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- Backing Up Macintosh Files on a NetWare Server
-
- Jill Johnson
- Technical Support Engineer
- Novell Walnut Chreek
-
- Abstract:
- This AppNote addresses the issues involved in backing up Macintosh files
- stored on a NetWare file server. It covers Novell's backup products as they
- relate to Macintosh files, and looks at some third#party solutions as well.
-
- Disclaimer
-
- Novell, Inc. makes no representations or warranties with respect to the
- contents or use of these Application Notes (AppNotes) or of any of the
- third#party products discussed in the AppNotes. Novell reserves the right to
- revise these AppNotes and to make changes in their content at any time,
- without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or
- changes. These AppNotes do not constitute an endorsement of the third#party
- product or products that were tested. Configuration(s) tested or described
- may or may not be the only available solution. Any test is not a
- determination of product quality or correctness, nor does it ensure
- compliance with any federal, state or local requirements. Novell does not
- warranty products except as stated in applicable Novell product warranties or
- license agreements.
-
- Copyright { 1991 by Novell, Inc., Provo, Utah. All rights reserved.
-
- As a means of promoting NetWare AppNotes, Novell grants you without charge
- the right to reproduce, distribute and use copies of the AppNotes, provided
- you do not receive any payment, commercial benefit or other consideration for
- the reproduction or distribution, or change any copyright notices appearing
- on or in the document.
-
- Contents
-
- Introduction 41
-
- Structure of Macintosh Files 41
-
- Macintosh File Backup Issues 42
-
- Losing the Resource Fork 42
-
- Hidden Files and Directories 43
-
- Using ResEdit to Recover Damaged Files 44
-
- Novell's Macintosh#Aware Backup Solutions 45
-
- MACBACK 45
-
- Streaming Tape Backup VAP 45
-
- NBACKUP 46
-
- SBACKUP 47
-
- Third#Party Backup Solutions 48
-
- Emerald Systems 49
-
- Mountain Computer 49
-
- Cheyenne Software 49
-
- Conclusion 50
-
- Bibliography 50
-
- Acknowledgments 50
-
- Introduction
-
- Recently, Novell Systems Research published an extensive report entitled
- #Network Backup" that covered many of the issues involved in backing up
- NetWare networks. This Application Note is an addition to that report. It
- shows how Macintosh files saved to a NetWare file server fit into the world
- of backups. This information should clear up the confusion some Novell
- customers have experienced in backing up NetWare file servers that include
- Macintosh support.
-
- Structure of Macintosh Files
-
- Macintosh files require special consideration during a backup of a NetWare
- file server because they are structured differently than DOS files. Each
- Macintosh file may have a data fork and a resource fork. A DOS file, by
- contrast, has only a data fork (see ). The data fork is an unstructured,
- finite sequence of data bytes. The resource fork of a Macintosh file, which
- differentiates it from a DOS file, is accessible through the Macintosh
- Resource Manager. The resource fork contains specialized data used by an
- application, such as menus, fonts, icons, application code for an application
- file, drivers, and the data structures for mapping them within the fork.
- While AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol) is designed to consider both forks as
- finite#length byte sequences, it includes no special rules relating to the
- structure of the resource fork.
-
- : Structure of a Macintosh File
-
-
- Either or both forks of a given Macintosh file can be empty. Non#Macintosh
- clients (such as DOS, OS/2, or Windows machines) that consider a file to have
- only one fork use the Macintosh file's data fork. By contrast, files created
- by a DOS workstation and used by a Macintosh client will have an empty
- resource fork supplied by the Macintosh Resource Manager, because a resource
- fork, though unintelligible to DOS, is required by the Macintosh operating
- system. As a result, a DOS workstation that has gained access to a file
- created by a Macintosh may not be aware of the existence of the file's
- resource fork and will probably not use the resource fork.
-
- Macintosh File Backup Issues
-
- Losing the Resource Fork
-
- If you back up a NetWare file server without taking Macintosh issues into
- consideration, your backup will include only the data fork portions of the
- Macintosh files on the server. If you then restore files from this backup to
- the file server, all the Macintosh files will be visible to all the clients
- but inaccessible to the Macintosh clients. In fact, those Macintosh files
- will appear as DOS files displayed with the icons for DOS files (see and ).
- This occurs because the resource fork and Finder information of the Macintosh
- files are lost.
-
- : Macintosh Files Before Backup
-
- : Macintosh Files Appear as DOS Files After Bad Backup
-
- If you try to launch a Macintosh application or access a Macintosh file after
- a faulty backup, you will receive an error message (see ).
