Welcome
Welcome to XCell

Introducing XCell, in our opinion the most advanced shareware spreadsheet currently avaliable.

XCells features include:

True 32bit application

Over 130 functions.

Auto selections.

Auto summing.

Auto formatting.

Autofill lists.

Function picker.

Format painter.

Drawing tools.

Data input objects.

Reads and writes Excel files.

Save as HTML.

2D and 3D charts with photo-realistic rendering engine.

Spell checker.


Technical Support

     On the World Wide Web

Visit our website at www.techmarc.ndirect.co.uk

E-Mail us at support@techmarc.ndirect.co.uk

Copyright © 1998 Techmarc


The XCell Workbook

When you open or create a file in XCell, you are creating or opening a workbook. The workbook is where all your data is stored. A workbook can consist of one or more individual worksheets. Worksheets are useful for organizing information into separate groups. For example, you might have the year-end sales figures for each sales region on a different worksheet within the same workbook. Having all the information in one worksheet would be cumbersome; splitting it into separate files would be too inconvenient to work with.

The following illustration shows a XCell workbook with three worksheets:

Each of the three sheets is identified by a name displayed on a sheet tab.

Inserting Worksheets

Selecting Worksheets

Deleting Worksheets

Renaming Worksheets

Navigating Through Worksheets

Selecting Cells

Selecting Rows and Columns


Inserting Worksheets

By default, a workbook contains only one worksheet. However, you can easily insert additional worksheets.

To add worksheets:

1.	Select Insert Worksheet from the Insert menu.

A new worksheet is added as the last worksheet.

Selecting Worksheets

Deleting Worksheets

Renaming Worksheets


Selecting   Worksheets

Usually, you do most of your work in one worksheet at a time. This is called the active worksheet. When you have multiple worksheets in a workbook, you can use the mouse to click on a worksheet's tab to make it the active sheet. The tab is highlighted and moves on top of the other tabs.

You can save time and effort by performing some tasks on several sheets at once. For example, if you want all three worksheets in your workbook to have the same title information, you can select all three worksheets and enter the titles on the active worksheet. The titles are automatically entered in the corresponding cells in the other selected worksheets as well.

To select multiple worksheets:

Use one of the following key/mouse combinations, depending on whether you want to select adjacent or non-adjacent worksheets:

Action	Result

CTRL-Click on sheet tab	Selects or deselects non-adjacent sheets. Any other selected worksheets remain selected.

SHIFT-Click on sheet tab	Selects all adjacent worksheets between the active worksheet and the worksheet you clicked on. All other worksheets are deselected.

The following illustration shows various groupings of selected worksheets:

Sheet4 is the active sheet. All other sheets are deselected.

If you hold down the Shift key and select Sheet1, all sheets between the active sheet (Sheet4) and Sheet1 are selected.

If you select Sheet2, it becomes the active sheet, but all sheets remain selected.

If you hold down the Control key and select Sheet3, it is deselected, but the other sheets remain selected.

Inserting Worksheets

Working with a Group of Worksheets

Inserting Multiple Worksheets

Deleting Worksheets

Renaming Worksheets


Working with a Group of Worksheets

When you have multiple worksheets selected, you can think of them as a group of worksheets. When you perform some actions they affect all worksheets in the group. Other actions affect only the active worksheet, regardless of how many worksheets are selected.

The following actions work on all selected worksheets:

Changing cell selection

Entering values via the formula bar

Inserting rows, columns, or ranges of cells

Deleting rows, columns, or ranges of cells

Clearing rows, columns, or ranges of cells

Setting TopLeft/Row/Column header text

Setting column width

Setting row height

Moving and copying with the mouse


Inserting Multiple Worksheets

You can insert more than one sheet at a time and at any point in the sheet tab index. The number and position of the inserted sheets depends on number and position of the selected sheets in the workbook.

To insert worksheets:

1.	Select the worksheet immediately to the right of where you want to insert the new worksheets.

2.	Select as many worksheets to the right of that worksheet as the number of worksheets you want to insert.

For example, if you want to insert two worksheets, a total of two worksheets must be selected.

3.	Select Insert Sheet from the Sheet menu.

The following illustration shows this process:

Since Sheet2 and Sheet1 are selected, two additional worksheets are inserted to the left of Sheet2. Notice that the newly inserted worksheets are given the next available sheet names, regardless of their position in the sheet index list.

