
-
- Thus, the sum ofï1/14ïandï5/7ïisï11/14.
- è Another way to add fractions is to add them in a column.ïLeon the
- Fraction Wizard prefers to use the method in the above examples, and his
- method should be considered to be correct and general in the sense that
- it always works no matter how big the numbers.èMany people, however,
- prefer to add fractions in a column.ïIt is still necessary to find the
- least common denominator when you add fractions in a column, and it is
- perfectly alright to just write down the least common denominator if you
- can identify it by inspection.ïYou can always go back to the prime fac-
- torization method if the numbers are too large to identify the least
- common denominator by inspection.
-
- Example 5)
- êêïAdd the fractions 1/14 and 5/7 in a column.
- First, you should identify the least common denominator and write it
- down next to the original problem.ïThen, you can find the missing nu-
- merators by dividing and multiplying.ïFinally, the resulting fractions
- should be added.
-
- êêêï1êêê1
- #êêê ──è =è ──è =è ──
- êêê 14êï14êï14
-
- êêêï5êêë 10
- #êêë+è─è =è ──è =è ──
- êêêï7êï14êï14
- #êêê────ê────ê────
-
- êêêêêêï11
- #êêêêêêï──
- êêêêêêï14
-