-
- : Error Message Received When Trying to Access a Macintosh File After Bad
- Backup
-
- Hidden Files and Directories
-
- When you are backing up Macintosh files, you should also consider the many
- hidden files and directories created on the NetWare server when NetWare for
- Macintosh is installed. If these files and directories are corrupted or not
- backed up properly, both the Macintosh files and the NetWare for Macintosh
- system files may be lost.
-
- One such hidden directory created on the NetWare file server is the Desktop
- directory. Each Macintosh client maintains a hidden Desktop file that
- contains information for use by the Macintosh Finder. For file server volumes
- (as opposed to client volumes), AFP provides an interface that replaces the
- Macintosh Finder's direct use of the Desktop file. This interface is
- necessary because the Desktop file is designed for a single#user, stand#alone
- environment. The AFP interface to the Desktop database can be used
- transparently for both local and remote volumes and can be shared by multiple
- users.
-
- The Desktop database on a file server holds information that the Finder
- specifically needs to build its unique user interface, in which icons
- represent objects on a disk volume. The Desktop also associates applications
- with particular icons, stores the icons' bitmaps, locates the corresponding
- application when a user opens a document, and holds text comments associated
- with files and directories.
-
- Macintosh applications usually contain not only an icon that is displayed for
- the application itself but also other icons displayed for the documents that
- the application creates. These icons are stored in the application's resource
- fork and in the Desktop database. The Desktop database associates these icons
- with each file's creator and type, which are stored in part of the file's
- Finder information.
-
- Using ResEdit to Recover Damaged Files
-
- As you can see, if the resource fork information is lost, the Macintosh file
- itself is lost. Data files can sometimes be recovered using a program from
- Apple Computer called ResEdit. ResEdit is a graphics#based application for
- manipulating the various resources in a Macintosh file. Be forewarned,
- however, that manipulating files incorrectly with ResEdit can damage files
- irreversibly. Using ResEdit to get data files back is a time#consuming
- process. ResEdit by no means provides a supported or workable solution for
- all instances of lost resource forks on all of your Macintosh files on the
- NetWare file server. You can not use ResEdit to restore application files,
- only document files.
-
- Keeping in mind all these provisos, here is a procedure for recovering a lost
- resource fork from a damaged Macintosh data file using ResEdit:
-
- 1. Make a blank file using the application with which your original
- damaged file was created.
-
- 2. Copy the damaged original file from your server to your Macintosh
- workstation.
-
- 3. Launch ResEdit, and open both the new blank file and the damaged
- original file. When you open the damaged file, ResEdit will ask if you want
- to create a resource fork for the file. Choose #OK."
-
- 4. Copy the resources from the blank file to the damaged file.
-
- 5. Choose #Get Info" in the File menu for each of the opened files and
- change the damaged file's TYPE and CREATOR fields to match those of the blank
- file.
-
- 6. Save all the changes and quit ResEdit.
-
- 7. Open your application and then open the originally damaged file. You
- should now see a restored Macintosh file.
-
- Novell's Macintosh#Aware Backup Solutions
-
- Novell offers four different solutions for backing up Macintosh files on a
- NetWare server:
-
- w MACBACK (no longer shipping)
-
- w Streaming Tape Backup VAP
-
- w NBACKUP
-
- w SBACKUP
-
- MACBACK
-
- The MACBACK utility was Novell's first solution for backing up Macintosh
- files on NetWare file servers. MACBACK was a NetWare command line utility
- that archived and restored only Macintosh files to network disks or local
- drives. MACBACK archived and restored only Macintosh files stored on a
- NetWare v2.15 file server. To do a complete system backup, you had to use
- NARCHIVE for the DOS files in addition to MACBACK.
-
- MACBACK was a first attempt to resolve the problems of backing up Macintosh
- files, but it was not very reliable. It also forced system administrators to
- back up their file servers twice, once for the Macintosh files and once for
- the DOS files. MACBACK's most noticeable difficulty occurred when you backed
- up any Macintosh applications resident on the file server. A Macintosh
- application has a 0#byte data fork, and MACBACK couldn't restore files with
- 0#byte data forks.
-
- Streaming Tape Backup VAP
-
- The Streaming Tape Backup VAP will back up and restore all files from a
- v2.12, v2.15C, or v2.2 file server. The VAP runs on either a file server or a
- bridge and can back up or restore to any server on the internetwork running
- the versions of NetWare listed above. This product uses console command line
- options at the file server or bridge to back up and restore. One major
- restriction is this product works only with a PC#36 controller board. Many
- people aren't aware of this product due to this restriction.
