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NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 1 NED(tm) v1.6x User's Guide , _ /_ __. __ _ , , , __. __ _ _/_)_/ /_(_/|_/ (_</_(_(_/_(_/|_/ (_</_ DEFINITION OF SHAREWARE Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software before buying it. If you try a Shareware program and continue using it, you are expected to register. Individual programs differ on details -- some request registration while others require it, some specify a maximum trial period. With registration, you get anything from the simple right to continue using the software to an updated program with printed manual. Copyright laws apply to both Shareware and commercial software, and the copyright holder retains all rights, with a few specific exceptions as stated below. Shareware authors are accomplished programmers, just like commercial authors, and the programs are of comparable quality. (In both cases, there are good programs and bad ones!) The main difference is in the method of distribution. The author specifically grants the right to copy and distribute the software, either to all and sundry or to a specific group. For example, some authors require written permission before a commercial disk vendor may copy their Shareware. Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software. You should find software that suits your needs and pocketbook, whether it's commercial or Shareware. The Shareware system makes fitting your needs easier, because you can try before you buy. And because the overhead is low, prices are low also. Shareware has the ultimate money-back guarantee -- if you don't use the product, you don't pay for it. DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT Users of NED(tm) v1.6x must accept this disclaimer of warranty: "NED v1.6x IS SUPPLIED AS IS. THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. THE AUTHOR ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES, DIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE USE OF NED v1.6x. GOOD DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURE DICTATES THAT ANY PROGRAM BE THOROUGHLY TESTED WITH NON-CRITICAL DATA BEFORE RELYING ON IT. THE USER MUST ASSUME THE ENTIRE RISK OF USING THE PROGRAM. ANY LIABILITY OF THE AUTHOR WILL BE NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 2 LIMITED EXCLUSIVELY TO PRODUCT REPLACEMENT OR REFUND OF THE REGISTRATION FEE TO REGISTERED USERS." NED v1.6x is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge to the user for evaluation. Feel free to share it with your friends, but please do not give it away altered or as part of another system. The essence of "user- supported" software is to provide personal computer users with quality software without high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to continue to develop new products. If you find this program useful and find that you are using NED v1.6x and continue to use NED v1.6x after a reasonable trial period, you should make a registration payment of $50 to DAVID L. DIGHT. The $50 registration fee will licence one copy for use on any one computer at any one time. You must treat this software just like a book. An example is that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another. Just as a book cannot be read by two different persons at the same time. Commercial users of NED v1.6x must register and pay for their copies of NED v1.6x within 30 days of first use or their licence is withdrawn. Site-Licence arrangements may be made by contacting DAVID L. DIGHT. Anyone distributing NED v1.6x for any kind of remuneration must first contact DAVID L. DIGHT at the address below for authorisation. This authorisation will be automatically granted to distributors recognized by the Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP) as adhering to its guidelines for shareware distributors, and such distributors may begin offering NED v1.6x immediately (However DAVID L. DIGHT must still be advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest version of NED v1.6x). You are encouraged to pass a copy of NED v1.6x along to your friends for evaluation. Please encourage them to register their copy if they find that they can use it. All registered users will receive a copy of the latest version of the NED v1.6x system. If you do pass on a copy please make sure you include all the system files with documents. The file NEDIT.EXE is a self-extracting execu- table archive and contains all files with this release. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 3 ********************************************************* NED(tm) v1.6x (C) Copyright 1987-93 David L. Dight All Rights Reserved. P.O. Box 280, Kings Cross, N.S.W. 2011 AUSTRALIA. +61 2 3314521, CIS:100033,2563 _______ ____|__ | (R) --| | |------------------- | ____|__ | Association of | | |_| Shareware |__| o | Professionals -----| | |--------------------- |___|___| MEMBER When you register you receive a 250 page manual and the latest version of NED and utilities as well as info about new versions when they occur and support. See the Software Registration Form at the end of the manual or REGISTER.FRM with the release. IBM, PC-XT, PC-AT, PS/2, PC-DOS, MDA, CGA, EGA and VGA are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Compaq 386 is a registered trademark of Compaq Corporation. Epson FX is a registered trademark of Epson America Incorporated. Hercules is a registered trademark of Hercules Computer Technology. HP LaserJet is a registered trademark of the Hewlett-Packard Company. Revision 1.6.e.4 23/05/1993. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 4 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Table of contents Introduction 6 i Introduction 6 ii How to Use this Manual 7 iii Notational Conventions 7 Chapter 1. Installing NED 9 1.1 Package Contents 9 1.2 System Requirements 9 1.3 Installation 9 Chapter 2. Getting Started 11 2.1 Creating or Editing a File 11 2.2 The Editing Screen 11 2.3 Entering Text 12 2.4 Getting Help 13 2.5 Basic Movement Keys 13 Chapter 3. Learning More 15 3.1 Using the Command Area 15 3.2 Managing Multiple Files 16 3.3 Text Editing Functions 17 3.4 Using Block Mode 18 3.5 Using Word Wrap 19 3.6 The Status Screen 20 3.7 Searching, Replacing and Matching 21 3.8 Quitting NED 23 3.9 The Backup System 24 Chapter 4. Advanced Features 26 4.1 Configuring NED 26 4.2 Using File Lists 30 4.3 File Display Mode 31 4.4 Creating and Using Macros 33 4.5 Printing a File 34 4.6 Using the Print Spooler 35 4.7 Using the Calculator 36 4.8 Using the ASCII Tables 37 4.9 Using Colours 43/50 line modes. 37 Chapter 5. System Reference 40 5.1 Command Reference 40 5.2 Function Reference 55 5.3 Configuration Reference 73 5.4 Block Mode Reference 80 5.5 File Display Reference 83 5.6 Regular Expression Reference 85 5.7 Printer Command Reference 89 Chapter 6. Tutorials 92 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Tutorial One - A DOS menu system 92 6.3 Tutorial Two - Programming with NED 99 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 5 Appendix A. Messages 106 Index 113 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 6 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide i Introduction NED is a high performance text editor specifically designed for programmers and people who need to use an editor regularly. It is simple to use and robust yet fully featured for the serious user. NED has an intuitive 'feel' encouraging experimentation and confidence whether you are just learning about editors or you are a 'power' user. Here are just some of the reasons you'll find NED one of the best editors you've ever used: 1. Edit multiple files. Up to ten (10) files may be edited at once. You can move between open files with a single keystroke. 2. Expansion of wildcard file specifications from command line and the use of File Lists. NED allows you to predefine a list of files to edit. If you are working on a multi-moduled system this feature will save you time specifying file names. You can also browse through drives and directories for files to open. 3. On line Calculator, ASCII tables and help screens. 4. Fast. NED has been designed to make maximum use of your video hardware and to be as fast as possible. 5. Full support for Hercules, EGA and VGA adaptors including 43 and 50 line modes. 6. Special functions such as brace/bracket matching, field copying, character case flip, date/time and filename insertion into your file. These make editing easier, quicker and more productive. 7. Embedded print commands and print while you work spooler. 8. Powerful Regular Expression Language makes searching and replacing easier and more effective. 9. Shell to DOS. NED is compact enough to allow you to run most applications when in the shell. Execute DOS commands from within NED. 10. The editing environment is fully configurable with CONFIG.NED. 11. Block copy, cut and paste from within lines to an entire file. Block functions allow formatting of the block, or copying blocks to the search expression. 12. NED allows you to prepare text for use with desk top publishing systems with features like word wrap left, right and centre justify, escape, tab and control NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 7 character insertion. 13. Functionality. NED has the most exhaustive function capability of any editor on the market. 14. Clear, concise, easy to read and fully cross- referenced User's Guide. 15. Keyboard macros. You may record, save and use up to 20 macros at any one time. Macros save time by reducing repetitive keystrokes. The User's Guide will help you get the most out of NED. ii How to Use this Manual NED is designed for both the first time and the experienced user. Different parts of this manual are intended for users with different needs. Chapter 1 Installing NED explains how to install NED on your machine. It also explains NED's minimum system requirements and the package contents. Chapter 2 Getting Started describes the basics of using NED such as how to create a file, understanding the editing screen, entering text and getting help. It is designed as an introduction to both NED and editing in general. Chapter 3 Learning More describes how to use the command area, manage multiple files, advanced text editing functions, block mode commands, word wrap, search for and replace text. Chapter 4 Advanced Features describes the NED's more advanced features such as configuring NED, File Lists, keyboard Macros and printing. Chapter 5 System Reference provides a full reference manual for all of NED's commands, function keys, configuration statements, printer commands, File Display keys, Block Mode keys and the Regular Expression Language. Chapter 6 Tutorials provides two 'hands on' tutorials on using NED. Appendix A Messages lists all the messages that you may encounter using NED with a brief comment on each. READ.ME File on the system disk documents corrections and enhancements made to both the program and the user's guide after the user's guide was printed. iii Notational Conventions This section describes the notational conventions used throughout this manual. placeholders Items in italics are placeholders for NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 8 types of information you must supply, for example pathname, macrofile, number, to and from. Other words appear in italics for emphasis. [optional items] Items enclosed by bold square brackets are optional. repeating items... Three bold dots following an item indicate that items of the same form may be repeated a number of times. {item1|item2} This indicates that you have a choice between two or more items. Bold brackets enclose all the choices and the bold vertical bars separate the choices. One of the items must be chosen, unless all the choices Are optional. examples These will be indented and will appear in a non-proportional typeface. screen examples These appear in the lineprinter font and are enclosed in a box. <keyname> The angle brackets indicates the function key <keyname> that is to be entered. For example: <Enter>. KEYNAME This refers to a function key (KEYNAME) when it is mentioned within a paragraph. For example: "if you press ENTER...". ALT This represents the alternate key(s). ALT N means the ALT key must be pressed with the 'n' key to generate ALT N. SHIFT This represents either the left or right shift key. In some cases it will be preceded by a LEFT or RIGHT specification. CTRL or ^ These symbols represent the control key(s). SECTION 1.0 These will appear in small capitals and refer to chapter sections where more information about a topic may be found. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 9 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 1 Installing 1.1 Release Contents Files in this release: NEDIT.EXE(*) Self-extracting archive READ.ME Read this file first. It contains the latest information on this release. NED.EXE Main program NHELP.EXE Help system NCAL.EXE On-line Calculator/ASCII tables FASTPRN.EXE Document printing utility VIRCHK.EXE Executable virus scanner SF.EXE SuperFind utility CONFIG.NED Example configuration file SAMPLE.MCR Sample Macro file NED.DOC User's guide FILES.NED Sample File List VENDOR.DOC Distributors, vendors and ASP vendor information DISTRIB.DOC Application for distribution licence LICENSE.DOC Licensing agreement for individual use SYSOP.DOC Info about posting NED on BBS's DESCRIBE.DOC Sample descriptions for BBS/vendors. REGISTER.FRM Software registration form OMBUDSMN.ASP ASP ombudsman statement PACKING.LST This list in a separate file (*) LHA's SFX 2.13S (c) Yoshi, 1991. All rights reserved. 1.2 System Requirements IBM XT AT PS/2 386 486 or compatible. PC-DOS/MS-DOS 2.0 or later. Minimum 256Kb installed RAM. MDA, CGA, EGA, VGA, Hercules or compatible adapter and monitor. At least one floppy-disk drive (two are recommended or a hard-disk and a floppy-disk drive). Printer (optional). 1.3 Installation It is best to have the drive:\directory that NED exists on your PATH so that you may use NED in what ever directory you are in. This is also necessary for using the Help screens and for the Calculator and ASCII tables. The PATH tells DOS where to look for executable files which in this case are NED, NHELP, NCAL In the above example, NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 10 PATH=C:\;C:\DOS;C:\UTILS If you normally have your programs in the directory 'C:\UTILS' and you wish to work in a number of other directories then having NED in a directory which is on the PATH means you don't have to worry about where NED resides. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 11 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 2 Getting started 2.1 Creating or Editing a File The DOS command line syntax for NED is: ned [file1 file2 ... filen] Where file may be either a pathname, wildcard specification or an 'At' file (e.g. @files.ned). The following DOS command lines provide examples: ned sample.c ned sample.c c:\mydir\test.prg *.bat In the first example, 'sample.c' is loaded. In the second example NED will load up 'sample.c' to start with. If sample.c doesn't exist, you will be prompted: Ok to Create (Y/N) ? If you answer yes you may begin entering text, if you answer no, NED will exit you to DOS. The remaining files ('c:\mydir\test.prg' and all matching *.bat) will be added to your File List and may be opened later using the OPEN command. Of course you only have to specify one filename on the command line. NED accepts any valid DOS wildcard specification. As NED loads, it attempts to place every matching filename in the File List. If no matches can be found, the specification is left as a filename. You may have up to 512 filenames in the File List from one or more wildcards. You can increase this number with the DIRMAX statement in CONFIG.NED. You can only edit text files with NED. If you attempt editing other types of files the results are unpredictable. NED will try to load 256 characters to each line if no carriage return/line feeds are found. If a line is longer than 256 characters, NED will split the line at 256 characters. NED will continue to split the line until the remainder is less than 256. If you try to save a file that was loaded in this manner it will be completely corrupted. If you need to load a formatted word-processor document, save or convert the file to ASCII format before loading it with NED. 2.2 The Editing Screen The screen is divided into two main 'windows'. The first is known as the System window, and the second as the Edit window. The System window is designed to display the most relevant information you need when editing a file. From left to right, the top line displays: Busy/Idle symbol - is an hour glass when NED is busy, NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 12 e.g. when reading a file and is shutters when NED is awaiting a command. Filename - the filename/pathname of the current area. If changes have been made, is in bold. If area is not open, '(area unopened)' is displayed. Area map - the current area if open is in bright bold attribute and other open areas are in bold attribute. Areas not open are in normal attribute. Available memory - as a percentage free. IWCNS - Auto-indent (I), Word-wrap (W), Caps-lock (C), Num-lock (N) and Scroll-lock (S) toggles. Bold if on. Line and Column - of cursor. The second line is the command area. When you press the ESC key the cursor moves to this line. All commands and parameters are entered and shown here. The ruler display appears on this line when the cursor is in the Edit window. This displays each tab as a 'T' starting from the current left hand column of the Edit window. The right hand margin is displayed as a 'R' and when the right hand margin is over a tabstop, it is displayed as the 'P' over 't' character. The following is an example of the default settings: ....T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T...T ...T...R...T...T...T... The third line shows any confirmation, warning or error messages to the left and an abbreviated version of the contents of the scrap buffer to the right. See Appendix A for a description of NED's messages. The rest of the screen is known as the Edit window and is devoted to the file you are editing. If the file is longer than twenty two lines, the first twenty two are shown. If it is less than twenty two or the Edit window is positioned at the end of the file, a small bold tilde (~) appears on every unused line to the end of the window. 2.3 Entering Text Entering text is just like using a typewriter. Most of the keys on a typewriter correspond to keys on your keyboard. Unlike many editors, NED allows you to enter text where ever the cursor is located, even if this is off the end of a line. This feature is convenient for programming when formatting and commenting code. NED automatically fills the gap created with spaces. The Edit window is a maximum 256 characters wide and will scroll when necessary since NED only allows you to edit in an 80 character window at one time. The maximum number of lines you can edit is 10240 if the MAXLINES statement is set to this value in CONFIG.NED, see section 4.1 and 5.3 for details. The default setting is 5120 lines. To open a new line press ENTER. To open a new line above the current line press CTRL ENTER. NED has an auto indentation feature. When on, and you press ENTER, NED places the cursor under the first non-whitespace character of the NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 13 previous line. See the ENTER and ALT I functions in SECTION 5.2 for further details on Auto indent. Insert mode is toggled using the INS key. When in insert mode, entered text pushes all characters in front of the cursor including the entered character forward. In insert mode the cursor appears as a half block. The default is overtype mode where entered text replaces the original characters on the line. The cursor appears as a quarter block. Various functions make use of the insert mode including TAB, ALT F and BS. To erase a mistake, backspace (BS) over the character or move the cursor left and press DEL. If you are in insert mode, BS has the reverse effect of inserting so that text is dragged left towards the cursor (deleting the character to the left of the cursor). NED allows high-bit characters (e.g. ruling graphics) to be entered in a file. You can use the ALT generation method (ALT <ASCII number of key on numeric pad>) and a few Ctrl generated characters (e.g. CTRL G, CTRL D). However some Ctrl keys have special functions. For example to enter an escape character into your file press CTRL ESC since the ESC key is used to enter or exit Command mode. The TAB key is worth special mention. Under normal operation this moves the cursor one tabstop to the right (default four spaces) and SHIFT TAB moves the cursor one tabstop to the left. If insert is on and hard-tab is off, a tabstop is inserted at the cursor (the corresponding number of spaces pushing text right) and the SHIFT TAB deletes a tabstop (dragging text left). However, if the hard-tab toggle is set (ALT T) tab characters (chr 9) are entered instead. 2.4 Getting Help To get help press the F1 key. NHELP.EXE must be in the current directory or on the PATH. A brief page index is given and you can type the page-number you need or you can browse using the PGDN or PGUP keys. Alternatively, you can issue the HELP command which takes an optional starting page number, for example: <Esc>H5<Enter> will take you to the fifth help screen. Further help can be found in the function/command reference sections of this manual. 2.5 Basic Movement Keys NED gives you a 'window' on the file you are working on. Within the window the cursor may be positioned to enter or edit text. In addition to the LEFT, RIGHT, UP and DOWN keys the following positioning keys may be used: HOME start of line NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 14 END end of line CTRL RIGHT next word CTRL LEFT previous word ALT A goto column 1 ALT Z goto column 256 ALT S goto start window ALT E goto end window ALT N next line ALT P previous line CTRL PGDN bottom of window CTRL PGUP top of window When the end of the window is reached the screen will be scrolled either up or down. You can also re-position the window leaving the cursor in the same relative position with the following keys: PGDN next page (+22 lines) PGUP previous page (-22 lines) CTRL HOME start of file CTRL END end of file See section 5.2 for more information on these and other movement keys. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 15 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 3 Learning More 3.1 Using the Command Area NED accepts commands in two ways. Firstly, certain keys are assigned functions and are consequently called function keys. These include all the 'F' keys (e.g. F1, CTRL F3), and the ALT keys (e.g ALT F, ALT A). The other way is through the command area. These commands require either a parameter or confirmation. Pressing ESC takes the cursor from where ever you are in the Edit window to the 2nd line (known as the command area). NED accepts a set of single letter commands which represent the full word of the command. This is known as command selection mode. You may browse through these by pressing the up/down arrows or you may simply press the letter of the command. For example if you press: <Esc>O NED responds: Open: by printing the full name of the command followed by a colon and placing the cursor after the colon. NED then waits for an optional parameter. Some commands need parameters. Entering parameters is just like using the editor. You may use INS, DEL or BS and some of the other editing keys to type your parameter. Once you have entered the parameter you must press ENTER again. The command is then executed. For commands that don't need parameters you must still press ENTER again to confirm the command. You may abort the command during parameter entry by pressing ESC. This will return you to command selection mode. If you press ESC again you will be returned to the Edit window. You can return directly to the Edit window by pressing CTRL ENTER instead of ENTER when executing a command. NED remembers the last command you entered so on re- entering Command mode you may press ENTER to execute the same command again. NED also remembers the last parameter you entered. You may retrieve this with the F3 key in parameter entry mode. Some commands have special keys. The OPEN command lets you browse through files in the File List with the up or down arrows. The SPECIFY command allows you to use or edit the last search specification by pressing the up arrow. A similar function is provided with the REPLACE command. The OPEN, MACRO and BACKUP commands allow you to enter the File Display mode through the F1 key, see section 4.3 and 5.5 for more information on this mode. If you change to an unopened area the cursor will be confined to the command area. You can only edit in an NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 16 opened area. Finally NED allows some of the normal editing commands to be executed from Command mode. For example you can use most of the window positioning keys (like PGUP or PGDN). 