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- GENERALLY ACCEPTED
- AUDITING STANDARDS
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- Prepared for
- Jim Nutty
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- by
- Rob Lewis
- April 10, 1996
- Generally Accepted Auditing Standards are those guidelines which auditors must adhere to
- while conducting an audit of a company's or government entity's financial statements. It
- must also be stated in the audit report that the audit was conducted following Generally
- Accepted Auditing Standards. This has been required since 1941 after the investigation of
- a large drug company, McKesson & Robbins, Inc., which had had funds embezzled by its
- president and his three brothers. Neither the internal controls or the independent
- auditors detected the embezzlement. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards are divided into
- three main areas: 1) General Standards, 2) Standards of Fieldwork, and 3) Standards of
- Reporting. Each area contains three or four specific standards.
- General Standards
- There are three general standards. They deal with technical training and proficiency,
- independence, and due professional care. To have technical training and proficiency means
- you have the proper educational background. This is demonstrated by passing a
- comprehensive examination. Independence is the most important attribute of an auditor. An
- auditor must remain independent of the client at all times and avoid all situations that
- may jeopardize his independence. Due professional care means working carefully and being
- willing to take responsibility for the accuracy of your work.
- Standards of Field Work
- There are three standards of field work. They address proper planning and supervision,
- examination and evaluation of internal controls, and collecting sufficient and competent
- evidence. An auditor must adequately plan his audit in advance and be familiar with the
- business and industry of his client. He should test the internal control system of the
- client, especially those controls on which he plans to rely during the audit. He should
- obtain the most reliable evidence available and select the best procedures to obtain that
- evidence.
- Standards of Reporting
- There are four standards of reporting. They are concerned with whether the financial
- statements are presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principals
- (GAAP), consistency, informative disclosures, and an expression of opinion on the financial
- statements that have been audited. The audit report must explicitly state whether the
- financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and whether or not these
- principles have been applied consistently from one year to the next. Unless stated
- otherwise, it should be assumed that the informative disclosures stated in the financial
- statements are adequate. Any deficiencies in this area should be specifically stated in
- the audit report. Footnotes must contain all the relevant information needed to be able to
- properly interpret the financial statements. Finally, the auditor must express an opinion
- on the financial statements. The auditor should issue either an unqualified, qualified,
- adverse, or disclaimer of opinion. The basic format for each of these opinions is pretty
- much pre-established. In a qualified or adverse opinion, an additional paragraph should be
- added for each problem found within the financial statements. A disclaimer of opinion
- should be issued any time an auditors independence is violated or if he is unable to
- complete the entire audit for some reason.
- Conclusion
- Each of the standards carry equal weight and should be followed while conducting any audit
- whether it is a private business or a governmental entity. Depending on the specific
- audit, there may be other standards which also apply.
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- SOURCES
- Biar, B., and Grinaker, R. (1965). Auditing: The Examination of Financial Statements.
- Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Carmichael, D., Lilien, S., & Mellman, M. (1991).
- Accountants Handbook (7th Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Robertson, J.(1996).
- Auditing (8th Edition). Chicago: Irwin.
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