-
- When restoring Macintosh files, you will have to rebuild the Desktop after
- running RESTORE if both of the following are true:
-
- w You have restored AFP files to a different volume than they were
- backed up from.
-
- w The volume to which the files were restored does not contain the
- application that uses the restored files.
-
- These conditions would also cause you to lose the comments associated with
- each file. To rebuild the Desktop do the following:
-
- 1. Restart the Macintosh workstation using the Finder (not MultiFinder).
-
-
- 2. Log in as Supervisor from this Macintosh client.
-
- 3. When you mount the server's volume(s), hold down the Command#Option
- keys on the Macintosh keyboard.
-
- 4. You will be prompted to confirm that you wish to rebuild the Desktop
- on the server's volume(s). Answer #Yes."
-
- The Finder will then traverse the file system on the file server's volumes
- and update the contents of each Desktop directory (at the root of each
- volume) with the current location and document icon for each Macintosh
- application.
-
- NBACKUP
-
- NBACKUP was developed to resolve MACBACK problems and to make backups a
- one#step process. NBACKUP backs up and restores both Macintosh and DOS files
- from NetWare v2.15, v2.2, and v3.x file servers. You must run NBACKUP from a
- DOS workstation and adhere to certain procedures in order to get the desired
- results. Some NBACKUP issues are covered here, but you should check your
- NetWare manuals for further details.
-
- With NBACKUP, you can only restore a backup of a server's files to the same
- type of NetWare system from which you made the backup. For example, if you
- back up a NetWare v2.15C system with Macintosh VAPs v2.0, it must be restored
- to a NetWare v2.15C system with Macintosh VAPs v2.0.
-
- NBACKUP backs up your NetWare file server primarily to DOS devices, but it
- does support a few non# DOS devices. The table shown in lists the most
- current available drivers. More third#party companies will undoubtedly
- introduce drivers to support NBACKUP.
-
- : Backup Devices Supported by NBACKUP
-
- Multiple versions of NBACKUP exist. Each version supports different drivers
- as well as different NetWare versions. NBACKUP is included with the NetWare
- operating system and should be used only with the version of NetWare with
- which it is shipped.
-
- NBACKUP's interface uses the standard NetWare menu structure. NBACKUP does
- not allow you to restore files and directories to a different location from
- where they were backed up.
-
- SBACKUP
-
- SBACKUP is Novell's newest solution for backing up NetWare file servers.
- SBACKUP is a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) for a NetWare v3.11 file server.
- SBACKUP allows you to back up files using DOS, Macintosh, OS/2, and NFS name
- spaces. SBACKUP includes more drivers for tape drive units than NBACKUP does,
- supports two additional types of name spaces (OS/2 and NFS), and can be run
- from the server console while still accessing other servers on the network.
- New device drivers, developed for Novell by Cheyenne Software, Inc., are
- included with NetWare v3.11, supporting more than 50 third#party hardware
- backup devices. For backing up Macintosh files, these devices include
- Adaptec, Future Domain, and Bustek controllers.
-
- A second NLM is associated with SBACKUP. The TSA.NLM allows SBACKUP to access
- multiple servers, in addition to the server where SBACKUP resides. In , FS3
- is a NetWare v3.11 file server running the SBACKUP.NLM. Because the TSA.NLM
- is loaded on the other servers on the network, SBACKUP can back up servers
- FS1, FS2, and FS3 all from FS3's server console. The TSA.NLM is currently
- available only for NetWare v3.11 file servers.
-
- : Using TSA.NLM to Access Other Servers During Backup
-
- Currently, SBACKUP cannot redirect Macintosh files during a restore. If
- Macintosh files or directories are restored to a different directory or
- volume than the original backup source, the Macintosh files lose their
- Macintosh names and are displayed with the DOS name space convention of eight
- characters. The Macintosh files also lose the comments associated with the
- file in the #Get Info" field. The redirection feature will be included in
- future releases of SBACKUP.