3.2 Managing Multiple Files NED allows you to edit up to ten files at once by assigning each new file a new area number. To open a new file, use the OPEN command. Enter the filename or pathname of the file you wish to open. Alternatively, you can use the up or down arrows to browse the File List or, you can enter File Display mode by pressing F1 in order to browse directories for a file to open. If you have entered your own filename and the file does not exist, you will prompted to create it as described in section 2.1 above. If you have files in the File List you don't have to enter any parameter. NED will take the next file from the File List and open it (CTRL F1 is a short cut for this operation). Each open file is treated individually. NED only allows you to physically edit one at a time. Other open files are suspended. You can of course transfer text from one area to another and similarly use the same search expressions across all open files. There are a number of ways to change to another area. You can use the AREA command which accepts a number from 1 to 10 as a parameter. With no parameter AREA simply changes to the next area. You can use ALT 0 to ALT 9 which corresponds to those area numbers. Finally, you can use the Status screen described in section 3.6 below. If you change to an unopened area NED will automatically take the cursor to the command area. The WRITE command will force a write to disk even if there have been no changes made to the file and keep the area open (SHIFT F10 is a short cut for this operation). The END command will write the file to disk if there have been changes and then close the area. The END and WRITE commands take an optional pathname parameter which allows you to write the file to a different name. When you have finished with an area you can close it with the CLOSE command. The area is free to be re-opened with another file. You can only edit as many files as can fit into memory. When memory is getting low, the percentage of available memory, displayed in the System window, will flash. You should save your files and close some down to free up more memory. The LAUNDRY command is very useful when editing multiple files. This command saves any files you have open that have changed. Once all files have been written, you are returned to your initial area. If you wish to periodically save your work files (regular saving is recommended) then this command saves you the trouble of NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 17 having to work out which files need to be saved. If you want to selectively save changed files, the LAUNDRY command takes an optional 'p' parameter that forces the prompt: Save this file (Y/N) ? to appear at every changed file. You may answer accordingly. 3.3 Text Editing Functions Apart from the general inserting/deleting characters from a file, NED provides many other useful editing functions. You can split a line into two lines at the cursor with SHIFT F3. Two lines may be joined together at the cursor or the end of the line with F3. You can copy one character from the line above at the current cursor position using ALT F (called field copy). Using SHIFT ALT F does the same except it copies from the line below. If the insert mode is on, the copied character is inserted into the current line. ALT M flips the case of a character (Eg 'm' to 'M' or 'M' to 'm'). Left SHIFT ALT M flips to upper case only, Right SHIFT ALT M to lower case only. ALT G flips the case of the whole line. Text can be justified within a line. ALT L left justifies, ALT C centres a line and ALT R right justifies. If the line is greater than 80 characters long, centre and right justify work over the entire 256 character width. ALT D will erase to the end of the line and ALT B will erase to the beginning. ALT K will completely erase the line (leaving it blank). ALT W will delete the next word and ALT Q will delete the previous word. A word is defined as a character or group of characters separated by one or more characters of the Interword Delimiter set. The default delimiter is a space. The set can be modified with the INTERWORD command. SHIFT F2 deletes or cuts the current line to the scrap buffer. If the cursor is not moved between successive strokes of SHIFT F2, deleted lines will be appended to scrap. You can therefore delete an entire block of text to scrap by repeating this keystroke. However if the cursor is moved, the next stroke of SHIFT F2 will firstly destroy the existing contents of the buffer before cutting the new line to scrap. An abbreviated version of the contents of the scrap buffer is displayed at the bottom of the System window. You can copy a line to scrap without deleting it with CTRL F3. To restore from the scrap buffer use F2. The entire contents of the scrap will be inserted under the NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 18 current line. CTRL F2 will insert the scrap above the current line. Edits made within a line can be undone with the ALT U key. This means that the line is restored to its original state before you changed it. You may restore the changes you have made to the line before you first pressed ALT U by pressing ALT U again. There are several restrictions with ALT U. Firstly, no changes can be undone once you move to another line. Secondly, certain functions reset the line so that only further edits may be undone. These functions are split and join line entry of the Block Mode entry of Command mode entry of Status screen shell to DOS insert filename and insert date/time. 3.4 Using Block Mode Block Mode allows you to manipulate blocks of text more efficiently than on a line by line or character by character basis. NED views blocks of text in two ways. The multi line (inter-line) block handles each line as one unit. A block may contain one or more lines which can be copied, deleted or inserted. The in-line (intra-line) block handles each character separately. A block may contain one or more characters which may be copied, deleted or inserted within any one line. If you cut an intra-line block and then restore it, NED will insert the block within the current line. If you cut an inter-line block (containing one or more lines) and restore it, NED will insert the block under the current line. To enter Block mode press F4. The cursor will change to an underscore. You may then outline a block of text using most of the cursor movement functions. The outlined block will be displayed in Reverse Video. When you have outlined the block, the following functions are available: Key Block action DEL or - cut to scrap INS or + copy to scrap TAB move right a tabstop SHIFT TAB move left a tabstop SPACE move right a space BS move left a space L left justify C centre justify R right justify S copy to the SPECIFY string, intra-line only * copy to last command parameter F3, intra- line only F4 exit block leaving cursor at start of block ESC exit block mode leaving cursor end of block The TAB and SHIFT TAB keys move the block to the previous or next tabstop. The SPACE and BS keys move the block NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 19 right or left a space. The L, C and R keys left, centre or right justify the block treating each line individually. The 's' function allows you to search for a string from the file elsewhere in the file without having to re-type it. The string is also copied to last parameter function F3 in the parameter entry mode. The '*' function is also useful when a string from the Edit window is needed as a parameter in Command mode. See the Block Mode reference section 5.4 below for more details on these keys. When text has been cut or copied to scrap, NED will display an abbreviation of the scrap to the right of line 3 of the screen. If the scrap is inter-line, NED will display a 'paragraph' (ASCII 20) character in bold at the end of the block. If the block is intra-line, this character will not appear. With both types of scrap, NED will attempt to display as much of the block as it can. If the width of the block is greater than the display area or there are a number of lines in the block, NED will display the first 20 characters of the block, a '/' character in bold, then the last 20 characters of the block. 3.5 Using Word Wrap You can enter text continually without the need to press ENTER by using word wrap. To turn word wrap on or off press ALT V. When on, 'W' appears in bold attribute on the top line between the free memory % and the line counter. If you type text past the right hand margin, NED wraps it from the beginning of the previous word to the beginning of a new line below. The default right hand margin is 65. You can specify a new right hand margin with the 1MARGIN command. See section 5.1 for details. Some keys behave differently when word wrap is on. If you are within a line, ENTER will split the line at the cursor position, taking the cursor to the new line. If you are at the end of a line it behaves as normal. If you want to open a new line without splitting the current line, use CTRL M. When word wrap is off, this key splits the current line as above. The DEL key joins the next line to the current line when the cursor is at the end of the line. If the cursor is past the end of the line, the next line is joined at the cursor position. If you are at the beginning of a line, and you are in insert mode, and you press BS, the current line will join itself to the end of the previous line. The Block Mode 'c' function and 'r' function use the right hand margin NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 20 setting when word wrap is on. You may can specify whether NED starts up with word wrap on or off with the WORDWRAP statement in CONFIG.NED. This statement optionally takes a right hand margin setting. The default setting is: WORDWRAP=0,65 See section 5.3 for more details on this statement. 3.6 The Status Screen The Status screen is designed to provide up to date information on the file(s) you are working on as well as other system information. It can be viewed by pressing the F10 key. From left to right the information displayed is as follows: Area if open in bold attribute if current has an arrow next to it. File Name current name for file Size in bytes at last write Lines number of lines in file Last Write date/time of last write Changes Y/N if file has been changed since last write All ten areas are scanned. Empty areas display the message "(area unopened)". If you have made changes to a file, 'Y' will appear under the 'Changes' column in blinking bold attribute. If a file was opened that could not fit entirely into the edit buffer, the 'Lines' value will also appear in blinking bold attribute. You may also use the Status screen to select another area to work in. You can use the up or down arrows or type the number of the area you wish to use. Only open areas may be selected this way. The following is an example of the remainder of the Status screen: Auto-detab OFF Hard-tab OFF Auto-entab OFF Interword chars ,;:. Backup dir C:\BAK Maximum lines 1200 Current dir C:\NEDTUT Page layout 66,3,3,0 Spooler OFF File List FILES.NED Strip ON Timeslice 128 Free memory 446006, 389904 largest block Date/Time Tuesday 01/01/88 12:00 am Serial # ????????? This displays the current settings of NED. The current directory is the directory you were in when you started NED. The backup directory will display "current directory" if no backup directory is specified. The first number of free memory is the total remaining bytes available for editing. The largest block is the largest contiguous block of memory that can be allocated by DOS. A minimum 64Kb contiguous block is required to shell to NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 21 DOS. Unless the space character is embedded within other interword characters, it may be difficult to recognize, particularly if it is at the beginning or end of the set. Maximum lines is the maximum number of lines you may have in any one file. You can only change it by modifying the MAXLINES statement in CONFIG.NED and reloading NED. The timeslice value is the amount of time allocated between the keyboard and the printer when spooling. The larger the timeslice, the more time the keyboard will receive. The following table summarizes the functions available with the Status screen. Key Action UP previous area DOWN next area HOME first area END last area 0 - 9 goto area 1 to 10 ESC return to your file 3.7 Searching, Replacing and Matching NED allows you to search for and optionally replace text. To search for text you must first use the SPECIFY command, followed by one of the search keys (F8, SHIFT F8 or CTRL F8). To replace text you must first SPECIFY the text to look for and then use the REPLACE command to tell NED what you wish to change the text to. The SPECIFY command accepts a string of characters to search for, for example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter> tells NED you wish to look for the word 'for'. To begin searching, press one of the following keys: Key Search F8 down from cursor SHIFT F8 up from cursor CTRL F8 down from top of file NED then displays the Current Search Expression while searching. If the pattern cannot be found NED will display the following: (pattern) not found SPECIFY also accepts a string that conforms to the Regular Expression Language. Regular expressions are a way of representing text patterns in a symbolic shorthand. The symbols used to define these expressions fall into five categories: Symbols that match a specific character NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 22 Symbols that match any character Symbols that match a character's position on the line Symbols that match any of a set of characters or anything except a set of characters Symbols that let you match the previous symbol any number of times An expression may contain one or more of any of the language symbols. These symbols and their usage are described in the Regular Expression Language Reference section 5.6 below. For example, the command: <Esc>S^[\s\t]*for<Enter> will search for the word 'for' preceded by any number of blank characters (spaces or tabs) from the start of the line. The carat (^) symbol refers to the start of a line the square brackets ([]) enclose a character set or class containing in the above example spaces (\s) or tabs (\t) the asterisk (*) in this example tells NED to search for the preceding character class any number of times. NED has a convenient alternative method for specifying a search string by using the 's' function in Block Mode. This function only works with intra-line blocks. See sections 3.4 and 5.4 for details on Block Mode. The REPLACE command allows you to specify a string which will replace one or more occurrences of the SPECIFY expression (target pattern). By default NED will replace the next occurrence of the target pattern. For example, the command: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>RFOR<Enter> will replace the next occurrence of 'for' with 'FOR'. It is likely that you will wish to replace all occurrences of the target pattern in your file. In this case, append a ',g' (global) to the replacement parameter. For example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>RFOR,g<Enter> will replace all occurrences of 'for' with 'FOR' in the current file. You may only wish to replace a number of occurrences of the target pattern. In this case append the ',number' you wish to replace. For example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>RFOR,3<Enter> will replace the next three occurrences of 'for' with 'FOR' in the current file. Each time a target pattern is found, NED will prompt: Replace (Y/N) ? If you answer 'y' NED will replace the string if 'n', NED will continue searching if you press ESC, NED will terminate the command. You may suppress the above prompt NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 23 by appending a ',n' to the replacement parameter. For example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>RFOR,g,n<Enter> will replace all occurrences of 'for' with 'FOR' without prompting. Finally, the REPLACE command can be used to remove text from your file by omitting the replacement string. For example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>R,g<Enter> will remove all occurrences of 'for' in the current file. Brace matching NED provides a function that is particularly useful for checking complex bracketed expressions in programs. The brace matching function F5 attempts to match opening and closing brace {}, square bracket [], angle bracket <> or parentheses () characters. First you must move the cursor to the character you wish to match and then press F5. If the character is an 'opener' NED will search down the file for a closing character, otherwise NED will search upwards for an opening character. If no match is found NED will display the message: Match Not Found ! This means that your expression is not correctly closed. If this is a program expression you will more than likely generate a compile/run-time error. If a match is found, NED will move the cursor to the matching character. 3.8 Quitting NED There are two ways to quit NED. If you have only one open file and wish to save changes made in it, use the END command, otherwise you should use the QUIT command. The END command will save the file and close the area. If the current area is the only area open, you will be returned to DOS, or else NED will move you move to the previous open area. The QUIT command goes through all the open areas checking to see if any changes have been recorded in them. If no changes have been made to an area, NED will simply close it and proceed to the next area. If a change has been recorded, the message: (S)ave (A)bort or (C)ancel ? is displayed. You can press 's' to save, 'a' to abort the file, or 'c' to cancel the command. If you want to save all changed areas without being prompted, issue the 's' NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 24 parameter. For example: <Esc>Qs<Enter> Alternatively if you do not want to save any changed areas and you don't wish to be prompted, issue the 'a' parameter. For example: <Esc>Qa<Enter> 3.9 The Backup System When you save a file other than a new file, NED first renames the existing file on the disk by inserting an underscore (_) in front of the extension and moving the other characters to the right. For example: MYPROG.PRG becomes: MYPROG._PR and the third character (if any) of the extension is lost. The new file is then written to the old filename. If the file has no extension NED uses .BAK for the backup name. A useful feature of this system is if you edit a backup file, a second backup will be created with two leading underscore characters, and so on. The backup system allows you to distinguish backups with the same filename but different extensions, thus keeping separate backups for these files. For example, if you edit the following files: NED.C NED.H the backups become: NED._C NED._H Because backup files may clutter your work directory, NED allows you to specify an alternative drive/directory in which to place backup files with the BACKUP command. For example: <Esc>Bc:\bak<Enter> will set the backup directory to c:\bak. If this does not exist you will be prompted to create it. You may select an existing backup drive/directory for your backup files with the File Display mode by pressing F1 instead of entering a drive/directory, for example: <Esc>B<F1> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 25 Use your movement keys to high-light a drive/directory and then press CTRL ENTER to select it. See sections 4.3 and 5.5 for details on File Display and section 5.1 for details on the BACKUP command. You may can specify your backup directory in the start-up configuration file CONFIG.NED. When ever you start NED, the backup directory will be set. See the BACKUP statement in section 5.3 for details. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 26 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 4 Advanced Features 4.1 Configuring NED NED can be configured to suit your particular machine and editing needs. This is done with a short text file called CONFIG.NED which is scanned each time NED is loaded. If this file is not found in the current directory NED will look along the PATH. If it still cannot be found NED will load with its default settings. CONFIG.NED consists of single line statements in the form: OPTION=setting where setting is either a switch (e.g. ON or OFF) or a string such as pathname. See section 5.3 Configuration Reference for a list and syntax of the valid commands. You may save the current settings of NED whilst editing with CTRL F4 which writes a new CONFIG.NED file in the current directory. The following description outlines the way to set up NED's environment. Firstly at the DOS prompt type: ned config.ned<Enter> if the message: Ok to Create ? (Y/N) appears type 'Y' to create it. Now press CTRL F4 to write the default settings to CONFIG.NED. NED will display the message: CONFIG.NED written to disk Now issue the QUIT command by typing: <Esc>Q<Enter> This will return you to DOS. The file you have just created contains the default CONFIG.NED settings. Now at the DOS prompt type: ned<Enter> You don't need to specify a filename. This is because when you use CTRL F4 to write CONFIG.NED, the FILE statement is set to the current filename which in this case was CONFIG.NED. See the description below. The first line is a comment line. You may add comments on a separate line using the following characters as the first character of the line: \ ' " * NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 27 The next line is the AUTOINDENT statement. This tells NED whether to indent the cursor under the text of the line before when you press ENTER. This saves you from having to move the cursor over if the text you are entering is indented from the left margin. If you wish this feature to be set off leave it as it is. Otherwise, change it to 'ON'. The line should then read: AUTOINDENT=ON The next statement that usually appears in CONFIG.NED is the BACKUP statement, but since we are working from the default settings, NED has not included it. This statement tells NED to place backups in a directory other than the current one. If you wish to use this feature then enter the following: <Enter>BACKUP=\BAK This directs NED to open a new blank line and insert the text 'BACKUP=\BAK'. If the directory \BAK does not exist, NED will prompt you to create it next time NED is loaded. The next line contains the COLOUR statement. If you have a monochrome adapter (e.g. MDA, HERCULES) you should delete the COLOUR statement. To do this press the following keys: <Down><Shift F2> This will delete the line, and the lines below will move up to close the gap. If you have a colour monitor (e.g. CGA, EGA or VGA) change the COLOUR statement to: COLOUR=7,1,1,3 this tells NED to use white on blue characters in the Edit window and blue on cyan characters in the System window. The next line is the DATEFMT statement. This configures the date format used in NED. The default format is: DATEFMT=DMY/ Which displays the date as dd/mm/yyyy. If you wish to use the American date format, change the statement to read as follows: DATEFMT=MDY- Which displays the date as mm-dd-yyyy. The next two statements instruct NED to automatically detab a file when it is loaded or entab a file when it is written. For the purposes of our setup skip these statements by pressing the down arrow twice. The next NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 28 statement will read: FILE=CONFIG.NED The FILE statement tells NED to load up the specified filename if NED is not given a filename to open on the DOS command line. This statement told NED to load CONFIG.NED the second time you started up. We can