Inserting Worksheets

Renaming Worksheets


Deleting Worksheets

To delete worksheets:

1.	Select the worksheets you want to delete.

2.	Select Delete Sheets from the Sheet menu.

The following illustration shows this process:

Inserting Worksheets

Selecting Worksheets

Renaming Worksheets


Renaming Worksheets

XCell provides each worksheet with a default name. You can change those names to more meaningfully describe the sheet's contents. For example, the sheet names in the following illustration are far more descriptive than the worksheet's default names.

To rename a sheet name:

1.	Select Rename from the Sheet sub-menu in the Edit menu.

2.	Enter the new name and click OK.

Inserting Worksheets

Selecting Worksheets


Positioning Worksheet Tabs

You may place the workbook tabs at the bottom, top, left or right of the workbook. You may also hide them. Use the Options dialog in the Tools menu to change the appearance of the tabs.

The following illustration shows sheet tabs displayed at the top of the workbook.


Navigating Through Worksheets

You can navigate within individual worksheets using keyboard commands or mouse actions. In addition to navigating through worksheets, keyboard commands allow you to perform a variety of other tasks.

Keyboard commands allow you to:

position the active cell in the worksheet

page through a worksheet

enter data typed in a cell

move the active cell within a selected range

enter and exit edit mode

recalculate a workbook

delete data from a selected cell or range

Using Keyboard Commands

Performing Mouse Actions

Selecting Cells

Selecting Rows and Columns


Using Keyboard Commands

The tables below list the keyboard commands you can use when working in XCell. The following table lists action keys that allow you to enter and edit data, move the active cell within a selected range, and recalculate the workbook.

Key	Description

ENTER	When in edit mode, accepts the current entry. When a range is selected, if Enter Moves Down is set to True, accepts the current entry and moves active cell vertically to next cell in selection.

SHIFT + ENTER	When in edit mode, accepts the current entry. When a range is selected, with the Enter Moves Down checked in the options dialog, accepts the current entry and moves active cell vertically to previous cell in selection.

TAB	When in edit mode, accepts the current entry and moves the active cell horizontally to right.

SHIFT +TAB	When in edit mode, accepts the current entry and moves the active cell horizontally to left.

F2	Enters edit mode. While in editing mode, F2 displays the Cell Text dialog box, in which you can enter multi-line data entries.

F9	Recalculates the workbook.

DEL	May clear current selection depending on the setting of Allow Delete.

Escape	Cancels current data entry or editing operation.

The following table lists the movement keys that allow you to move the active cell within a worksheet and display different sections of the worksheet.

Key	Description

Up Arrow	Moves active cell up one row.

Down Arrow	Moves active cell down one row.

Left Arrow	Moves active cell left one column.

Right Arrow	Moves active cell right one column.

CTRL Up/Down/Left/Right	Moves to the next range of cells containing data. If there is no additional data in the direction in which you are moving, moves to the edge of the worksheet.

Page Up	Moves up one screen.

Page Down	Moves down one screen.

CTRL Page Up	Moves left one screen.

CTRL Page Down	Moves right one screen.

Home	Goes to first column of current row.

End	Goes to last column of current row that contains data.

CTRL Home	Goes to row 1 column 1.

CTRL End	Goes to last row and column that contain data.

The following table lists the keys that modify the action of the movement keys.

Key	Description

Scroll lock	Causes the view window to scroll without changing current selection with all movement keys except Home, End, CTRL Home, and CTRL End.

SHIFT plus any movement key	Extends the current selection.

Performing Mouse Actions

Selecting Cells

Selecting Rows and Columns


Performing Mouse Actions

Primarily the mouse is used to select items in a worksheet at run time. The following table lists the mouse actions you can perform in a worksheet.

Action	Description

Left-Click	Moves the active cell to the pointer position.

Right-Click	In the container's design mode, brings up the shortcut menu.

Left-Click in Row or Column Headings	Selects entire row or column.

Left-Click in Top Left Corner	Selects entire sheet.

Left Double-Click in Top Left Corner, Row Headings, Column Headings, or Worksheet tabs	Displays a dialog box that allows you to enter a  label for the top left corner or the column or row  heading, or a new name for the worksheet that was double-clicked.

Left Double-Click	, invokes in-cell editing.

Left-Click and Drag	Selects a range. If other ranges are selected, the previously selected ranges are unselected.

CTRL + Left-Click and Drag	Selects a range. If other ranges are selected they remain selected.

SHIFT + Left-Click and Drag	Extends the current selection.

CTRL + SHIFT Click on Row Headings, Column Headings, or Top Left Corner	Selects the row headings, column headings, or top left corner of the sheet.