-
- Third#Party Backup Solutions
-
- A number of vendors' software and hardware solutions provide an alternative
- to Novell's solutions. The vendors mentioned are by no means the only vendors
- that support backing up Macintosh files on a NetWare file server, nor are the
- product evaluations comprehensive. One thing to keep in mind is that these
- vendors' hardware solutions won't necessarily work with Novell's software
- backup solutions (for example, NBACKUP or SBACKUP). For this reason, when
- Novell releases a new operating system and you upgrade your file server(s),
- the third#party vendor may not immediately offer a backup solution compatible
- with the new NetWare release. If you need to use another vendors' hardware
- with Novell's NBACKUP or SBACKUP, you will have to obtain a driver from the
- vendor. In the case of SBACKUP, you will have to find out whether that
- vendor's hardware will work with the standard Cheyenne driver. These vendors'
- solutions were not evaluated with the new releases of NetWare v2.2 or v3.11
- operating systems. Please check with the vendor for those solutions.
-
- Another consideration is that many vendors' backup units and software are
- certified by Novell to work with NetWare. This certification may have
- restrictions. IMSP test procedures do not include backing up Macintosh files.
- Also, merely because a product is not officially #NetWare Certified" doesn't
- mean it won't work with NetWare. The best advice is for the buyer to beware.
- Make sure the vendor of the backup system understands the need to back up
- Macintosh files and the issues involved. Also, even if a vendor supports
- backups of Macintosh files on a NetWare server, not all versions of the
- vendor's products may include this support.
-
- Emerald Systems
-
- Emerald offers two versions of their software that will back up Macintosh
- files on a NetWare server: EmSAVE and EmQ. EmSAVE runs from a NetWare DOS
- client, while EmQ must be installed on a NetWare file server. EmSAVE has some
- of the limitations that NBACKUP has; EmSAVE v3.0 can't redirect AFP files,
- and will generate errors if you try. For example, the error #Cannot Redirect
- AFP directories or files [EM0246]" will be generated. The documentation for
- Emerald's product explains that this error means #Redirecting AFP file during
- a restore operation is not a supported function in this version of the
- Emerald Systems application."
-
- Emerald's software has a Windows#type interface, which makes backing up and
- restoring the different files and directories intuitive and easy to carry
- out.
-
- Mountain Computer
-
- Mountain's FileSafe backup utility is another solution for backing up
- Macintosh and DOS files from a NetWare server. FileSafe allows you to
- redirect backed#up Macintosh files to different directories. Hidden files are
- also easily handled. FileSafe's interface is not Windows#like, but it is
- menu#driven and easily mastered.
-
- Be sure to note that not all Mountain hardware and software products work
- with Macintosh files. For example, Mountain's MM series software will not
- back up Macintosh files, but Mountain is currently developing a version that
- will.
-
- Cheyenne Software
-
- ARCserve is one of the few server#driven backup applications evaluated. The
- version for NetWare v2.15 with Macintosh VAPs is a bit awkward because the
- backup administrator must be able to work at the server console and on a
- workstation at the same time to make efficient use of the product. The
- version for NetWare v3.11 with NetWare for Macintosh v3.0 is more efficient
- because you can back up from the server console directly.
-
- ARCserve uses the NetWare menu style and, like FileSafe, can redirect
- Macintosh files to different subdirectories.
-
- Conclusion
-
- The more types of workstations and operating systems are introduced to
- NetWare networks, the more complex backup issues will become. Hopefully this
- Application Note has cleared up some of the confusion surrounding Macintosh
- files and how these files are structured, along with how the operating system
- handles this structure.
-
- There are many books and reports available that can give more detailed
- information about the various topics touched on here. The Bibliography lists
- references for further information about network backups, Macintosh files and
- the Macintosh operating system, and other related topics.
-
- Bibliography
-
- Inside Macintosh, Volumes I and II; available from Apple Computer, Inc. and
- Addison# Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.
-
- Inside AppleTalk by Gursharan S. Sidhu, Richard F. Andrews, and Alan B.
- Oppenheimer; available from Apple Computer, Inc. and Addison#Wesley
- Publishing Co., Inc.
-
- #Network Backup," available from Novell Systems Research through the Novell
- AppNotes Hotline (801) 429#7550.
-
- Acknowledgments
-
- We extend special thanks to the following vendors for loaning backup units
- and software for testing.
-
- Emerald Systems
- 4757 Morena Boulevard
- San Diego, CA 92117
- (619) 673#2161
-
- Mountain Computer, Inc.
- 360 El Pueblo Road
- Scotts Valley, CA 95066
- (800) 458#0300
-
- Cheyenne Software, Inc.
- 55 Bryant Ave.
- Roslyn, NY 11576
- (516) 484#5110
-
- Editor's Note: The author accepts written feedback at FAX (801) 429#5511.
-
-