leave this statement as is. The FIRSTCOL statement allows you to specify whether you wish the first column of the Edit window to be referred to as '0' or '1'. If you are creating screen layouts you may prefer to change it to: FIRSTCOL=0 The GOTO statement allows you to specify the starting line and column of the cursor in the first that NED loads. This defaults to: GOTO=1,1 When you save CONFIG.NED with CTRL F4, NED will record your current position in the current file to this statement. The HARDTAB statement instructs NED to insert the tab character instead of moving the cursor a tabstop when you press the TAB key. The statement will be: HARDTAB=OFF If you want to know more about this feature, see SECTIONS 5.3, and 5.2 for a description of the TAB key. The INTENSITY statement sets the bold colours in the edit and System windows. If you have a monochrome adapter (e.g. MDA, HERCULES) you will have to delete this statement by placing the cursor on the statement and pressing SHIFT F2. If you have a colour monitor change the INTENSITY statement to the following: INTENSITY=12,15 this tells NED to use Bright red intensity in the Edit window and Bright white intensity in the System window. Finding the right colour and bold attributes for your needs may be a case of trial and error, so try a few combinations and select the one that you like. See section 4.9 for more details on configuring colours. The next statement instructs NED to start up in either insert or overtype mode. If you prefer to work in insert mode (we recommend this), change the INSERT statement to read as follows: INSERT=ON NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 29 The INTERWORD statement allows you to specify which characters are used to separate words. This defaults to a space. Change the statement to read as follows: INTERWORD=; , The LAYOUT statement will read as follows: LAYOUT=66,3,3,0 This sets the default print page layout to a page length of 66 lines, top and bottom margins of 3 lines and no left margin. If you have different page layout requirements, see sections 4.5 and 5.1 for more details. The MAXLINES statement sets the number of lines you can edit in a file. This defaults to 5120 lines. Most text files are less than 1200 lines so change this statement to read: MAXLINES=1200 The MODE statement allows you to specify the screen type you wish to use with NED. If you are using a Monochrome Display Adaptor (MDA) or a Hercules adaptor then the mode statement should be changed to: MODE=MDA or: MODE=HERCULES If you have an EGA or VGA adaptor then the MODE statement will be set to 'EGA'. If you wish to use NED in 43 line mode then change the statement to: MODE=EGA43 If you have a VGA and you wish to use the 50 line mode then change the statement to: MODE=VGA50 The RULER statement tells NED whether the ruler display defaults to on or off. If you wish the ruler to be off, change the statement to read as follows: RULER=OFF The SNOW statement is for Colour Graphics Adapters only. If you have a CGA change this statement to read: SNOW=OFF The SORT statement allows you to specify how directory entries in the File Display mode are sorted. This NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 30 defaults to DIRECTORY order. You can also choose from EXTENSION, SIZE, DATE or FILE (alphabetically). You will probably find the EXTENSION sort the most useful since it will group similar file types. Change the statement to read: SORT=EXTENSION The SPOOL statement allows you to set background printing on or off and optionally adjust the amount of CPU time (timeslice) given to the printer. The larger the timeslice, the less time the printer gets. It is best to test the default timeslice before adjusting it. If you wish to use the spooler by default change the statement to read: SPOOL=1,128 See section 4.6 for more details on tuning the print spooler. The STRIP statement tells NED to strip trailing whitespace characters from each line when writing a file to disk. This statement should read: STRIP=ON The TABSET statement sets the tabstops for the TAB key. This defaults to a tabstop every four spaces. Unless you wish to use different tab settings leave this as it is. The WORDWRAP statement instructs NED to start up with word wrap on or off. You may optionally specify the right hand margin for word wrap. This statement should read: WORDWRAP=0,65 If you wish word wrap to be on by default, change the statement to read: WORDWRAP=1,65 You may optionally specify a different right hand margin if don't wish to use the default margin. Now to save your new configuration, press: <Esc>E<Enter> The END command writes the file and returns you to DOS. The next time you load, NED will reflect your new configuration. 4.2 Using File Lists A File List is a list of filenames or pathnames that can be used by the OPEN command. File Lists are a useful way of specifying large numbers of files for editing. NED creates this list from the file specifications on the DOS command line. There are three types of specifications and NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 31 any or all of them may be given on the DOS command line. These are: Single filename (e.g. MYFILE.PRG) Wildcard specification (e.g. *.PRG or ??FILE.C) 'At' filename (e.g. @FILES) For example: ned myfile.prg *.prg @files<Enter> will add MYFILE.PRG, all matching *.PRG files and all filenames that are contained in the file FILES.NED (.NED is the default extension for 'At' files) to the current File List. NED will then attempt to open the first file in the list, which in this example is MYFILE.PRG. To browse the list, type ESC O and then use the up or down arrows. You may then ENTER on the file you wish to open or just escape again with no effect. Alternatively you may open the next file in the list with CTRL F1. You can change the File List in File Display mode as described in the next section If the File List has been changed, when you exit NED it will be written to a file called FILES.NED. Next time you wish to use those files you can specify the File List on the command line with the '@' character: ned @files<Enter> You can save the File List to another name with the XSAVE command, see section 5.1 for details. For example: <Esc>Xmyfiles<Enter> will save the current File List to the file MYFILES.NED. Now, next time you wish to use that File List simply type: ned @myfiles<Enter> If you change the File List using the File Display mode, NED will update MYFILES.NED because you specified the 'At' file on the command line. 4.3 File Display Mode The File Display mode is a useful directory browsing system that allows you to locate files to open. You can also use it to browse, edit or add files to the File List. The File Display mode is primarily designed for use with the OPEN command but may also be used with END, WRITE, USE and BACKUP commands. To enter File Display mode type the following: <Esc>O<F1> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 32 Using this method will take you to the directory area. You can specify a wildcard file specification on the command line before you press F1. NED will only display files that match the wildcard, for example: <Esc>O*.bat<F1> This command instructs the File Display mode to display only matching '*.bat' files. You may then select one you wish to open or press ESC to return to your file. When you enter File Display mode, you will notice to the left of the screen a 'pad' which will display the contents of the File List (if any). To the right will be all the files and subdirectories of the current directory (the directory area). Files are in lower case, subdirectories and drives are bold and in upper case. The top line will display the full pathname of the current directory to the left the number, total size of the files in the directory and the directory sort type to the right. Over the first entry will appear a reverse video selector bar. You may move this with most of the normal cursor movement keys. As you high-light a file, the bottom line will display its size in bytes and the date/time it was last updated. You may re-sort the directory by pressing ALT: Key Sort D Directory order F Alphabetically S File size T Time/date X File extension The sort type may also be set in CONFIG.NED, see the SORT statement in section 5.3 for details. If you press ENTER over a drive or subdirectory, NED will change to the drive or directory and display its contents. If you press ENTER over a file, NED will attempt to open it, returning you to the command area. The filename you returned on is copied to the last parameter string F3 so you may use it in your next command. If you press ESC you will be returned to the command area with no change. If you press INS over a file, its name is copied to the end of the File List. If you press INS over the '.' entry the entire directory is copied to the File List. If the '.' entry is not present, use the '\'. You can move between the directory area and the File List window with the TAB key or you can enter the File List directly from the Edit window by pressing SHIFT F1. In the File List window, you may browse the files with most of the cursor movement keys. To open a file press ENTER over a filename. If you press DEL over a file, the file NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 33 is removed from the list. If you press CTRL K the entire list is deleted and you are moved over to the directory area. You may have up to 512 entries in the File List. When there are more than 18 entries in the list, a scroll bar will appear to the right of the list indicating your position in the list. When in the File List window, the bottom line will display the number of the current entry out of the total number of entries and the drive/directory in which the file resides. If you press ESC you will be returned to the command area. Any changes made to the File List will be retained. You can save the File List when in the File List window by pressing CTRL F4. This will write the list to a file called FILES.NED in the current directory. If you want to save the File List to your own filename, use the XSAVE command. 4.4 Creating and Using Macros Macros allow you to record a series of keystrokes and assign them to a function key. This can save you a considerable amount of time if you find you are repeating the same keystrokes continually. Macros that you create may be saved away to a file and restored at will. You can have up to twenty predefined macros at any one time. These keys are mapped between ALT F1 to ALT F20 (ALT F11 20 = SHIFT ALT F1-10). There is of course no limit to the number of macro files you can have. To begin recording a macro press F7. NED will prompt you to enter a macro key to assign the keystrokes to and enter a key between ALT F1-20. You may record up to 128 keystrokes per macro. As you record your macro, the current keystroke number is displayed in the message area. To finish recording press F7 again. The MACRO command is an alternative starting point that allows you to name the macro as well as record it. For example you would type: <Esc>MFile opener<Enter><Alt F1><Ctrl F1> <Ctrl F1><Ctrl F1><F7> to record a macro called 'File opener' to ALT F1. You may also use this command to name or rename an existing macro. To rename the above macro append the 'r' option. For example: <Esc>MOpen next 3 files,r<Enter> will rename ALT F1 to 'Open next 3 files'. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 34 To save a macro set to disk use the KEEP command. Restore a macro set with the USE command. See section 5.1 for details on these commands. To view all the macro names, keys and number of keystrokes press SHIFT F7 (Macro Report). Since you can record keystrokes from both the edit and command windows, macros will be sensitive to the window you start the macro from. SHIFT ESC forces the cursor to move from the command area to the Edit window if the current area is open. Consider the following example: <Esc>O<Enter><Enter><Enter><Esc> If this macro is started from the Edit window, the next two files in the File List will be opened. If however, the macro is started from the command area, an 'o' and four blank lines will suddenly appear in your file. If the macro is recorded as follows: <Shift Esc><Esc>O<Enter><Enter><Enter><Esc> the macro will work correctly from either window because SHIFT ESC only works in one direction. If the above macro was run from Command mode in an unopened area it will also work correctly since the cursor will remain in Command mode. An example macro file is supplied with the system called SAMPLE.MCR. Load this file up using the USE command and press SHIFT F7 to see what these macros do. 4.5 Printing a File NED provides the facility to print a part or all of the current file. NED will always print via the PRN device. To print a file use the PRINT command as follows: <Esc>P<Enter> For details on printing part of a file. See the PRINT command in section 5.1. NED allows you to embed printer commands in your file. These must always be preceded by a period '.' and must start at the left of a blank line. No other text except printer commands may appear on the line. If text does appear it will be ignored. NED distinguishes printer command lines from normal lines and knows not to print them. The commands correspond to the Epson FX printer command set. For example: .bf Hello .bo tells the printer to print what follows in bold so that 'Hello' is printed in bold. The next command turns the bold printing off. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 35 If these commands are not sufficient or your printer implements them differently, you can send special escape sequences with the .e command. E.g.: .eg sends the escape sequence to turn on bold printing to the printer. See section 5.7 for details on all the embedded printer commands. NED defaults to printing 60 lines per page (print pages are 66 lines) leaving 3 lines at the top and the bottom and then issues a form feed when it has finished. To allow for different sized forms and for the situation where you don't want top and bottom margins or where you want a left margin, NED has the YLAYOUT command. This command allows you to specify the form length, top, bottom and left margins, for example: <Esc>Y66,0,0,10<Enter> will set the print page to 66 lines with no top or bottom margins and a left margin of ten characters. This allows you to print a file with no perforation skips on standard continuous paper and have a one inch left margin so you can bind the printout. If you have A4 paper, the command: <Esc>Y70,6,3<Enter> will set the form length to 70 lines, with a 6 line top margin, a 3 line bottom margin and no left margin. See section 5.1 for further details on the YLAYOUT command. NED also allows you to set your default page layout in CONFIG.NED with the LAYOUT statement, see section 5.3 for details. 4.6 Using the Print Spooler When a file is printed it may be sent directly to the printer or sent via the spooler. When printing directly, you must wait until the printer has finished before continuing editing. When printing via the spooler, you can continue editing your files in foreground mode while NED prints the file in background. The spooler can handle up to ten files in its queue. Each time a file is sent to the spooler it is added to the end of the queue. As the printing of a file is completed, all remaining files are moved up one place in the queue. The spooler continues printing until no more files remain in the queue. To print in background mode the spooler must first be set on. Use CTRL F6 to toggle the spooler on or off or use the SPOOL statement in CONFIG.NED to default it on or off.See section 5.3 for details. Once the spooler is active, use the PRINT command to send NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 36 files to the spooler. This only takes a moment and you are then returned to editing your file(s). The VSPOOL command allows you to control the spooler while it is active. You can pause or resume background printing or remove one or all files from the spooler. To pause background printing when the spooler is active, use the following command: <Esc>Vp<Enter> Repeat the above command to resume printing. To remove all files from the spooler queue including the active spool file use the 'k' parameter. For example: <Esc>Vk<Enter> You may selectively remove a file from the spooler queue by specifying its position in the queue. You can enter the queue number for the file you wish to remove for example: <Esc>V2<Enter> You may also browse through the queue with the up or down arrows. This will display the number and name of each file in the queue. You may then press ENTER on the file you wish to remove. See section 5.1 for more details on the VSPOOL command. 4.7 Using the Calculator The Calculator emulates most of the functions of the average hand held model. It uses the standard 'infix' method of operand/operator/operand (e.g 2 + 3). The Calculator is invoked with the SHIFT F6 key. The program NCAL.EXE must be either in the current directory or reside on the PATH. The Calculator has provision for hexadecimal and decimal numbers. Use the space bar to toggle between these two modes. When you toggle between modes the currently displayed number will be converted accordingly. NED automatically selects the NUM-LOCK on your numeric keypad allowing you to use it for number entry. To enter the hexadecimal A to F use CTRL A to F. If you miskey a number you can backspace (BS) over it and re-type it or press 'e' to re-enter the whole number. Use 'c' to clear all (CE) operands and operators. If the number calculated is too large to be displayed the calculator will show the message: Overflow When you have finished press ESC to return to your file. You can use the calculator from DOS by typing: NCAL<Enter>c NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 37 Note that the 'c' must be pressed after ENTER. 4.8 Using the ASCII Tables These tables provide the full set of ASCII characters in decimal, hexadecimal and the ASCII character. For example: DEC HEX CHR 42 2A * The ASCII tables are invoked with the F6 key. The program NCAL.EXE must be either in the current directory or reside on the PATH. You can view other pages with the arrow keys HOME takes you to the first page END to the last page. Press ESC to return to your file. The F1 key toggles between character names and the literal character on the first page of the tables. For example, ASCII 3 will appear as the clear smiley face character or as 'SOH'. You can use the ASCII tables from DOS by typing: NCAL<Enter>a Note that the 'a' must be pressed after ENTER. 4.9 Using Colours If you have a CGA, EGA, VGA or compatible adapter you can configure NED to make full use of colour. You may preset the colours you wish to use with two statements in the start up file CONFIG.NED. These are the COLOUR and INTENSITY statements. NED allows different colour settings for the edit and System windows. The COLOUR statement accepts four numbers between 0 and 7. The first two are the foreground and background attributes for the Edit window. The last two specify the foreground and background colours for the System window. The INTENSITY statement accepts two numbers between 0 and 15 although to work properly should be between 8 and 15. The first sets the bold attribute for the Edit window and the second sets the bold attribute for the System window. The numbers correspond to the colours as follows: No. Colour No. Colour 0 Black 8 Dark grey 1 Blue 9 Light blue 2 Green 10 Light green 3 Cyan 11 Light cyan 4 Red 12 Light red 5 Magenta 13 Light magenta 6 Brown 14 Yellow 7 White 15 Bright white For example: COLOUR=7,1,0,1 INTENSITY=12,14 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 38 sets white on blue characters with red intensity in the Edit window and black on white characters with a yellow intensity in the System window COLOUR=7,4,1,3 INTENSITY=14,15 sets white on red characters with yellow intensity in the Edit window and white on cyan characters with a bright white in the System window. NED uses the intensity attribute in the Edit window with the cursor. When the cursor is within a line it will be the same colour as a character it is under. If however it is off the end of the line, the colour changes to the INTENSITY setting. In the first example above this will be Bright red. This is a useful feature as it shows you where you have entered text. For example if there are spaces on the end of a line or if there is text to the right of the Edit window, the cursor will appear in the normal attribute. See section 5.3 for more details on the COLOUR and INTENSITY configuration statements. 4.10 Using 43/50 Line Modes If you have an EGA or VGA adapter, NED permits editing in 43 and 50 line modes respectively. To toggle between 25 and 43/50 line modes use ALT =. See section 5.2 for details on the ALT = function. If you want to use 43 or 50 line modes by default change the MODE statement in CONFIG.NED to the following: MODE=EGA43 or: MODE=VGA50 depending on your video adapter. If you specify EGA or NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 39 VGA you will be able to switch to 43 and 50 line modes respectively, with ALT =. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 40 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 5 Reference Sections 5.1 Command Reference Introduction This section gives a full description of commands available from Command mode. Items not surrounded by the square brackets are compulsory parameters. The space between the command letter and the parameter is intended for clarity only. No leading space should be typed when entering the parameter. Conversely when a comma (,) appears in the parameter specification it should be typed literally. AREA Change to a new area Syntax: A [number] The AREA command allows you to specify an optional area number to change to. If no area number is given the next area is chosen. You may browse through the areas with the up/down arrows. When you change to another area, the filename/pathname of the new area is copied to the last parameter string, so that you may restore it with F3 and edit it for your next command parameter. Alternatively, you may select another area with the ALT 0 to 9 keys or the Status screen by pressing F10 and selecting the area you want. See section 5.2 for further details. BACKUP Specify the backup directory Syntax: B drive:\directory When a file is written to disk the original filename is renamed to the ._?? extension. The leading underscore allows you to distinguish edited files that have the same filename but have different extensions. If no backup directory is specified, the backup file will be written to the current directory. This however can clutter your work directory making it difficult to find files. The BACKUP command allows you to specify an alternative drive:\directory in which to place the backup file. This is useful to keep back-ups 'out of harms way'. If the drive:\directory does not exist, NED will prompt: Create BACKUP Directory (Y/N) ? If you answer 'y', NED will attempt to create the directory. You may use the File Display mode to select a directory by pressing F1 in parameter entry mode. When in File Display mode, CTRL ENTER selects the high- lit directory since ENTER merely moves you to the high- lit directory. See section 5.5 for further details on File Display mode. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 41 This command can also be specified in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. CLOSE Closes an area Syntax: C [number] This command closes an area. If no area number is given the current area is closed. You may close other areas from the current area by specifying its number. For example: <Esc>C3<Enter> will attempt to close area number 3. If the specified area is not open, NED displays the message: Area Not Open ! If changes have been made to the area, NED prompts you with: Changes will be lost, Confirm (Y/N) ? if you answer no the operation is aborted. If yes the changes are discarded and the area is freed. All memory associated with the area is returned to the system pool and the area is available for use again with another file. DETAB Detab a file Syntax: D This command replaces tab characters (chr 9) with spaces (chr 32) using the current tabstop settings as a template. This means that where a tab character is found in a line, its proximity to next tabstop is calculated and the appropriate number of spaces inserted to bring it into alignment. Some lines may want to expand to greater than 256 characters in which case they are truncated. In large files the DETAB command will consume more memory to accommodate the increased size of the file. This command is useful when you read a file from another editor that contains tabs. Make sure that you set NED's tabstops to match the file's tab settings otherwise you will have text alignment problems after expansion. NED can be set to automatically detab when a file is opened with the DETAB statement in CONFIG.NED or with the CTRL F10 function toggle, see sections 5.3 and 5.2 for details. See the TABSET command below for details on setting tabstops. See the NTAB command for the reverse of this command. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 42 END Finish editing a file Syntax: E [pathname] When this command is issued, the file is firstly checked to see if it has changed. If so, it is written to disk. The area is then closed and NED will attempt to move to another open area. If no open area can be found, NED will return you to DOS. If, however the spooler is active, NED will display the message: Background is busy and will not exit to DOS. An optional pathname may be specified to which the file will be written thus preserving the original file. If the pathname exists, NED will prompt: File Exists ! Overwrite (Y/N) ? If you answer 'y' NED will overwrite the file, if 'n', the command is aborted. You may also use the File Display mode to select a file to overwrite by pressing F1. When the command has completed NED will display the message: <number> lines written FILL Fill a line with a character Syntax: F character,number This command takes the character and fills it from the current line and column of the cursor the number of times. Any valid characters may be used including characters generated using the ALT keypad method (e.g. ruling graphics). Characters will not be filled to a width greater than 256 nor will they be filled at the cursor if it is off the end of a line. In the latter case FILL appends at the end of the line. If you gave an invalid fill parameter or the fill will not fit in the current line, NED will display the message: Bad Fill Spec or Not Valid to Fill If the fill is successful, NED displays the message: '<char>' Filled number Times For example: <Esc>F*,70<Enter> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 43 will fill the '*' character 70 times from the cursor. GOTO Goto a line Syntax: G line[,column] This command moves the cursor to the specified line, and optional column of the current area. The line cannot be greater than the number of lines in the current area and the column cannot be greater than 256. If an invalid line or column is specified, the cursor remains in its original position, and NED will display the following message: Bad Line Number ! This command is also available in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. HELP Load help system Syntax: H [startpagenum] This command attempts to load the help system. NHELP.EXE must be either in the current directory or reside on the PATH. The HELP command takes an optional starting page number, for example: <Esc>H5<Enter> will take you to the fifth help screen. See the F1 key reference in section 5.2 for more details. INTERWORD Specify interword delimiter(s) Syntax: I character... NED distinguishes a word as any character or group of characters surrounded by one or more characters from the interword delimiter set. The default is a space. The interword delimiter set allows you to tailor your definition of a word so you can break up complicated expressions. NED needs to know these characters in order to provide functions like next/previous word and deleting words. For example many programming languages use the comma to separate function parameters. In this case you would specify: <Esc>I ,<Enter> Changes to the delimiter set made with this command can be saved to CONFIG.NED by using the CTRL F4 key. Note that to use the space as a character it must be embedded before or in the middle of the other characters or else CONFIG.NED must be written to disk with the strip flag set to off with the CTRL F7 key. See section 5.2 for NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 44 details on CTRL F4 and CTRL F7 section 5.3 for details on the INTERWORD statement in CONFIG.NED. JEJECT Eject page from printer Syntax: J [numpages] This command ejects a page from the printer. You may optionally specify a number of pages to eject. For example: <Esc>J3<Enter> will eject three pages from the printer. Rather than sending the form feed character, NED sends the number of line feeds corresponding to the page length set in the YLAYOUT command or the LAYOUT statement in CONFIG.NED. The default page length is 66 lines. KEEP Save a macro file Syntax: K [macrofile] The KEEP command saves the current macro set to disk. If the macro set is new you must specify a macrofile. If no macrofile is given or the filename is invalid, NED will display the message: Invalid MACRO file or filename If the macro set has been previously loaded and no macrofile is given, NED will update the existing macro file. You may also specify a new name to save an existing macro set to. The default extension is for a macro file is .MCR. LAUNDRY Saves files that have changed Syntax: L [p] This command checks all the open areas to see if any changes have been made in them. If so, NED saves each file to disk. The optional 'p' parameter may be specified which will prompt: Save this file (Y/N) ? for each file that has changed. After you answer, NED proceeds with the checking. When completed you are returned to the area you started in. This command is useful if you are working on a number of files, when saving each file individually is cumbersome. MACRO Name and record a keyboard Macro Syntax: M [title[,r]] This command allows you to record a keyboard macro. It is NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 45 an alternative to the F7 key. It allows you to name the macro before you begin recording. For example you would type: <Esc>MFile opener<Enter> to begin recording a macro called 'File opener'. After you have pressed ENTER, NED will prompt you to enter a macro key between ALT F1-20 (ALT F11-20 = SHIFT ALT F1 10) to assign the macro to. If you enter a key that is not between ALT F1-20, NED displays the message: Key entered Not a valid MACRO key ! If a valid macro key is pressed, the cursor is taken out of the command area to begin recording. Make sure you are in an open area when recording and using a macro. When you have finished recording press the F7 key. You may also use this command to name or rename an existing macro. Repeat the above process except append the 'r' option. For example: <Esc>MFile opener,r<Enter> will prompt you for the macro key and then assign the name 'File opener' to it. You can view the names of macros with the SHIFT F7 key (Macro Report screen). The purpose of being able to name macros is so that you can view this screen and hence be able to remember the function of macros you create and save. See section 5.2 for details on the F7 and SHIFT F7 keys. NTAB Replace spaces with tabs Syntax: N This command replaces spaces (chr 32) with tab characters (chr 9) using the current tabstop settings as a template. This means that when a number of spaces are found corresponding to the space number value of the nearest tabstop these are replaced by a tab character. The NTAB command will release some memory that being the memory taken up by the spaces converted. NED can be set to automatically entab a file when it is saved with the NTAB statement in CONFIG.NED or with the CTRL F9 toggle key, see sections 5.2 and 5.3 for details. See the TABSET command below for details on setting tabstops and see the DETAB command above for the reverse function. OPEN Open a file for editing Syntax: O [pathname] This command opens a file for editing in the next NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 46 available area. If there are no free areas, NED will display the message: No Free Areas left ! In its simplest form, OPEN accepts the pathname of the file to open. For example: <Esc>Omyfile.prg<Enter> will attempt to open the file 'myfile.prg'. If the file does not exist NED will prompt you with: Ok to Create (Y/N) ? If you answer 'y' you may proceed to enter text, otherwise you will be returned to command selection mode. If no parameter is given, the next file in the File List is opened if a File List exists. CTRL F1 (quick open) will open the next file in the File List as a short-cut to this operation. If there are no further files in the File List, NED will display the message: End of File List reached You may browse the File List in parameter entry mode with the up/down arrows and then ENTER on a file to open. If you hold down either the up or down arrows, when the top or bottom of the File List is reached, NED will wrap around to the other end of the list. You may also enter File Display mode with the F1 key which takes you to the directory window and ENTER on the file you wish to open. You may specify a wildcard parameter and then press the F1 key to display only those files in the wildcard set. For example: <Esc>O*.c<F1> will enter File Display mode displaying only matching '*.c' files. You can then ENTER on the file you wish to open or ESC back to Command mode. See section 5.5 for more details on the File Display mode. NED will attempt read the entire file into the area. If the file is has more lines than the maximum lines allowed, NED will prompt: Buffer full, Continue ? (Y/N) If you want to edit this file, you should answer 'n' to this prompt which will abort the command and return to the previous open area. You should then save your files if necessary, open CONFIG.NED and increase the MAXLINES statement to accommodate the larger file then quit and re-load NED. If you answer 'y', NED will allow you to edit only the first number of buffer lines of the file. The extra lines that were not read will be lost if you write the file back to disk. You may choose this option NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 47 if you wish to view this file. Sufficient memory must be available to read the entire file. If there is not enough memory, NED will beep and display the message: Insufficient memory ! then abort the command and return to the previous open area. If you need to work on this file, we recommend the following actions: 1 - close down any less important files you may have open to free up more memory and re-issue the OPEN command. 2 - reduce the MAXLINES statement in CONFIG.NED to a number that it closer to your maximum required number of lines. 3 - check that you have enough free memory in DOS before re-loading NED. For example, you could have a Terminate Stay Resident (TSR) program consuming system memory. 4 - check to see that you haven't shelled out from another program and loaded NED. You can normally do this except with large text files. PRINT Sends the current file to the printer Syntax: P [{to|from,to}] With no parameters this command prints the whole file. You may optionally specify a to line number which prints from the current line to the to line, or alternatively, you may specify a from and to line numbers to specify printing between start and ending lines. For example: <Esc>P5,25<Enter> Prints lines 5 to 25 inclusively. <Esc>P100<Enter> Prints from the current line to line 100. If you are printing in foreground mode, NED will attempt to initialize the PRN device before printing. If it fails you will be prompted: Printer Not Ready, Continue ? (Y/N) Check that the printer is on-line and answer 'y'. NED will retry. If you answer 'n' you will be returned to command selection. If you are printing in background mode, NED will print the file to the spooler where it will be added to the queue and printed in background mode. See the VSPOOL NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 48 command below. To set your page layout i.e. page length, top, bottom and left margins, see the YLAYOUT command below and the LAYOUT statement in section 5.3. QUIT Quit NED and return to DOS Syntax: Q [{a|s}] The QUIT command first goes through all the open areas checking for any changes. If none are found, you are returned to DOS. If changes are found in a file NED displays the message: (S)ave (A)bort or (C)ancel ? You can save or abort the file or cancel the entire quit operation in which case you remain in Command mode. A shorthand method is also available with this command. QUIT with the 'a' parameter quits from NED without saving any files even if changes have been recorded. QUIT with the 's' parameter saves any files that have changed without prompting and then quits. If the spooler is active and you attempt to quit, NED will display the message: Background is busy and will not exit to DOS until printing is finished. REPLACE Replaces text with a specified string Syntax: R string[,{number|g[,n]}] Before using this command you must use either the SPECIFY command or the Block Mode 's' command to tell NED what you want to replace (target pattern). This command requires a string which will replace the target pattern if found. If just the string is given, NED will attempt to replace the next occurrence of the target pattern with it. For example: <Esc>Sfor<Enter>RFOR<Enter> will replace the next occurrence of "for" with "FOR". You can append an optional number to specify the maximum number of replacements to be made. Alternatively, you may append a ',g' which will replace the target pattern across the whole file (globally). Each time a target is found you will be prompted: Replace (Y/N) ? if you answer 'y' NED will replace the pattern with the NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 49 string, if you answer 'n', NED continues searching. You may also press ESC at this prompt, which will abort the command. You may further append a ',n' which suppresses the above prompting. For example: <Esc>Sbill<Enter>Raccount,g,n<Enter> will replace the all occurrences of the word 'bill' with 'account' without any prompting. When NED has finished replacing, the message: <number> replaced, <number> overflows is displayed showing the number of replacements made and the number of overflows encountered. An overflow occurs when the replaced text expands the line to greater than 256 characters. In this case the line is truncated. To replace a comma (,) precede it with a backslash character (\,). You can retrieve the last replacement parameter with the up arrow in parameter entry mode. SPECIFY Specifies a search expression Syntax: S expression This command tells NED what pattern to look for when searching for or replacing text. SPECIFY accepts an expression conforming to the Regular Expression Language described in section 5.6. For example: <Esc>S/\*.*\*/<Enter> will search for a 'C' comment line. See section 5.6 for details on using this language. To begin searching you must press F8, SHIFT F8, CTRL F8 or issue a REPLACE command. SPECIFY expressions may also be set using the 's' command in Block Mode. See section 5.7 for details on the Block Mode. The SPECIFY expression may be used across all open areas and remains current until a new expression is specified. You can retrieve the last SPECIFY parameter with the up arrow in parameter entry mode. TABSET Sets the tabstop template Syntax: T {column[,column...]|r} This command sets the tabstop template to the specified column number(s). If you specify only one column parameter, tabs are set to a width of column-1 for the entire template. For example: <Esc>T5<Enter> will set tabstops at every fourth column. This is NED's NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 50 default setting. If more than one column is given, tabstops are set accordingly. The difference between the last two columns is used to set the remaining tabstops. For example: <Esc>T7,11<Enter> will set tabstops for FORTRAN programs. You can reset the template to the default with the 'r' parameter. This command is also available in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for more details. USE Load a macro file Syntax: U macrofile This command loads a set of macros from disk. You need only specify a filename/pathname as the .MCR extension is the default. If macrofile does not exist or is corrupted, NED displays the message: Invalid MACRO File or File name ! You can enter File Display mode by pressing F1. This filters *.MCR files. You may then press ENTER on the macro file you wish to use. For example: <Esc>U<F1> If there are no macro files in the current directory you can select another directory using File Display mode through the OPEN command. Once you have moved to the new directory, exit File Display Mode and re-issue the USE command as above. The MACRO statement in CONFIG.NED will instruct NED to USE a macro file when starting up, see section 5.3 for details. VSPOOL Print spooler control Syntax: V {p|k[-]|t{1-8192}|1-9} This command allows you to pause or resume background printing, allow you to remove one or all files from the spooler or adjust the timeslice given to the spooler. The following command: <Esc>Vp<Enter> will pause background printing if the spooler is active. To resume printing repeat the above command. This is useful if you wish to devote all CPU time to editing processes. The spooler queue can handle up to ten files. Each time NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 51 a file is sent to the spooler it is added to the end of the queue. As the printing of a file is completed, all remaining files are moved up one place in the queue. To remove all files from the spooler queue including the active spool file use the 'k' parameter. NED also allows you to flush the contents of the printer buffer by appending '-' character to the 'k' parameter. For example: <Esc>Vk-<Enter> You may selectively remove one file from the spooler queue by specifying its position in the queue. Either enter the queue number for the file you wish to remove or you may browse through the queue with the up or down arrows. This will display the number and name of each file in the queue. You may then press ENTER on the file you wish to remove. You may adjust the amount of time given to the printer while spooling with the 't' command. The timeslice value must be between 1 and 8192. The greater the timeslice value, the less time is given to the printer. For example: <Esc>Vt256<Enter> Sets the timeslice to 256. The SPOOL statement in CONFIG.NED allows you to configure the spooler when NED loads. See section 5.3 for more details. To toggle background printing on or off use CTRL F6. WRITE Write the current file Syntax: W [pathname[,n]] With no parameter this command writes the current file to disk regardless of whether there have been any changes made to it. SHIFT F10 is a short-cut for this command, see section 5.2 for details. You may specify a new pathname to write the file to. If this file exists, NED will prompt: File Exists, Overwrite it ? (Y/N) If you press 'n' the command is aborted. You may alternatively enter File Display mode to find an existing file to overwrite by pressing F1 in parameter entry mode. You may optionally append the 'n' parameter to pathname which suppresses the stripping of whitespace characters from the end of each line when writing. XSAVE Save the File List Syntax: X [pathname] This command writes the File List to disk. If pathname is not given, NED will write the File List to FILES.NED if NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 52 you did not start NED with an '@file' ('At' file). If you started NED with an '@file' it will be updated. See section 4.2 for details on using '@files'. You may optionally specify a new pathname to save the list to. The extension .NED is the default so you needn't enter it. For example: <Esc>Xmyfiles<Enter> will save the current File List to MYFILES.NED. To load a File List when starting NED type the '@' symbol before the filename. For example: ned @myfiles<Enter> loads the File List MYFILES.NED from disk when loading NED. When in the File List window in File Display mode, you can save the File List to FILES.NED by pressing CTRL F4. See section 4.2 for more details on File Lists. YLAYOUT Set print page Syntax: Y [length,topmargin,bottommargin[,leftmargin]] This command sets the print page dimensions. With no parameters, the page length is set to 66 lines the top and bottom margins are set to 3 lines and the left margin is set to 0 characters. If you wish to print on the whole page e.g. on standard continuous stationary, the command: <Esc>Y66,0,0<Enter> would cancel the top and bottom margins. If the topmargin plus the bottommargin is greater than page length or the margins are less than 0, the message: Invalid print page layout will be displayed. In this case, the existing settings will remain unchanged. If you want a left margin of ten characters use the following command: <Esc>Y66,3,3,10<Enter> NED also allows you to specify the default page layout in CONFIG.NED, see the LAYOUT statement in section 5.3. ZSORT Sort the current file Syntax: Z [{width|startcol,endcol}] With no parameters, this command sorts the current file alphabetically. You may specify the maximum width that is significant in sorting. For example: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 53 <Esc>Z20<Enter> sorts the current file alphabetically considering the first twenty characters of the each line only. You may instruct NED to sort the file by text that lies between the startcol and endcol. For example: <Esc>Z15,23<Enter> will sort the following output from the DOS DIR command: DISTRIB DOC 3008 19-01-92 3:40a FASTPRN EXE 14441 08-01-92 11:44p LICENSE DOC 5510 19-01-92 6:05p NCAL EXE 42576 21-01-92 3:24a NED DOC 286751 29-01-92 2:10a NED EXE 96021 01-02-92 2:28a NHELP EXE 21199 01-02-92 2:26a OMBUDSMN ASP 811 10-01-92 11:21p PACKING LST 907 25-01-92 11:35p READ ME 10840 31-01-92 11:34p REGISTER FRM 1417 19-01-92 2:09a SAMPLE MCR 11240 26-01-92 3:14a SYSOP DOC 4036 25-01-92 6:07p on the file size column, to produce: OMBUDSMN ASP 811 10-01-92 11:21p PACKING LST 907 25-01-92 11:35p REGISTER FRM 1417 19-01-92 2:09a DISTRIB DOC 3008 19-01-92 3:40a SYSOP DOC 4036 25-01-92 6:07p LICENSE DOC 5510 19-01-92 6:05p READ ME 10840 31-01-92 11:34p SAMPLE MCR 11240 26-01-92 3:14a FASTPRN EXE 14441 08-01-92 11:44p NHELP EXE 21199 01-02-92 2:26a NCAL EXE 42576 21-01-92 3:24a NED EXE 96021 01-02-92 2:28a NED DOC 286751 29-01-92 2:10a 1MARGIN Set the right hand margin Syntax: 1 [rightcolumn] This command sets the right hand margin for word wrap. With no parameters, this command resets the right hand margin to 65. The rightcolumn must be between 1 and 256. Only one right hand column may be specified. If the column given is invalid, NED will display the message: Invalid right hand margin For example: <Esc>145<Enter> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 54 Sets the right hand margin to 45. NED also allows you to specify the default right hand margin in CONFIG.NED, see the WORDWRAP statement in section 5.3. See section 3.4 for details on using word wrap. 2DOS Execute DOS command Syntax: 2 [command [parameter...]] 3SPEED Set keyboard speed Syntax: 3 {0-5} NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 55 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.2 Function Reference Introduction This section describes the function keys used in NED. Function keys perform a particular action for which no parameters are required. UP/DOWN ARROWS Previous/Next line These keys move the cursor up or down one line. If the cursor is at the top of the window and you press UP, the screen will scroll down one line. Alternatively, if you at the bottom of the Edit window and you press DOWN, the screen will scroll up one line. If you are on the first or last line of the file and you press UP or DOWN, the screen will not scroll and NED will beep. If the SCROLL LOCK is on, the Edit window will scroll up or down and the cursor will remain in the same relative position on the edit window. HOME/END Start/End line The HOME key moves the cursor to the first non whitespace character of the current line. The END key moves the cursor one space to the right of the last character on the current line (including whitespace characters). These keys have the same effect in Command mode. PGUP/PGDN Previous/Next page These keys scroll the edit window up or down one page, normally +- 20 lines. The cursor will be left at the same relative position in the window. If you are at the top or bottom of the file these keys will have no effect. These functions are designed to operate very quickly and you can therefore hold these keys down without filling the keyboard buffer. CTRL PGUP/CTRL PGDN Top/Bottom screen These keys move the cursor to the top or bottom line of the edit window. CTRL HOME/CTRL END First/Last line The CTRL HOME key takes the cursor to first line of the file. The column position remains as it was unless you press CTRL SHIFT HOME which takes the cursor to the first column. The CTRL END key moves the cursor to the last line of the file. The column position remains as it was unless you NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 56 press CTRL SHIFT END which takes the cursor to the first column on the last line. LEFT/RIGHT ARROWS Previous/Next character These keys move the cursor left or right one character on the current line. If the cursor is at the right of the Edit window and you press RIGHT, the screen will scroll left one character unless you are on column 256. Alternatively if you are at the left of the edit window and you press LEFT, the screen will scroll right one character unless you are on column 1. If the SCROLL LOCK is on, the Edit window will scroll left or right and the cursor will remain in the same relative position on the screen. These keys have the same effect in Command mode. CTRL LEFT/CTRL RIGHT Previous/Next word These keys move the cursor to the beginning of the previous or next word. If the cursor is at the beginning of a line and you press CTRL LEFT, NED will move the cursor to the beginning of the last word on the previous line. Similarly, if the cursor is at the end of a line and you press CTRL RIGHT, NED will move the cursor to the beginning of the first word on the next line. A word is defined as a character or group of characters surrounded by one or more interword delimiters. See the INTERWORD command in section 5.1 for more details. BACKSPACE (BS) Blank previous character This key moves the cursor to the left one space and blanks the character under it. If you are in insert mode, BS deletes the character to the left dragging text to the right of the cursor to the left. This is the opposite of the DEL key. This key has the same effect in Command mode. When word wrap is on and the cursor is at the first column of a line and the line is not the first line of the file, BS joins the current line to the end of the previous line. DELETE (DEL) Delete character This key deletes the character under the cursor dragging text to the right of the cursor to the left. This key has the same effect in Command mode. When word wrap is on and the cursor is at the end of a line and the line is not the last line of the file, DEL joins the next line to the end of the current line. ENTER Open new line below NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 57 The ENTER key opens up a new line below the current line. If the Auto-indent flag is off, the cursor is placed at the first column. If the Auto-indent flag is on, the cursor is placed under the first non whitespace character of the previous line. When auto-indent is on, RIGHT SHIFT ENTER moves the cursor one tabstop to the right of the first non- whitespace character of the line above and LEFT SHIFT ENTER moves the cursor one tabstop to the left. In Command mode, this key executes the selected command. When word wrap is on, ENTER splits the line at the cursor position, moving the cursor to the beginning of the new line. This is the same as pressing CTRL M when word wrap is off. CTRL ENTER Open new line above This key operates in exactly the same way as the ENTER key except that it opens a line above the current line. ESCAPE (ESC) Command mode This key moves the cursor to the command area, temporarily suspending editing of the file. If you are already in Command mode, this key returns you to the Edit window. See section 5.1 for details on NED's commands and section 3.1 for details on the using the command area. If you wish to enter an escape character in your file press CTRL ESC. SHIFT ESCAPE Exit Command mode This key moves the cursor from the command area to the Edit window. It has been designed to be used when recording macros. It allows you to control which window the cursor is in when a macro runs. Note that you cannot enter Command mode with this key. See section 4.4 for details on using macros. INSERT (INS) Insert mode This key toggles between insert and overtype modes. When in insert mode any text entered will automatically push all characters from the cursor to the right. When in overtype mode any character typed replaces the character under the cursor. In insert mode the cursor appears as a half block and in overtype mode the cursor is a quarter block. The initial status of insert mode can be set with the INSERT statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 58 This key has the same effect in Command mode. SCROLL LOCK Freeze cursor This key toggles the scroll lock function on and off. The default is off. When on, the Edit window instead of the cursor moves when you press the LEFT, RIGHT, UP or DOWN keys. This is useful for browsing through a file particularly when it is wider than 80 characters. TAB Right tab If you are not in insert mode this key moves the cursor one tabstop to the right. If the cursor is at the right of the Edit window and you press the TAB key, the screen will scroll left one tabstop unless you are on column 256. If you are in insert mode, the TAB key inserts the equivalent number of spaces to take the cursor to the next tabstop, pushing text to the right. This will only insert spaces up to the maximum of 256 characters. If the hard-tab flag is on, this key will enter hard tab characters into the file. SHIFT TAB Left tab If you are not in insert mode this key moves the cursor one tabstop to the left. If the cursor is at the left of the Edit window and you press the SHIFT TAB key, the screen will scroll right one tabstop unless you are on column 1. If you are in insert mode the SHIFT TAB key deletes the equivalent number of characters to take the cursor to the previous tabstop, dragging text to the left. F1 Help This key attempts to load the help system. NHELP.EXE must be either in the current directory or reside on the PATH and there must be 64Kb of memory available. If insufficient memory is available or the help file cannot be found, NED will display the following message: Can't load Help File The help system is divided into ten screens the first of which is an index to the other nine. Enter the number of the screen you wish to view or use UP or DOWN arrows, ENTER and PGUP or PGDN to browse through the screens. HOME and F1 takes you to the index screen and END takes you to the last screen. To return to your file press ESC. This key is a shortcut for the HELP command. SHIFT F1 Select File List This key enters File Display mode and selects the File List window. If there are no files in the File List, NED NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 59 will select the Directory window. You can use UP, DOWN, HOME, END, PGUP or PGDN to browse the File List. If you press ENTER over any file NED will try to OPEN it. You may move to the directory window by pressing the TAB key. If there is not enough memory to enter File Display mode, NED will display the message: Insufficient Memory ! CTRL F1 Open next file This key attempts to OPEN the next file from the File List. If you don't have a File List or the file pointer is at the end of the list then NED will display the message: End of File List reached This key is a shortcut for the following keystrokes: <Esc>O<Enter><Esc> F2 Restore scrap This key restores text from the Scrap buffer to the current file. If the scrap is intra-line (within a line) the restored text will be inserted into the current line at the cursor position. If the cursor is past the end of the line, NED will append the text to the end of the line. If the length of the line plus the width of the scrap is greater than 256 characters, NED will beep and not restore the text. Intra-line scrap can only be created in Block Mode. If however the scrap is inter-line (one or more lines) then the restored text will be inserted below the current line. When text is restored NED will display the message: number lines copied from Scrap You will only be allowed to insert lines up to the maximum number of lines allowed, set by the MAXLINES statement in CONFIG.NED. In this situation NED will restore as many lines from scrap as it can, then display the message: number lines ONLY copied from Scrap If there is not enough memory available to restore the entire scrap buffer, NED will restore as much as it can. If there is no memory available, NED will beep and display the message: Insufficient Memory ! NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 60 SHIFT F2 Delete line This key deletes (or cuts) the current line to the scrap buffer. Whatever was previously in the scrap buffer is lost. You may append lines to the scrap buffer with consecutive SHIFT F2 strokes as long as no other key is pressed in between. In this way you can cut an entire block of text to scrap. If you have deleted all lines in a file NED will insert one blank line at the beginning of the file. When a line is cut to scrap, NED will display an abbreviation of the deleted text to the right of line 3 in the system window. CTRL F2 Restore above This key is the same as F2 except that scrap is inserted above the current line instead of below it. If the scrap is intra-line, NED will insert the text at the cursor column in the previous line. If the cursor column is past the end of the previous line, NED will append the text to the previous line. If the cursor is on the first line of the file, NED will beep, and not insert the scrap. F3 Join line This key joins the next line to the end of the current line. If the length of both lines is greater than 256 characters, NED will join as much of the next line as possible, leaving the remainder on the next line. If the cursor is located within the original line, the joined line will be appended to the current line. If, however the cursor is off the end of the current line the next line will be joined at the cursor position. If you are on the last line of the file, NED will beep. SHIFT F3 Split line This key splits the current line at the cursor position. All characters from the cursor to the end of the line will form a new line under the current line. After the line is split, the cursor remains in the same position. This key has the same effect as CTRL M except that the cursor remains at the end of the old line. CTRL F3 Copy line This key copies the current line to the scrap buffer. This key has the same effect as the following keys: <Shift F2><Up><F2><Down> F4 Block mode This key enters Block mode. You may also exit Block mode NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 61 with this key. See section 5.4 for details on Block mode. SHIFT F4 DOS shell This key invokes a DOS shell. NED is suspended, the screen is cleared and you are handed over to DOS. You may then enter any DOS commands. To return to NED type 'exit' at the DOS prompt and NED will be restored to its previous state. A single block of at least 64Kb of contiguous memory is required to invoke the shell. If there isn't a block large enough, NED will display the message: Insufficient memory ! Remember that you will also need some memory to run other programs. When out in the shell be careful not to load any program that may effect what is already in memory, especially a memory resident program (TSR). If for any reason the system memory is corrupted you may lose your edits, therefore it is a good idea to save the file(s) you are working on before you shell. CTRL F4 Save configuration This key instructs NED to write the current environment settings to the file CONFIG.NED, in the current directory. This function is useful for firstly creating a new CONFIG.NED file and secondly to save a special setup you may require. All parameters described in section 5.3 are included in the file. Two options are worth mentioning. These are: FILE=filename GOTO=line,column In the first statement, NED will insert the current area's filename. In the second statement, NED will insert the current cursor line and column. When completed, NED will display the message: CONFIG.NED written to disk F5 Brace match This key attempts to find a matching brace, square bracket, angle bracket or parentheses. The cursor must be over one of these characters. If the cursor is not over one of these characters, NED will beep and display the message: Cursor must point to {([«<!?¿¡>»])} NED will try to match across the entire file as follows: [ to match ] < to match > NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 62 { to match } ( to match ) If the character is an opener (left column above) NED will search downwards, otherwise NED will search upwards. If a match is not found NED will display the message: Match Not Found ! If a match is found, NED will move the cursor to the matching character. This function is particularly useful for checking complex bracketed expressions in programs. For example in the following expression, you may wish to check that each opening parentheses has a matching close: if ((ln[j]=alloc_line(strlen(buf[i])))==(char*)0) SHIFT F5 Redraw This key redraws the screen, positioning the current line in the middle of the Edit window. CTRL F5 Freeze/thaw This key freezes the screen from the current line to the bottom of the Edit window. You may continue editing in the unfrozen top part of the window. You cannot leave any less than five lines unfrozen. If you attempt to do this, NED will beep. A bold double ruled line will appear to separate the frozen from the unfrozen areas. To unfreeze (thaw) the screen press CTRL F5 again. PGUP and PGDN will scroll through the file one line less than the unfrozen window. You may freeze the screen in one area, change to another and continue editing. This function is useful for displaying two separate files or two parts of the same file together. F6 ASCII tables This key invokes the ASCII tables. This is a small window that displays 32 characters of the ASCII character set at a time. The table displays each character in decimal, hexadecimal and ASCII. For example: DEC HEX CHR 42 2A * You may use the UP or DOWN arrows, HOME and END to move through the pages. Press ESC to return to your file. If you are on the first page of the tables, the F1 key will NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 63 toggle between character names and character literals. NCAL.EXE must be either in the current directory or on the PATH. There must also be at least 50Kb of memory available to use the tables. If there is insufficient memory, NED will display the message: Can't load Help File SHIFT F6 Calculator This key invokes the calculator. This is a small window not unlike a conventional hand held model. It uses the standard 'infix' method of operand/operator/operand notation (e.g 2 + 3). The calculator provides floating point arithmetic to four decimal places. All the normal functions of a calculator are provided in both hexadecimal and decimal format. Use the space bar to toggle between these two modes. When you toggle between modes the currently displayed number will be converted accordingly. NED automatically selects NUM-LOCK allowing you to use the numeric keypad for number entry. To enter hexadecimal A to F use CTRL A to F. If you miskey a number you can backspace (BS) over it and re-type or press 'e' to re enter the whole number. Use 'c' to clear all operands and operators. If the number calculated is too large to be displayed the calculator will show the message: Overflow When you have finished press ESC to return to your file. Some of the special functions provided include OR (|), AND (&) and XOR (x). For example: A3F | 100 <Enter> will produce the result: B3F NCAL.EXE must be either in the current directory or on the PATH. There must also be at least 50Kb of memory available to use the calculator. If there is insufficient memory, NED will display the message: Can't load Help File CTRL F6 Toggle background printing This key toggles background printing on or off. NED will display either of the following messages: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 64 Spooler on Spooler off If the spooler is active, NED will display the message: Background is busy You cannot turn background off when the spooler is active. See the VSPOOL command in section 5.1 for details on controlling the spooler once it is active. F7 Record macro This key tells NED to begin recording a keyboard macro. When you press F7, NED will beep and display the message: Enter Target Key (ALT F1-20) Enter a key between ALT F1-20 (ALT F11-20 = ALT SHIFT F1- 10) to assign the macro to. As you record your macro, NED will display the number of keystrokes you have pressed, in the message area. When you have finished press F7 again to end recording. NED then displays the message: End Record (macrokey) You may record up to 128 keystrokes per macro. NED will beep at the 127th keystroke. If you continue to enter keys, NED will overwrite the 128th key. See section 4.4 and the MACRO command in section 5.1 for more information on using macros. SHIFT F7 Macro report This key displays the Macro Report screen which summarizes the current macro file (if one exists) and then displays: Key Description Number of Keystrokes for each of the twenty keys. If the macro key is not assigned "(free)" will appear in the description column in the normal attribute. Macros that have been recorded but not named will display "(untitled)". Used macro keys will be displayed in bold. Press any key to return to your file. CTRL F7 Strip This key toggles the strip flag on or off. When this flag is on (default) trailing whitespace characters are stripped off each line of the file as it is saved. When this flag is off this process is suppressed. F8 Search down NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 65 This key begins searching down for the expression previously entered with the SPECIFY command. If no search expression exists, NED will beep. If no match is found NED displays the message: (Pattern) not Found If a matching pattern is found the cursor is placed at the beginning of the pattern and it is displayed in bold. You may continue searching down by pressing F8 again. SHIFT F8 Search up This key has exactly the same function as the F8 key except that it searches up from the cursor position for the search expression. CTRL F8 Search from top This key has exactly the same function as the F8 key except that it searches down from the top of the file for the search expression. This is a shortcut for the following keystrokes: <Ctrl Shift Home><F8> If the pattern is not found the cursor will remain at the beginning of the first line. F9 Goto mark This key takes the cursor to the line and column of the marker and displays the line in bold. If no mark has been set in the current area, NED displays the message: Mark Not Found ! You must have previously marked the line with SHIFT F9. SHIFT F9 Set/remove mark This key sets a mark at the current line and column of the cursor. The line is displayed in bold and will remain so until the mark is removed by pressing SHIFT F9 again. When a mark is set, NED displays the message: Mark set and: Mark removed when a mark is removed. Each of the ten areas can have its own marker. CTRL F9 Auto-entab This key flips the auto-entab flag on or off. This flag NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 66 tells NED whether to automatically entab a file when it is written to disk. NED displays the message: Auto-entab on/off when this key is pressed. See the NTAB command in section 5.1 for further details and section 5.3 for details on the ENTAB statement in CONFIG.NED. F10 Status screen This key displays the Status screen. See section 3.5 for a description of this screen. Press any key to return to your file. You may change areas by moving the current area arrow with the UP or DOWN keys or by entering the number of the area you wish to change to. If you choose an unopened area you will be returned to your original file. SHIFT F10 Save file This key writes the current file to disk. It is a shortcut for the following keystrokes: <Esc>W<Enter><Esc> CTRL F10 Auto-detab This key flips the auto-detab flag on or off. This flag tells NED whether to automatically detab a file when it is read from disk. NED displays the message: Auto-detab on/off when this key is pressed. See the DETAB command in section 5.1 for further details and section 5.3 for details on the DETAB statement in CONFIG.NED. ALT A Goto column 1 This key moves the cursor to the first column of the Edit window. If the FIRSTCOL statement in CONFIG.NED is set to '0' this will be displayed as '0' otherwise it will be displayed as '1' in the System window. ALT B Erase to start This key blanks the line from the current cursor position to the beginning of the line. ALT C Centre justify This key centre justifies the current line. If the line is less than or equal to 80 characters in length it is centred over 80 characters. If it is longer, the line is NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 67 centred over 256 characters. If word wrap is on, NED will centre the current line using the right hand margin if possible. ALT D Erase to end This key erases the line from the current cursor position to the end of the line. This key has the same effect in Command mode. ALT E End window This key moves the cursor to the right most column of the Edit window. ALT F Field copy This key copies one character from the line above (the source line) at the current cursor position on the current line (the target line) and moves the cursor one space to the right. SHIFT ALT F does the same except it copies a character from the line below. If insert is on, the copied character is inserted into the current line and no more than 256 characters will be allowed on the target line. NED will beep if you attempt to insert more. Characters will not be copied off the end of the source line. If you are on the first line of the file and press ALT F, NED will beep similarly if you are on the last line and press SHIFT ALT F NED will also beep. For example, with the source line: The rain in Spain if the cursor is placed on the next line under the 'S' in 'Spain' and ALT F is pressed five times, the result will be: The rain in Spain Spain ALT G Line case flip This key flips the case of the current line. ALT G also works in conjunction with the left and right SHIFT keys. LEFT SHIFT ALT G will only flip lowercase letters RIGHT SHIFT ALT G will only flip uppercase letters. For example if you press ALT G on the following line: The Rain In Spain it will become: tHE rAIN iN sPAIN If you press LEFT SHIFT ALT G it will become: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 68 THE RAIN IN SPAIN If you press RIGHT SHIFT ALT G it will become: the rain in spain ALT H Insert Filename string This key inserts the current filename into the current line at the cursor position. If the cursor is past the end of the line, the filename will be appended to the end of the line. The string format will be the same as the area's filename in the first line of the System window. ALT I Auto-indent This key flips the Auto-indent flag on or off. This flag tells NED whether to indent the cursor under the first non whitespace character of the previous line when you press ENTER. The status of this flag is shown on line 1 of the system window (I) being bold if on. The default is off. This flag can also be set with AUTOINDENT statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. ALT K Erase line This key blanks the current line. This should not be confused with SHIFT F2 which removes the current line. ALT L Left justify This key left justifies the current line, removing all leading whitespaces. ALT M Character case flip This key flips the case of the character under the cursor (e.g. 'm' to 'M' or 'M' to 'm'). LEFT SHIFT ALT M will only flip lower case letters and RIGHT SHIFT ALT M will only flip upper case letters. After the character has been flipped the cursor is moved one space to the right. ALT N Start next line This key moves the cursor to the first column of the next line. ALT O First column This key flips the first column flag on or off. This flag tells NED whether the first column is to be referred to as '1' or '0'. Note that changes made to this flag will be reflected anywhere that NED uses column numbers, for example with the GOTO command and the ruler. The default is off. This NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 69 flag can also be set with FIRSTCOL statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. ALT P Start previous line This key moves the cursor to the first column of the previous line. ALT Q Delete previous word This key deletes the previous word (the word to the left of the cursor). The text to the right of the cursor is dragged to the left accordingly. This key has no effect if you are on the first column of the line. A word is defined as a character or group of characters surrounded by one or more interword delimiters. See the INTERWORD command in section 5.1 for more details. ALT R Right justify This key right justifies the current line. If the line is less than or equal to 80 characters in length, it is justified over 80 characters. If it is longer, the line is justified over 256 characters. If word wrap is on, NED will right justify the current line using the right hand margin if possible. ALT S Start window This key moves the cursor to the left most column of the Edit window. ALT T Hard-tab This key flips the hard-tab flag on or off. This flag tells NED whether to treat the TAB key as a cursor movement key when off, or to insert hard tab characters into the file if on. The default setting is off. This flag can also be set with HARDTAB statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. ALT U Undo This key will undo edits made within a line. This means that the line is restored to its original state before you changed it. You may restore the changes you have made to the line before you first pressed ALT U by pressing ALT U again. There are certain situations where ALT U will have no effect on the current line. Firstly, changes made to a line cannot be undone once you move to another line. Secondly, certain functions reset the line so that further edits only may be undone. These functions are split and join line entry of the Block Mode entry of Command mode entry of Status screen shell to DOS calculator ASCII tables and the Help system. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 70 ALT V Word wrap This key toggles word wrap on or off. When on and the cursor is moved past the right hand margin, if the next character entered is an interword delimiter NED will open up a new line. If the character entered is not an interword delimiter, NED will split the line at the beginning of the previous word. If a previous word cannot be found the character will be added to the current line. If you insert text into a line, NED will not wrap text that is moved past the right hand margin until the cursor passes the margin itself. The cursor remains in the same relative position to the text wrapped to the new line. The status of this flag is shown on line 1 of the system window (W) being bold if on. The default setting is off. This flag can also be set with the WORDWRAP statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. See section 3.4 for details on using word wrap. ALT W Delete next word This key deletes the next word (the word to the right of the cursor). The text to the right of the deleted word is dragged to the left accordingly. A word is defined as a character or group of characters surrounded by one or more interword delimiters. See the INTERWORD command in section 5.1 for more details. ALT Y Insert Date/Time string This key inserts the current date and time into the current line at the cursor position. If the cursor is past the end of the line, the date/time string will be appended to the current line. The string format will conform to the DATEFMT statement in CONFIG.NED. Assuming the date format 'dmy/', the string will appear in the format: dayname dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm {am|pm} for example: Thursday 18/05/1989 3:03 pm The string is derived from the system clock. ALT Z Column 256 This key takes the cursor to column 256. If the FIRSTCOL statement in CONFIG.NED is set to '0' this will be displayed as '255' otherwise it will be displayed as '256' in the System window. ALT - Snow NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 71 This key is for computers with CGA video adapters. With these adapters, during a horizontal or vertical retrace, contention between the processor and the screen produces an unsightly snow or flickering on the screen. Because NED writes directly to the video adapter the ALT - key will synchronize screen writing with the retrace interval. This produces a slightly slower display but one that is a lot clearer. With MDA, HERCULES, EGA or VGA adapters this is not a problem and you should therefore ignore it. This option can also be set with the SNOW statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. ALT = 43/50 line modes This option is for EGA and VGA displays only. This key toggles between 25 and 43/50 line display modes. This option can also be set with the MODE statement in CONFIG.NED. See section 5.3 for details. ALT SPACE BAR Turn ruler on or off This key turns the ruler display off or on. When on, the ruler is displayed on the second line of the System window when the cursor is in the Edit window. The ruler defaults to on. When you enter Command mode, the ruler is always cleared. You can set whether the ruler is on or off when NED is loaded with the RULER statement in CONFIG.NED, see section 5.3 for details. CTRL 2/CTRL @ Quit This key allow you to quit NED. It is a shortcut for the NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 72 following keystrokes: <Esc>Q<Enter> Depending on the type of keyboard you use, one of these keys will work. See section 5.1 for details on the QUIT command. CTRL ESC Hard Escape This key allows you to insert an escape character (chr 27) into your file. CTRL M Split line enter When word wrap is off, this key splits the current line at the cursor position. All characters from the cursor to the end of the line will form a new line under the current line. After the line is split, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the new line. If word wrap is on, the functions of CTRL M and ENTER are reversed. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 73 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.3 Configuration Reference Introduction This section describes all the statements that may be used in the start up file CONFIG.NED. These statements are used to configure NED to your requirements. AUTOINDENT Syntax: AUTOINDENT={ON|OFF} This statement sets whether Auto-indent is on or off when NED is loaded. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, Auto- indent defaults to off. See the ALT I function in section 5.2 for further details. BACKUP Syntax: BACKUP=directory This statement sets the backup directory. If the directory does not exist NED will prompt you to create it. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED and the BACKUP command is not issued, backups will be written to the current directory. See the BACKUP command in section 5.1 for further details. COLOUR Syntax: COLOUR=fore,back[,fore,back] This statement allows you set the default colours used by NED. The first two parameters are the foreground and background of the Edit window. These values must be numbers between 0 and 7. The third and fourth parameters are optional and allow you to set the foreground and background colours of the System window. For example the following statement: COLOUR=7,1,0,7 will set white text on a blue background in the Edit window, and black text on a white background in the System window. Note that this statement will not work with a monochrome adapter (MDA or HERCULES). Monitors that are not colour but display shades of grey will respond to this statement. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, NED will default to the following settings: COLOUR=7,0,0,7 See section 4.9 for a table of the colour numbers. DATEFMT NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 74 Syntax: DATEFMT=formatstring This statement allows you to specify the format of the date string displayed in the Status screen, insert date function and in File Display mode. The formatstring is made of four characters. The first three specify the order of day, month and year the last character specifies the separator. Symbol Meaning D Day M Month Y Year char Separator character If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, DATEFMT will default to the following: DATEFMT=DMY/ which will display the date as Day/Month/Year. The following example will set the date to American format: DATEFMT=MDY- DETAB Syntax: DETAB={ON|OFF} This statement sets the auto-detab flag on or off. When this feature is on, NED automatically replaces hard-tabs with spaces when a file is read. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, DETAB will default to off. See the DETAB command in section 5.1 for further details. ENTAB Syntax: ENTAB={ON|OFF} This statement sets the auto-entab flag on or off. When this feature is on, NED automatically replaces spaces with hard tabs when a file is written to disk. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, ENTAB will default to off. See the NTAB command in section 5.1 for further details. FILE Syntax: FILE=pathname This statement specifies a file that will be loaded if no pathname or File List is specified on the DOS command line. This is useful if you are only working on one file. Saving CONFIG.NED with CTRL F4 will assign the current filename to this statement. See section 5.2 for details on the CTRL F4 function. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 75 If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED and no pathname or File List is specified NED will return you to DOS with the following message: err!: no file to edit usage: NED <filename|wildcard|@filename> <...> FIRSTCOL Syntax: FIRSTCOL={1|0} This statement allows you to determine whether the first column of a line is displayed as '0' or '1'. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, FIRSTCOL will default to column 1. This statement is useful for writing screen layouts in languages where the first screen column is referred to as '0'. The first column may be toggled with the ALT O key. See section 5.2 for details. GOTO Syntax: GOTO=line[,column] This statement tells NED to place the cursor at the specified line and optional column of the first file that is loaded. This is useful if you are working on a particular line in a large file. Saving the CONFIG.NED with using CTRL F4 will assign the current line and column to this statement. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, GOTO will default to the first line and column of the file. See section 5.1 for details on the GOTO command. Note that if you have set the FIRSTCOL parameter to '0', and the following statement appeared in CONFIG.NED: GOTO=1,1 then the cursor will be placed at the second column of line 1. HARDTAB Syntax: HARDTAB={ON|OFF} This statement presets the hard-tab flag on or off. When this flag is on the TAB key inserts tab characters into the file. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, HARDTAB will default to off. See the ALT T function in section 5.2 for further details. INSERT Syntax: INSERT={ON|OFF} This statement sets insert on or off. If it is on, NED NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 76 will be in insert mode upon loading. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, NED will default to overtype mode. See section 5.2 for details on the INS key. INTENSITY Syntax: INTENSITY=boldcolour[,boldcolour] This statement allows you to set the bold colours used by NED. The first parameter sets the bold for the Edit window, the second optionally sets the bold attribute for the System window. The value of boldcolour should be a number between 0 and 15. The bold attribute is used to highlight important information in many of NED's functions such as displaying search finds or showing a marker. The following example: INTENSITY=12,15 will set the Edit window intensity to bold red and the System window intensity to bold white. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, INTENSITY will default to the following settings: INTENSITY=15,15 INTERWORD Syntax: INTERWORD=char0[,char1...charN] This statement presets the interword delimiter set. To include a space in the set you must embed it within other characters. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, INTERWORD will default to a space. See section 5.1 for details on the INTERWORD command. The following example: INTERWORD=; ,: will set the interword delimiter set to a semi-colon, a space, a comma and a colon. MACROS Syntax: MACROS=macrofile This statement tells NED to load a predefined macrofile when starting up. The default extension is .MCR, so the extension need not be given. You can specify a full pathname for the macrofile. See the USE command in section 5.1 for further details. LAYOUT Syntax: LAYOUT=length,topmargin,bottommargin[,leftmargin] This statement sets the print page dimensions. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, LAYOUT will NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 77 default to the following: LAYOUT=66,3,3,0 which sets the page length to 66 lines, the top and bottom margins to 3 lines and the left margin to 0 characters. See the YLAYOUT command in section 5.1 for details on page layouts. MAXLINES Syntax: MAXLINES=number This statement sets the maximum number of lines a file may have. This number must be between 1 and 10240. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, MAXLINES will default to 5120. If you are only working on small files say no more than 1000 lines then the statement: MAXLINES=1200 will give a considerable memory saving over the default. This is because all open areas are allocated room for the maximum number of lines. You can decrease the number of lines if you find you are running out of memory. You can increase the number of lines if you wish to work on one large file. MODE Syntax: MODE={CGA|EGA|EGA43|HERC|MDA|VGA} This statement tells NED what type of monitor you are using. NED determines whether you are using an EGA, CGA or MDA monitor when loading. If, however, you are using a Hercules or a compatible monitor, MODE must be set to: MODE=HERC If you have an EGA or VGA or compatible monitor, you may instruct NED to load up in either 43 or 50 line modes by specifying one of the following statements: MODE=EGA MODE=EGA43 MODE=VGA MODE=VGA50 If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, and NED cannot determine the monitor type, MODE will default to CGA. RULER Syntax: RULER={ON|OFF} NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 78 This statement tells NED whether to display the ruler when NED is loaded. ALT SPACE BAR also toggles the ruler on or off. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, the ruler will default to on. See section 2.2 for details on the ruler. SNOW Syntax: SNOW={ON|OFF} This statement sets the display speed to synchronised for CGA or fast for MDA, HERC, EGA and VGA. When set off, screen writing is synchronised with the retrace interval thus avoiding SNOW on the CGA. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, and you have a CGA monitor, SNOW will default to off, otherwise SNOW will default to on. See section 5.2 for details on the ALT - function. SORT Syntax: SORT={DIR|EXT|FILE|TIME|SIZE} This statement sets the type of sort used in the directory window of the File Display mode. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, SORT will default to DIR. See section 4.3 and 5.5 for more details. SPOOL Syntax: SPOOL={0|1}[,timeslice] This statement controls NED's print while you work spooler. If you specify '1' all printing will be sent to the spooler in background. If you specify '0' all printing will be in foreground. The optional timeslice parameter allows you to adjust the amount of time allocated to the foreground (your keyboard usage). This value can be between 1 and 8192. The default timeslice is 128. The larger the timeslice, the less time will be allocated to printing. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, SPOOL will default to the following: SPOOL=0,128 STRIP Syntax: STRIP={ON|OFF} This statement presets the strip flag on or off. When this flag is on, trailing whitespace characters are stripped from the end of each line as the file is written to disk. You may for some reason desire to have trailing whitespace characters preserved when the file is written. In this case set the flag to off. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, STRIP will default to on. TABSET NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 79 Syntax: TABSET=column1[,column2...,columnN] This statement sets the tabstop template to the values given. If you specify only one column parameter, tabs are set to a width of column-1 for the entire template. If more than one column is given, tabstops are set accordingly. The difference between the last two columns is used to set the remaining tabstops. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, TABSET will default to the following: TABSET=5 See the TABSET command in section 5.1 for further details. WORDWRAP Syntax: WORDWRAP={0|1}[,rightmargin] This statement controls NED's word wrap system. If you specify '1', NED will start up with word wrap on. If you specify '0' word wrap will be off. The optional rightmargin parameter allows you to set the right hand margin used with word wrap centre and right justify. This value can be between 1 and 256. If this statement is not included in CONFIG.NED, WORDWRAP will default to the following: WORDWRAP=0,65 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 80 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.4 Block Mode Reference Introduction This section describes the keys that can be used in Block Mode described in section 3.4 above. Some keys compliment normal functions keys that operate on individual lines. UP/DOWN ARROWS Previous/next line These keys enlarge or shrink the block over the previous or next line. If you press UP or DOWN on the first and last lines of the file respectively, NED will beep. PGUP/PGDN Previous/next page These keys enlarge or shrink the block over the previous or next page. These keys will have no effect at the beginning or end of the file. CTRL HOME/CTRL END Top/bottom of file These keys enlarge or shrink the block to the top or the bottom of the file. LEFT/RIGHT ARROWS Previous/next character These keys work with intra-line blocks only. They expand or shrink the block to the previous or next character. CTRL LEFT/CTRL RIGHT Previous/next word These keys work with intra-line blocks only. They expand or shrink the block to the previous or next word. HOME/END Start/end of line These keys work with intra-line blocks only. The HOME key expands the block from the cursor position to the start of the line. The END key expands the block from the cursor position to the end of the line. If the current cursor position is to the right of the starting position of the cursor when you entered Block Mode (anchor point) and you press HOME, the block will be resized so that it is bound by the new cursor position and the anchor point. The reverse applies for the END key. INS or + Copy to scrap This key copies the block to the scrap buffer. The original contents of the scrap buffer is lost. If the block was inter-line, NED displays the message: number lines copied to scrap After the block has been copied, you are returned to edit mode. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 81 DEL or - Cut to scrap This key cuts (deletes) the block to the scrap buffer. The original contents of the scrap buffer is lost. If the block was inter-line, NED displays the message: number lines cut to scrap After the block has been cut, you are returned to edit mode. C Centre justify This key centre justifies the block. Each line is centred separately. If a line is less than or equal to 80 characters in length it is centred over 80 characters. If it is longer, the line is centred over 256 characters. If word wrap is on, NED will centre each line using the right hand margin if possible. L Left justify This key left justifies the block. Each line is justified separately. R Right justify This key right justifies the block. Each line is justified separately. If a line is less than or equal to 80 characters in length it is justified over 80 characters. If it is longer, the line is justified over 256 characters. If word wrap is on, NED will justify each line using the right hand margin if possible. S Copy to search string This key works with intra-line blocks only. It copies the block to the search string. The original search string is lost. You are returned to edit mode where you can then press F8/SHIFT F8/CTRL F8 to begin searching. This is a short cut for the SPECIFY command. * Copy to last parameter string This key works with intra-line blocks only. It copies the block to the last Command mode parameter string. The original last parameter string is lost. You are returned to edit mode where you can then enter Command mode (ESC) and press F3 to retrieve the string for your next command. TAB/SHIFT TAB Move block left/right a tabstop These keys work with inter-line blocks only. They move NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 82 the block right or left one tabstop. The actual distance moved depends on the proximity of the block to the nearest tabstop. If in moving the text, the line under or over flows, it will be clipped or truncated accordingly. Therefore take care when using SHIFT TAB as you cannot undo these keys. Once you are satisfied with the position of the block, press ESC to return to editing or issue one of the other Block Mode commands. SPACE BAR/BS Move block left/right a space These keys work with inter-line blocks only. They move the block left or right one column. If in moving the text, the line under or over flows, it will be clipped or truncated accordingly. Therefore take care when using backspace as you cannot undo these keys. Once you are satisfied with the position of the block, press ESC to return to editing or issue one of the other Block Mode commands. F4 Enter/exit block mode F4 enters or exits Block Mode. If you have only selected a block, pressing F4 will return you to edit mode with no changes. The cursor will be left at the start of the block. ESC Exit block mode ESC exits block mode. If you have only selected a block, pressing ESC will return you to edit mode with no changes. The cursor will remain at the end of the block. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 83 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.5 File Display Reference Introduction This section describes the keys available in the File Display mode. This mode can be used with the OPEN, USE, BACKUP, WRITE and END commands. See section 4.3 for more details on using File Display mode. UP/DOWN ARROWS Previous/next file These keys move the selection bar up or down in either the directory window or the File List. Either screens will scroll up or down if there are more entries than can be displayed in the current window. HOME/END First/last file The HOME/END key moves the selection bar to the first/last entry in either the directory window or the File List. PGUP/PGDN Previous/next page These keys scroll the directory window or File List window up or down one page. CTRL LEFT/CTRL RIGHT Previous/next file These keys move the selection bar to the previous or next entry in the directory window only. LEFT/RIGHT ARROWS Previous/next line These keys move the selection bar left or right one entry on the current line of directory window only. TAB Move to File List This key moves the selection bar between the directory window and the File List. If there are no entries in the File List you will remain in the directory window. INSERT (INS) Copy file to list This key works in the directory window only. It copies the currently selected entry to the end of the File List. If the entry is a '.' or a '\' then all the entries from the directory are copied to the end of the File List. DELETE (DEL) Delete file from list This key works in the File List only. It deletes the currently selected entry. If it is the only entry in the list you will be moved over to the directory window. CTRL K Delete list NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 84 This key works in the File List only. It deletes all the entries in the list. You will then be moved over to the directory window. CTRL F4 Write list This key works in the File List only. It writes the current File List to FILES.NED. ENTER Select file This key returns the currently selected file from the directory window or the File List to which ever command was used to enter File Display mode. This is most likely to be a file to open with the OPEN command. If the entry is a subdirectory or a drive (in the directory window) then NED will change to the drive or directory and display its contents. When using File Display with the BACKUP command, only drives and subdirectory names are displayed. To return a directory to the BACKUP command use CTRL ENTER. ESCAPE Exit file display This key aborts File Display mode and returns you to the command area. ALT D,T,F,S,X Sort directory These keys sort the entries in the directory window as follows: D Directory order F Alphabetically S File size T Time/date X Extension NED remembers the sort used when you re-enter File Display mode. The default sort type can be set in CONFIG.NED with the SORT statement. See section 5.3 for details. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 85 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.6 Regular Expression Reference Introduction This section describes the Regular Expression Language used with the SPECIFY command. See section 5.1 for more details on this command. Regular expressions are a way of representing text patterns in a symbolic shorthand. The symbols used to define these expressions fall into five categories: Symbols that match a specific character Symbols that match any character Symbols that match a character's position on the line Symbols that match any of a set of characters or anything except a set of characters Symbols that let you match the previous symbol any number of times An expression may be made up of any or all of the above categories. CARAT (^) Start line This symbol matches any text at the beginning of a line. For example: ^cat will match the string "cat" only if it is located at the beginning of a line so that: the cat would not be matched. DOLLAR ($) End line This symbol matches any text at the end of a line. For example: cat$ will match the string "cat" only if it is located at the end of a line so that: cat nap would not be matched. PERIOD (.) Any character This symbol matches any one character. Generally this symbol by itself will always find a match. Its use is usually as a placeholder. For example: c.t NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 86 will match: cat, cot, cut but will not match: coot, coat or couch etc. ASTERISK (*) Match last expression This symbol matches zero or more matches of the preceding expression. For example: c.*t will match: cat, coat, chart, compliment Here the preceding expression is the period. Therefore NED searches for any word starting with 'c' and ending in 't'. SQUARE BRACKETS ([]) Character class The square brackets define a set of characters known as a character class. NED will then match any character in that set. Character classes are usually used in conjunction with other language elements. For example: c[aou]t will match: cat, cot, cut but will not match: cet, cit, cyt If the first character in the brackets is a carat (^) then patterns with characters not appearing in the brackets will be searched for. For example: c[^aou]t will not match: cat, cot, cut but will match: cit, cet, cft, czt The brackets may also be used to specify ASCII ordered ranges by specifying the beginning and end of the range. For example: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 87 c[a-z][A-Z]t matches any upper or lower case letter so that: cat,cIt,crt,cGt will all be matched. SPECIAL CHARACTERS The regular expression language allows you to search for the following special characters: \t tab \s space \b backspace The backslash tells NED that the character that follows is to be treated literally except with the above three characters. Therefore to search for characters used in the language, prefix them with the backslash as follows: \\ backslash \* asterisk \. period \^ carat \[ left bracket \] right bracket \$ dollar for example: if\snot\s\[\*2\] will match: if not [*2] EXAMPLES You can form many expressions using the language. Here are a few examples: [a-z][a-z]*ism Matches any 'ism' word e.g. 'prism'. In this example you must repeat the character class range twice to match it any number of times. /\*.*\*/ Matches any comment line in a C program, for example: /* this is a comment */ will be matched. ^[\s\t]*REM.*$ NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 88 Matches any comment line in a BASIC program. The following expression: ^[a-z][a-z]*[\s\t]*.*([^;]*)[^;]*$ will find any C function declaration with function body. The expression searches for beginning of a line (^) followed by one or more occurrences of any character in the range a to z ([a-z][a-z]*) followed by either a space or a tab repeated zero or more times ([\s\t]*), followed by any character repeated zero or more times (.*), followed by an open parenthesis (() followed by any character except a semi-colon repeated zero or more times ([^;]*), followed by a close parenthesis ()), followed by any character except a semi-colon repeated zero or more times ([^;]*) followed by an end of line ($). For example, the above expression would match: WINDOW *get_window(int start,int finish,char *store) but not match: WINDOW *get_window (int, int, char *); The above example only matches 'C' function bodies and not function prototypes. It is useful for compiling a cross-reference of all of the functions in a module. As you can see expressions can be very complicated yet extremely powerful filters can be created. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 89 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Section 5.7 Printer Command Reference Introduction This section outlines the embedded printer commands described in sections 4.5 and 5.1. The syntax of a print command line is as follows: .prncmd[.prncmd]... A print command line must begin with a period '.', followed by the command. You may issue more than one print command on each line by separating each command with a period. BOLDFACE Commands: bf, bo These commands instruct the printer to switch bold printing on or off. 'bf' will turn bold printing on and 'bo' will turn it off. IGNORE PAPER OUT Commands: pf, po These commands instruct the printer to ignore or respond to the paper out sensor. 'pf' will tell the printer to ignore the paper out sensor and 'po' will tell the printer to respond to it. ENHANCED Commands: hf, ho These commands instruct the printer to switch enhanced printing on or off. 'hf' will turn enhanced printing on and 'ho' will turn it off. SUPERSCRIPT Commands: su, so These commands instruct the printer to switch superscript printing on or off. 'su' will turn superscript printing on and 'so' will turn it off. SUBSCRIPT Commands: sb, so These commands instruct the printer to switch subscript printing on or off. 'sb' will turn subscript printing on and 'so' will turn it off. FORM FEED Commands: ff, fo The 'ff' command instructs the printer not to send a form feed when it has finished printing. 'fo' enables the sending of a form feed when finished printing. Note that NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 90 issuing a 'fo' command after a 'ff' command in the same file will have no effect. Where this is useful is to concatenate two print files together. Issue the 'ff' command in the first file and 'fo' in the second. UNDERLINE Commands: ul, uo These commands instruct the printer to switch underline printing on or off. 'ul' will turn underline printing on and 'uo' will turn it off. ELONGATED Commands: lf, lo These commands instruct the printer to switch elongated printing on or off. 'lf' will turn elongated printing on and 'lo' will turn it off. CONDENSED Commands: cf, co These commands instruct the printer to switch condensed printing on or off. 'cf' will turn condensed printing on and 'co' will turn it off. LINES PER INCH Commands: ia, ib, io These commands instruct the printer to change the line spacing. 'ia' sets line spacing to 1/8 inch. 'ib' sets line spacing to 7/72 inch (often 13/120). 'io' sets the line spacing to 1/6 inch which is usually the default. ESCAPE SEQUENCES Command: esequence This command allows you to send escape sequences to the printer. It must be either the only or the last command on a print command line. When NED recognizes an escape sequence command it sends an escape character (1Bh) followed by the remaining characters on the line. .e@ resets an Epson FX type printer .e50 enables auto line feed on an IBM graphics printer. EXAMPLES The following is an example of using the printer commands. .bf.hf.ul The Rain In Spain NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 91 .uo Stays mainly on the Plain. .bo.ho.e@ The above sets bold on, enhanced on and underline on then prints 'The Rain...'. It then turns underline off and prints 'Stays mainly...'. It then turns bold off, enhanced off and resets the printer. INLINE PRINTER COMMANDS You can insert your own printer commands directly into your file by using CTRL ESC and Shift In (chr 14) and Shift Out (chr 15). For example: The rain in <Ctrl Esc>GSpain<Ctrl Esc>H stays mainly on the plain. When printed on an Epson FX, will appear as: The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain. On an HP LaserJet, Shift In and Shift Out select the primary and secondary fonts respectively. For example, if the primary font is Courier and the secondary font is Courier bold the following line: The rain in <Alt 15>Spain<Alt 14> stays mainly on the plain. When printed on an HP LaserJet, will appear as: The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain. In this example, to generate the Shift In and Shift Out characters, hold down the ALT key and type 14 or 15 on the numeric keypad. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 92 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Chapter 6. Tutorials 6.1 Introduction These tutorials are designed to assist you to become more familiar with NED. They introduce the main skills needed to operate NED effectively. You should have read Chapter 1 before you start here. You may find it useful to read Chapters 2 and 3 prior to starting these tutorials to familiarize yourself with the range of commands available. It is assumed you have installed NED correctly and that the system files are either in the current directory or on the PATH. See section 1.2 for details on installing NED. In the tutorials, special keys such as SHIFT F2 or ALT F will be surrounded by angle brackets. Characters not surrounded by angle brackets should be typed literally. Also make sure you press ENTER only when specified. 6.2 Tutorial One - A DOS menu system This tutorial will guide you through the creation of a simple DOS batch menu system. We will create this system in a separate subdirectory so as not to interfere with any existing batch files. Firstly enter the following command at the DOS prompt: md \nedtut<Enter> If the message: Unable to create directory was displayed, then enter the following: del \nedtut<Enter> y<Enter> to remove any existing files. Regardless, enter the following command: cd \nedtut<Enter> Creating the menu files Now at the DOS prompt enter the following command: ned menu.bat menu.txt<Enter> As NED loads it will copy the two filenames from the command line to the File List, then NED will attempt to open 'menu.bat' (the first file in the list). Since 'menu.bat' does not exist, NED will prompt you to confirm its creation. Press 'y' to proceed. NED displays the following message: (new file) NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 93 Now enter the following: echop<Left><Del><space bar>off<Enter> The obvious typing error is corrected by moving the cursor left with the LEFT arrow and pressing the DEL key to remove the 'p' in 'echop'. Now enter the following: cls<Enter> type \tut\menu.txt These lines are the commands to display the menu screen, which you will create shortly. Note that the ENTER key is needed to open up a new blank line. Before we continue, there is one more error to correct. The pathname of the menu text file should be '\nedtut\menu.txt'. To correct it, press the following keys: <Home><Ctrl Right><Right> which moves the cursor to the beginning of the line, moves to the second character of the next word. Next you need to ensure that you are in insert mode. If the cursor appears as a quarter block you are in overtype mode, so press INS to change to insert mode. If the cursor appears as a half block you are already in insert mode. Now type the following to correct the pathname: ned Now to save this file, enter the following: <Esc>W<Enter> which takes you into Command mode and issues the WRITE command. NED displays the message: 3 lines written the file is left open and you are left in Command mode. The next step is to create the menu screen. Type the following: O<Enter> As for 'menu.bat' above, you will have to confirm the creation of 'menu.txt' by pressing 'y' when prompted. Exit Command mode and return to the Edit window by pressing the ESC key. You now need to ensure that the Auto-indent feature is set on. The status of Auto-indent is displayed on the top line of the screen between memory free % and the line counter. If on, 'I' appears in bold attribute if off, it will be in normal attribute. Press ALT I if it is off. Turn the CAPS LOCK on, the status of which is displayed by the 'C' character in the same area as the Auto-indent flag. Now type the following: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 94 S Y S T E M M E N U<Alt C><Enter> Note that a space should be typed between each letter and three spaces between the two words. ALT C will centre the line, and ENTER will open a new line below. Next, we will underline the menu title. Enter the following: <Esc>F=,21<Ctrl Enter> This instructs NED to fill from the current cursor position with 21 '=' characters. The CTRL ENTER key returns you directly to the Edit window. Insert three blank lines by pressing ENTER three times, then enter the following line: 1 - DISPLAY DIRECTORY TREE<Alt C><Enter> As above, this line will be centred and a new line opened. On the new line type the following: 2 -<Space bar> We have inserted space bar since we want a trailing space. Then press ALT F seven times. Each time you press ALT F a character from the line above is copied to the cursor position and the cursor is moved to the right. This saves you from having to retype 'DISPLAY'. Now type the following: <Space bar>CHKDSK INFO Then press: <Ctrl F3><F2><Ctrl Right> which takes a copy of the current line, inserts the copy below the current line, and then moves to the beginning of the first word on the new line. We will now edit this new line to create your third menu option. Press the INS key to change to overtype mode, type '3' to replace the '2' at the beginning of the line and press CTRL RIGHT three times. This will position you at the beginning of the word 'CHKDSK'. Now press ALT D to delete the remainder of the line and then type: DOS ENVIRONMENT<Enter><Enter><Enter> which will complete the third menu option and open up three blank lines below. Now type the menu instructions as follows: ENTER THE NUMBER FOR THE OPTION YOU WANT <Alt C><Enter> OR ENTER "MENU" TO REDISPLAY THIS SCREEN <Enter> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 95 This completes the entry of the screen text, which we will now finish formatting. Press the following: <Ctrl Home><Down><Down><Down><Down><Enter> Which will take you to the top of the file, move the cursor down to the first menu option and insert a blank line between the first and second menu options. Now press the following: <Down><Enter><Down><Down><Down><Down> which inserts a blank line between the second and third menu options and moves the cursor to the menu instructions. Press the following keys: <Alt G><Home><Alt M> to convert the line to lower case, move to the start of the line and flip the case of the 'e' in 'enter' to 'E'. Now press: <Down><Alt G><Ctrl Right><Ctrl Right><Right> which moves you to the second instruction line, flips its case and moves the cursor to the 'm' of '"menu"'. Then press ALT M four times to change 'menu' to uppercase. The screen should now look like the following: S Y S T E M M E N U ===================== 1 - DISPLAY DIRECTORY TREE 2 - DISPLAY CHKDSK INFO 3 - DISPLAY DOS ENVIRONMENT Enter the number for the option you want or enter 'MENU' to redisplay this screen This finishes your menu screen. To save your work to disk press: <Shift F10> This is a shortcut for the WRITE command you used earlier. NED should display the message: 14 lines written Creating the option files We now want to create a batch file for each option in the menu. To do this, press the following keys: <Alt 1><Ctrl Home><F4><Down><Ins> NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 96 This changes you to the first area which contains 'menu.bat'. ALT 0 to 9 are shortcut keys to change to another area and 'menu.bat' is in area 1. This then moves the cursor to the first line, enters Block Mode, expands the block to cover the first two lines, then copies the block to the scrap buffer and exits Block Mode. Your first option file will be called '1.bat'. Use the OPEN command to create it as follows: <Esc>O1.bat<Enter>y<Esc> We will use the contents of the scrap buffer to form the basis of the first option file. Press the following keys: <F2><Shift F2> which inserts a copy of the scrap buffer below the current line and then deletes the blank line automatically inserted by NED when the file was created. We now want to finish the option file by adding the command to display the DOS tree and then to redisplay the menu text. Press the following: <Ctrl End><Enter><Caps Lock> to move to the end of the file and open a blank line, turn the Caps Lock off. Now type the following: wis . | more<Enter> menu We will now use this file as the basis of '2.bat' by pressing the following: <F4><Ctrl Home><Ins> To create '2.bat' we will use the same procedure as you used with '1.bat', by typing: <Esc>O2.bat<Enter>y<Esc> <F2><Shift F2> We now want to finish this option file by replacing the 'wis' command with the 'chkdsk' command. Press the following: <Down><Down><Alt K> These keys move the cursor to the third line and remove its contents. Now type: chkdsk /f *.* | more As with this the last file, we will create the basis of '3.bat' with '2.bat'. Press the following: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 97 <Ctrl Home><F4><Ctrl End><Ins> <Esc>O3.bat<Enter>y<Esc> <F2><Shift F2> To finish this option file we will replace the 'chkdsk' command with the 'set' command. Press the following: <Down><Down><Alt K>set You now have five open files. The Status screen helps to keep track of open files. Press F10 to view this screen. Note that the option batch files have a flashing 'Y' in the 'Changes' column. The Status screen should look something like the following: Area File Name Size Lines Last Write Changes 1 MENU.BAT 39 3 20/07/1989 at 12:15 N 2 MENU.TXT 406 14 20/07/1989 at 12:23 N 3 1.BAT 5 (new file) Y 4 2.BAT 5 (new file) Y > 5 3.BAT 5 (new file) Y 6 (area unopened) 7 (area unopened) 8 (area unopened) 9 (area unopened) 10 (area unopened) Press any key to return to the current file. To save the files that have changed, use the LAUNDRY command as follows: <Esc>L<Enter> You might like to have another look at the Status screen to check that all changed files have been written. Testing the menu system We now want to test the menu system. To do this you will have to return to DOS. Since we are already in Command mode, enter the following: Q<Enter> Now at the DOS prompt type: menu<Enter> which will display the menu text. To run the first option type: 1<enter> You will no doubt see that the directory tree is immediately replaced by the menu text. To fix this problem, we will have to edit our batch files. Reload NED as follows: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 98 ned *.bat<Enter> NED expands and sorts the filenames matching the '*.bat' wildcard into the File List. NED then opens the first file in the list which will be '1.bat'. Now type the following: <Down><Down><Enter>pause to insert the 'pause' statement under the 'wis' statement. We need to insert this command in the other option batch files. Copy the current line to the scrap buffer by pressing CTRL F3. Because we know that the 'pause' command needs to be inserted at the same place in the remaining option batch files, we can record the keystrokes used for the second option file to a macro. We will then only need to press the macro key to repeat the keystrokes for the third option file. Press the following keys: <F7><Alt F1> which begins recording keystrokes to ALT F1. NED displays the message: Recording (ALT F1) Now press: <Ctrl F1><Down><Down><F2> to open the next file in the File List which will be '2.bat', and insert scrap buffer under the third line. To finish recording the macro, press F7. NED displays the message: End Record (ALT F1) Now we can use the macro to update the third option file. Press ALT F1 and the 'pause' command will be added to '3.bat'! To test these changes, we will save and quit NED by using the 's' parameter with the QUIT command as follows: <Esc>Qs<Enter> At the DOS prompt type: menu<Enter> 1<Enter> When the command has finished, you will be asked to strike any key when ready. When you strike a key the menu text will be displayed. Test the other options if you wish. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 99 That completes Tutorial One. To learn more about NED proceed to the next tutorial. 6.3 Tutorial Two - Programming with NED This tutorial will show you more of NED's capabilities, particularly those that assist with the writing of computer programs. We have chosen the BASIC language for the examples in this tutorial since it is the most widely understood language. If you have not been through the first tutorial then you will not be able to complete this tutorial as you will need to use 'menu.txt'. Enter the following to remove the tutorial file: del \nedtut\sample.bas<Enter> If the message: File not found is displayed, ignore it and enter the following command to change to the tutorial directory: cd \nedtut<Enter> Now at the DOS prompt enter the following command: ned sample.bas<Enter> Since 'sample.bas' does not exist, NED will prompt you to confirm its creation. Press 'y' to proceed. The Program Header Firstly we want to create the program header. This will consist of a few comment lines with the filename and date. Enter the following: REM <Esc>F-,75<Ctrl Enter><Enter> <Alt F><Alt F><Alt F><Alt F> In the first line, the word 'REM' will be followed by 75 '-' characters from the FILL command. A new line is opened up, the 'REM ' is field copied from the first line to the second line. Next you need to ensure that you are in insert mode. If the cursor appears as a quarter block you are in overtype mode, so press INS to change to insert mode. If the cursor appears as a half block you are already in insert mode. Now type the following: File name:<Tab><Tab><Alt H><Enter> Here we have used the ALT H key to insert the current filename at the cursor position. When in insert mode, the TAB inserts spaces up to the next tabstop. Now repeat the above field copy as follows: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 100 <Alt F><Alt F><Alt F><Alt F> Date created:<Tab><Alt Y> As above, this copies the 'REM ' from the previous line, and inserts the current date/time at the end of the line. To complete the header we will copy the first line of the file to the end of the file. Press the following: <Ctrl Home><Ctrl F3><Ctrl End><F2><Down> <Enter><Enter> CTRL HOME and CTRL END move the cursor to the first or last line of the file. After the comment line has been inserted, two blank lines are opened up below it. Using Auto-indent and Enter to Format code One of the most common program constructs is the 'if/else'. NED has an Auto-indent feature which makes the entry of this type of structure easy. To toggle Auto-indent on, press ALT I. The status of Auto-indent is displayed on the top line of the screen between memory free % and the line counter. If on, 'I' appears in bold attribute if off, it will be in normal attribute. Now enter the following: if a = b<Right Shift Enter> You will notice that the cursor is now one tabstop into the new line. This is because when you press the RIGHT SHIFT in combination with ENTER NED moves the cursor one tabstop to the right. Now type: if a = c<Right Shift Enter> olda = a<Enter> a = b<Left Shift Enter> endif<Left Shift Enter> endif<Enter> You will notice that when you press ENTER by itself, the cursor will appear under the first non-whitespace character of the previous line. The effect of pressing LEFT or RIGHT SHIFT is to move the cursor one tabstop to the left or right of that position. Now type the following: else<Enter> <Tab>oldb = b<Enter> b = a Here the ENTER and TAB keys perform the longhand version of the RIGHT SHIFT ENTER we used before. We now we want to move these three lines to above the last 'endif'. Press the following: <F4><Up><Up><Del><Ctrl F2> Which enters Block Mode, selects the last three lines, cuts them to the scrap buffer and finally CTRL F2 inserts NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 101 the block above the current line. To finish this routine, enter the following: <Right Shift Enter>If a = c <Down><F4><Down><Tab><Esc> <Down><Ctrl F3><F2><Home><Tab> This inserts another 'if' statement below the 'else', enters Block Mode, selects the next two lines, moves them one tabstop to the right and exits Block Mode. The third line takes a copy of the 'endif' line, inserts it under the current line. The cursor is moved to the start of the line and the line is moved one tabstop to the right. Making Corrections to code Some versions of BASIC will not accept the 'endif' as one word. To correct this enter the following: <F4><Ctrl Right>s Here we have used the 's' function in Block Mode to copy the 'endif' to the search expression. This is a shortcut for the SPECIFY command. To make the replacements, type the following: <Esc>Rend if,g<Enter> Each time the search expression is found you will be prompted to replace it with 'end if'. Answer 'y' each time you are prompted. NED will then display the message: 3 replaced, 0 overflows. showing you the total number of replacements and the number of overflows. Overflows occur when the replacement text expands the line to more than 256 characters. BASIC also requires a 'then' to follow the 'if' condition which we have not included. To correct this we will use the Regular Expression '^\s*if' to specify our search pattern and append 'then' to the line. We will also record the keystrokes needed to do this to a macro so that the process can be repeated. Enter the following: S^\s*if<Ctrl Enter><Ctrl Home> The carat '^' in the expression specifies the beginning of a line, the '\s' which specifies a space character and the asterisk '*' which tells NED to match the preceding expression (being the space) zero or more times. To record the edits for the first 'if' statement, press the following: <F7><Alt F8><F8><End><Space Bar>then<F7> This begins recording the macro key ALT F8, then searches for the first matching 'if' statement, moves to the end of that line and adds ' then' and finishes recording the macro. Now press ALT F8 two times to fix the remaining NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 102 'if' statements. The file should now look something like the following: REM ----------------------------------------------------- REM File name: SAMPLE.BAS REM Date created: Wednesday 19/07/1989 12:55 pm REM ----------------------------------------------------- if a = b then if a = c then olda = a a = b end if else if a = c then oldb = b b = a end if end if ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Getting a Copy of the Screen Layout It is often necessary to design a screen layout prior to coding. In this section we will convert the menu screen 'menu.txt' you created in the first tutorial to BASIC statements. If you have not created the menu screen, go back and complete Tutorial One. To start with, we need to open 'menu.txt' and copy its contents to the current file 'sample.bas'. Enter the following: <Esc>O<F1> This takes you to File Display mode where you can select the file 'menu.txt' by using the arrow keys to move the high-light to the filename and pressing ENTER. If you cannot find 'menu.txt' go back to the first tutorial and create it as instructed. Now press ESC to return to the Edit window and press the following keys: <F4><Ctrl End><Ins> which will copy the entire file to the scrap buffer. Return to 'sample.bas' by using the Status screen as follows: <F10><Up><any key> When you change areas using the Status screen, you may also press the number of the area you wish to change to. To insert this screen into your file, press the NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 103 following: <Ctrl End><F2><Enter><Enter> Converting the Layout to Program Statements Now type the following: CLS<Enter> LOCATE<space bar><space bar>3, You now need to move the cursor to the beginning of the first line of the menu screen by pressing: <Down><Home> Note the column number, then press: <Up><End> then type the number of the column, which should be '30'. Then type the following: PRINT " Now join the menu screen line by pressing the following: <F3><Alt W><End>"; The ALT W removes the leading spaces from the menu line and the '";' completes the 'PRINT' statement. We will now copy this line and use it as the basis of the next statement. Press the following: <Ctrl F3><F2><Ctrl Right><Ctrl Right> which copies the current line and inserts it below and then moves the cursor over the row parameter of the 'LOCATE' statement. Make sure insert is off (overtype mode) and enter '4'. To complete the line press the following: <Ctrl Right><Right><Alt D><F3><Alt W>";<Enter> which deletes the copy of the 'PRINT' statement text and joins the next line from the menu layout. The next step is to take a copy of the previous line's 'LOCATE' and 'PRINT' statements and insert them for the three option lines. To do this type the following: <Up><F4><Ctrl Right><Ctrl Right><Right><Right><Ins> <F7><Alt F2><Down><F2><Down><F2><Down><F2><F7> In addition to inserting the block, this records the necessary keystrokes to the macro key ALT F2 for later use. Now move the cursor to the beginning of the first option line by pressing: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 104 <Down><Home> Again, note the column number which should be '28'. Now press UP three times, then the following: <Home><Ctrl Right>7<Right>28 <Down><Ctrl Left>9<Alt F><Alt F><Alt F> <Down><Ctrl Left><Left>11<Alt F><Alt F><Alt F> This renumbers the 'LOCATE' statements for the menu options. Note the use of field copy ALT F to copy the column number from the previous line. We now need to append '";' to the end of each of these statements. To do this we will copy the characters from a completed line and insert them at where needed. Press the following: <Up><Up><Up><End><F4><Left><Left><Ins><Alt F2> Here we have used the macro you created above to insert the scrap at the end of these lines. We now need to remove the blank lines from between the menu options. Press the following: <Down><Down><Shift F2><Down><Shift F2> We will record a macro to move the menu options to their 'PRINT' statements. In this example we will also name the macro using the MACRO command. Press the following: <Esc>MMove menu options<Enter><Shift Alt F4> <Home><F4><End><Del><Up><Up><Up> <End><Ctrl Left><Right><F2><Down><Down><F7> This macro has been assigned to ALT F14. It cuts the last menu option and places it between the double quotes of the last 'PRINT' statement, then it returns the cursor to the previous menu option. Press SHIFT F7 to view the Macro Report screen. You will notice the name of the macro we have just recorded is displayed. The other macro we recorded ALT F2 was not named and thus displays the message '(untitled)'. Press any key to return to the Edit window. Now press SHIFT ALT F4 twice to move the remaining menu options. The last step is to convert the two instruction lines to 'LOCATE' and 'PRINT' statements. Open a new line and copy the 'LOCATE' statement by pressing ENTER, and then ALT F eight times. Now press the following: 4,<Down><Shift F2><Shift F2><Shift F2> <Shift F2><Shift F2> to remove the blank lines between the code and the remainder of the layout. To find our column number press HOME, note the number (which should be 21), and then press the following: NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 105 <Up><End>21<Alt F><Alt F><Alt F><Alt F><Alt F> <Alt F><Alt F><Alt F><Shift F2><F2><Ctrl F2> This inserts a copy a copy of the line between the two menu instruction lines. Note that you must press ALT F eight times. Now press: <F3><Alt W><End>"; This completes the first menu instruction line. To compete the second line, press: <Down><Down><Home><Ctrl Right><Alt D> Esc to exit this menu<Alt C><Home> Note the column position (should be 29); <End>"; Which will centre the line. To correct the 'LOCATE' statement, press the following: <Up><Home><Ctrl Right><Right><Right><Right> <Right>9<End><F3><Alt W><Shift F5> SHIFT F5 redraws the screen with the current line in the centre of the window. The screen should look something like the following: CLS LOCATE 3,30:PRINT "S Y S T E M M E N U"; LOCATE 4,30:PRINT "====================="; LOCATE 7,28:PRINT "1 - DISPLAY DIRECTORY TREE"; LOCATE 9,28:PRINT "2 - DISPLAY CHECKDISK INFO"; LOCATE 11,28:PRINT "3 - DISPLAY DOS ENVIRONMENT"; LOCATE 14,21:PRINT "Enter the number for the option you want"; LOCATE 14,29:PRINT "or Esc to exit this menu"; ~ This finishes the conversion to code of the menu screen. Firstly we will close 'menu.txt' and then save 'sample.bas'. Enter the following: <Alt 2><Esc>C<Enter>E<Enter> Since 'sample.bas' is the only open file after we closed 'menu.txt', NED will exit to DOS after writing the file. This completes tutorial two. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 106 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Appendix A. Messages The following gives a description and necessary advice for the messages found in NED. number lines converted NED has successfully executed a DETAB or NTAB command. number lines copied from Scrap NED has just copied text from the Scrap into your file. number lines ONLY copied from Scrap NED has copied number of lines only. Usually because there is insufficient memory or the maximum number of lines has been reached. number lines copied to Scrap NED has just copied text from your file into Scrap. number lines cut to Scrap NED has just cut (deleted) text from your file into Scrap. number lines read NED has successfully read a file. number lines sorted NED has successfully sorted a file. number lines written NED has successfully written your file. number% read NED has read number% of a file. number replaced, number overflows. NED has told you how many replacements it made and the number of overflows that occurred in your file. number% written NED has written number% of your file. Area Not Open ! You have attempted to select an unopened area. Auto-detab off NED will not detab a file when it is read. Auto-detab on NED will detab a file when it is read. Auto-entab off NED will not entab a file when it is written. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 107 Auto-entab on NED will entab a file when it is written. Backup Creation Error, using default A backup file could not be made in the specified backup directory. The current directory is used. Bad Area ! You specified an invalid area number. Bad Fill Spec or Not Valid to Fill Your fill specification is invalid or the number of characters to fill will not fit in the current line. Bad Line Number ! You specified a non-existent line number. Bad Replacement Specification. You haven't entered a search expression or no replacement specification was given. Bad Tab Stop You specified an tabstop setting out of range or order. Background is busy The spooler is still busy in background mode. You cannot exit to DOS or switch the background off until spooling is finished. (Block Mode) You have just entered block mode. Buffer full, Continue ? (Y/N) The file that NED was trying to read is bigger than the area buffer. If you continue, NED will only recognize lines up to the buffer size. Increase the MAXLINES statement in CONFIG.NED and reload. Can't Create BACKUP Directory The BACKUP directory you specified could not be created (e.g. volume name or a bad directory name). Can't load Help File Either NHELP.EXE or NCAL.EXE is not in the current directory or it is not on the PATH or else there is not enough memory to load it. Can't open file The filespec given could not be opened (e.g. it was a subdirectory or a wildcard). Can't open spool file A temporary file needed by the spooler could not be opened. Check DOS for insufficient disk space or too many files. Don't delete spooler files (those matching sp??????) when shelling to DOS. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 108 Can't open spoolfile (file) The temporary spoolfile (the file you printed) could not be opened. Check DOS for insufficient disk space or too many files. Changes will be lost, Confirm (Y/N) You've just told NED to close a file which has changed. If you answer 'Y' the changes will be lost. 'char' Filled number Times NED has successfully filled a char number of times. CONFIG.NED written to disk NED has just written its current settings to CONFIG.NED. Create BACKUP Directory ? (Y/N) The BACKUP directory you specified does not exist. If you answer 'Y' NED will attempt to create it. Cursor must point to {([«<!?¿¡>»])} The brace matching function only works when the cursor points to one of the listed characters. DOS: Type 'EXIT' to come back ... You've just shelled to DOS. End of File List reached There are no more files in the File List to open or there is no File List. End Record (macrokey) You have just finished recording a Macro (e.g. ALT F1). Enter MACRO Name or <ret> for none You've entered the MACRO command. You can specify a name for a macro and begin recording or rename an existing macro. Enter Target Key (ALT F1-20) You have just started a Macro record. You must assign the Macro to a function key. Error Reading ! NED has encountered a DOS error whilst reading a file. Error Writing ! NED has encountered a DOS error whilst writing the file. File Exists! Overwrite (Y/N) ? You have specified a filename which exists. If you answer 'Y' its contents will be overwritten with the current file. Insufficient Memory ! NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 109 You have requested an operation for which there is insufficient memory to perform. Insufficient Memory to Store Line We just ran out of memory! Save your file(s) and exit to DOS. Insufficient memory to use MACROS Not enough memory is left to use Macros. Usually a start-up error. Use CHKDSK to see that there is sufficient memory to load NED. Insufficient memory to use SPOOLER Not enough memory is left to use the spooler. Usually a start-up error. Use CHKDSK to see that there is sufficient memory to load NED. Invalid column sort width The columns you have specified are out of range or non-existent for sorting with the ZSORT command. Invalid directory name You have specified an invalid directory name for the BACKUP command. Check with your DOS manual for valid directory name characters. Invalid filename You have specified an invalid filename. Check with your DOS manual for valid filename characters. Invalid MACRO File or File name ! You have specified a corrupted or non-existent Macro file. Invalid print page layout You have specified a page layout that is not possible (e.g. the top and bottom margins are greater than the page length). Invalid right hand margin The right hand margin for word wrap must be between 1 and 256. Invalid sort offset The sort width given is not valid (e.g. the width is greater than the maximum number of columns). Invalid timeslice value The timeslice must be an integer between 1 and 8192. Key entered Not a valid MACRO key ! You have specified an invalid Macro key. Macro keys must be between (ALT F1-20). NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 110 MACROS Restored from File NED has successfully loaded a Macro file. MACROS Saved to File NED has successfully saved a Macro file. Mark Found You have just executed the goto mark key and NED has found a marker. Mark Not Found ! You have just executed the goto mark key and NED has not found a marker. Mark removed The mark on the current line has been removed. Mark set The current line has been marked. Match Not Found ! NED did not find a matching {([«<!?¿¡>»])} (new file) You are editing a new file. No Free Areas left ! You already have ten open areas. ok Operation successful. Ok to Create ? (Y/N) You have specified a file which does not exist. If you enter 'Y' NED will attempt to create it. Overwrite old MACRO File ? (Y/N) You have just told NED to KEEP a macro file that already exists. If you answer 'Y' it will be overwritten. Overwriting old BACKUP file The previous backup file is being overwritten with the current backup file. (pattern) not Found NED did not find the search pattern you specified. Press F1 for File Display You have issued an OPEN, WRITE, END, BACKUP or MACRO command. You may enter File Display mode by pressing F1. Printer Off Line. Check & Retry. The printer does not respond to initialization. Check it and retry. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 111 Printer Not Ready, Continue ? (Y/N) The printer is not on line and can't be selected. Check and press 'Y' to proceed. (processing line linenumber) NED is processing line linenumber of the file (e.g. printing). Recording (macrokey) You are now recording a Macro (e.g. ALT F1). Replace ? (Y/N) You have just issued a REPLACE command. NED has found a match and is asking you to confirm replacing it with the new string. (replacing) NED is replacing text. (S)ave, (A)bort or (C)ancel ? You have just tried to QUIT without saving a changed file. Enter S, A or C. Save this file ? (Y/N) You have just issued a LAUNDRY command with the 'p' option. NED has recorded changes in this file and is asking you to confirm the save. Spool file killed You have just removed a selected file from the spool queue. Spooler empty or area not used You have attempted to remove a spool file that is not in the queue. Spooler not active You have attempted to issue a spooler command when it is not active. Spooler off You have just pressed CTRL F6. Background printing is disabled. Spooler on You have just pressed CTRL F6. Background printing is enabled. Spooler queue is full There are already 10 files in the queue.Wait until a few have been printed and try again. Spooling resumed You have just issued the Vp command while spooling was suspended. Spooling suspended You have just issued the Vp command while spooling NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 112 was active. Spooler terminated The current spool file has been aborted and all files in the spooler queue have been removed. Strip off NED will not strip trailing whitespace characters when writing a file. Strip on NED will strip trailing whitespace characters when writing a file. Unrecognized spooler command Check the function reference section for valid spooler commands. NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 113 ********************************************************* NED v1.6x User's Guide Index '*' function 18 'a' parameter 23, 48 'At' files 11, 31 'c' function 19 'k' parameter 36, 51 'n' parameter 51 'p' parameter 17, 44 'r' function 19 'r' option 33, 45 'r' parameter 50 's' function 18, 19 's' parameter 24, 31 't' command 51 1MARGIN command 19, 53 43/50 line modes 37, 71 ALT 0 to ALT 9 16 ALT F1 to ALT F20 33, 45 ALT generation method 13 AREA command 16, 40 ASCII tables 37, 62 ASTERISK 86 Auto-detab 20, 66 Auto-entab 20, 65 Auto-indent 57, 68 AUTOINDENT statement 27, 73 Background printing 30, 35 BACKUP command 15, 24, 27, 40 Backup dir 20 BACKUP statement 73 Begin recording 64 Blank previous character 56 Block mode 18, 60 BOLDFACE 89 Brace match 61 Browse 15, 31, 46 Calculator 36 CARAT 85 Centre justify 17, 66 CGA 29,71 Character case flip 68 CLOSE command 16, 41 Colour 27, 37, 71 COLOUR statement 27, 72 Column 256 102 Command area 12, 15, 57 Command mode 15, 41 Command selection mode 15 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 114 Commands 40 Comments 26 Compulsory parameters 40 CONDENSED 90 CONFIG.NED 26, 73 Copy a line 17 Copy file to list 32 Copy line 17 Copy to last parameter string 18, 19 Copy to scrap 17, 18 Copy to search string 19 Current dir 20 Current keystroke number 33 Current Search Expression 21 Cut to scrap 19 Date/Time 20 Date/Time string 70 DATEFMT statement 27, 73 Decimal 36, 63 Default delimiter 17 Delete character 56 Delete file from list 33, 83 Delete line 60 Delete list 33 Delete next word 17, 70 Delete previous word 17, 69 DETAB 41, 74 Directory area 32 DOLLAR 85 DOS command line 11 DOS commands 54, 61 DOS shell 61 Editing window 11, 12 EGA 29 ELONGATED 90 Embedded printer commands 89 END command 16, 23, 42 End window 14 ENHANCED 89 ENTAB 74 Entering parameters 15 Erase line 17, 68 Erase to end 17 Erase to start 66 ESCAPE SEQUENCES 90 Example macro file 34 Exit Command mode 57 Field copy 17, 67 FILE 26 File Display Mode 31 File List 11, 15, 30 FILE statement 26, 74 Filename string 68 FILL command 42, 99 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 115 Finish recording 33 First column 28 First/Last line 80 FIRSTCOL statement 28, 66, 75 Force a write 16 FORM FEED 89 Free memory 20, 47 Freeze cursor 58 Freeze/thaw 62 Function keys 8, 15 GOTO 43, 68 Goto column 1 14, 66 Goto mark 65 GOTO statement 28, 75 Hard Escape 13, 72 Hard-tab 13, 20, 69 HARDTAB statement 28, 75 HELP command 13, 43 Hexadecimal 36, 37 High-bit characters 13 IGNORE PAPER OUT 89 Infix 36, 63 INSERT 112 Insert mode 13, 57 INSERT statement 28, 75 Installation 9 INTENSITY statement 28, 37, 76 Interword chars 17, 20, 43 INTERWORD command 17, 43 INTERWORD statement 29, 76 JEJECT 44 Join line 17, 60 Justified 17 KEEP command 34, 44 Last parameter 15, 19, 32, 40 Last search specification 15 LAUNDRY command 16, 44, 97 LAYOUT statement 29, 52 Left justify 17, 18, 68 Left tab 58 Line case flip 17, 67 LINES PER INCH 90 MACRO command 15, 33, 44 Macro report 34, 45, 64 Macros 33 MAXLINES statement 12, 29, 46, 77 Memory resident program 61 MODE statement 29, 77 Move block left/right a space 18, 82 Move block left/right a tabstop 81 Move to file list 83 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 116 NCAL.EXE 36 NHELP.EXE 13 Notational conventions 7 NTAB command 45 OPEN command 15, 16, 30, 45 Open new line above 57 Open new line below 56 Open next file 16, 59 Overtype mode 13, 28 Page layout 29 Parameter entry mode 15 PATH 9 PERIOD 85 Positioning keys 13 Previous/Next character 56 Previous/Next line 55 Previous/Next page 55 Previous/Next word 14, 56 Print a file 34 PRINT command 34, 47 Print the current file 47 QUIT command 23, 48 Re-sort the directory 32 Record macro 33 Recording macros 33, 44 Redraw 62 Regular Expression Language 21, 49, 85 Rename an existing macro 33 REPLACE command 15, 21, 23, 48 Restore 17, 59 Restore above 18, 60 Restore scrap 17 Retrace interval 71 Reverse Video 18, 32 Right justify 69 Right tab 13 Ruler display 12, 68 RULER statement 23, 77 Save configuration 87 Save file 16 Scrap buffer 12, 17 Screen colours 37 Scroll bar 33 Search down 21 Search from top 21 Search keys 21 Search up 21 Select file 84 Select File List 58 Set/remove mark 65 SHIFT TAB 13, 58 Snow 71 NED v1.6x User's Guide Page 117 SNOW statement 29, 78 Sort directory 84 SORT statement 29, 78 SPECIAL CHARACTERS 87 Special escape sequences 90 Special keys 15 SPECIFY 15, 18, 21, 48, 49 Split line 17, 60 Split line enter 19, 72 SPOOL statement 30, 78 Spooler 35 SQUARE BRACKETS 86 Start next line 14, 68 Start previous line 14, 69 Start window 14, 66 Start/End line 13, 55 Status Screen 20 Strip 20, 51 STRIP statement 30, 78 SUBSCRIPT 89 SUPERSCRIPT 89 System information 11 System window 11 TAB 13, 18, 58 TABSET 49 TABSET statement 30, 78 Terminate Stay Resident 47, 61 Timeslice 30, 50 Top/Bottom screen 14, 55 Trailing whitespace characters 30, 64 Typewriter 12 UNDERLINE 90 Underscore 18 Undo 18, 69 USE command 31, 34, 50 VGA 29 VSPOOL command 36, 50 Wildcard specification 11, 31 Word wrap 70 WORDWRAP statement 20, 30, 53 WRITE command 16, 51 Write list 33 XSAVE command 31, 51 YLAYOUT command 35, 52 ZSORT command 52