Drag a Selection's Copy Handle	Copies the selection into the newly selected area.

Drag a Selection's Border	Moves the selection to a new location.

ALT + Click and Drag an Object or Object's Selection Handles	Repositions or resizes an object and aligns object sides with the cell grid.

Using Keyboard Commands

Selecting Cells

Selecting Rows and Columns


Selecting Cells

Many operations require one or more cells to be selected. There are three kinds of selections: a single cell, a range of cells, and multiple ranges of cells (non-adjacent). The following illustrations show the three types of selections.

A single cell is selected.

A single range is selected.

Multiple ranges are selected.

Selecting Cells with the Mouse

Selecting Rows and Columns


Selecting Cells with the Mouse

The worksheet cursor is always located on a cell. The cell on which the worksheet cursor is located is called the active cell. The active cell is also a selection or part of a selection. Any data the user enters is always placed in the active cell.

To select a range of cells, click and hold the left mouse button and drag through the range you want to select. When a range is selected, it becomes highlighted.

To select multiple ranges, press the CTRL key while selecting a range with the mouse. Any previously selected ranges remain selected.

Once a range is selected, you can move the active cell within the range using the ENTER, SHIFT + ENTER, TAB, and SHIFT + TAB keys. When you use these keys to move the active cell, the range remains selected.

Selecting Cells

Selecting Rows and Columns


Selecting Rows and Columns

Entire rows and columns can be selected in the worksheet using the mouse. To select a row or column, position the pointer on the header of the row or column you want to select. When you click the header, the row or column is selected.

You can also select all rows and columns in the worksheet. To do this, position the pointer on the top left header and click.

Selecting Cells


Worksheet Data Entry

One of the basic tasks encountered when working with a workbook is data entry. XCell provides several methods for entering data.

Direct entry. This is the most direct method of data entry. Data can be entered directly in a

Copying data. Two methods allow you to copy data to or from variant arrays into or from a range of cells in a XCell worksheet.

Adding the formula bar

Using AutoFill Lists

Validating Data

Worksheet Data Types

Cell References

Worksheet Errors

Understanding Functions

Using Names

Calculating Worksheets


Adding The Formula Bar

You can enter data into a worksheet by typing directly into a cell, or by typing into the formula bar. The formula bar appears by default, and you can turn on or off the display of the formula bar and cell reference indicator in your workbook control.

To control the display of the formula bar:

Select Formula Bar from the View menu to toggle the display of the formula bar.


Entering Multi-Line Data

A single cell can contain as many as nine lines or 256 characters of data. When entering the data, new lines of data are specified within the cell by entering carriage return/line feeds.

When entering data in a worksheet at run time, press F2 when editing a cell. The Cell Text dialog box is displayed in which you can enter the cell data. To enter a line feed, press RETURN. Click the OK button to accept the entry and return to normal worksheet editing.

After entering multi-line data, you may need to resize the row and column in which the entry is placed in order to view all the data.

You can also enter multi-line row and column headers.

Formatting Row and Column Headings


Limiting Data Entry

Some applications may require that the user not be allowed to enter or edit data. To prevent data entry, set the Allow In Cell Editting to false in the options dialog, and hide the formula bar. Data and formula entry and editing is thus prevented.

Adding the formula bar

Limiting Formula Entry

Locking Cells

Validating Data


Limiting Formula Entry

If you only want to prevent the entering and editing of formulas, uncheck Allow Formulas in the options dialog. Unchecking it does not affect the entry and editing of constant values.

Limiting Data Entry

Locking Cells

Displaying Formulas

Entering Formulas

Formula Operators


Locking Cells

To set editing permissions on a per cell basis:

1.	Select the cells you want to lock.

2.	Select Cell Protection from the Tools menu.

3.	Uncheck the Locked check box and click OK.

4. 	Select Enable Protection from the Sheet menu to enable protection for the entire worksheet.

5. 	This final step actually prevents the cells from being modified.

Note   Worksheet cells are locked by default. If you want to lock only selected cells, you must first turn cell protection off for the rest of the worksheet cells.

When a worksheet contains locked cells, ENTER, SHIFT-ENTER, TAB, and SHIFT-TAB advance the selection to the next unlocked cell.

Limiting Data Entry

Limiting Formula Entry


Displaying Formulas

It is often convenient to display formula text instead of the values they produce. Checking Display Formulas in the Options dialog from the Tools menu causes the worksheet to display formula text instead of formula results. Displaying formula text can help you debug formula-related problems.

Entering Formulas

Formula Operators


Using AutoFill Lists

If you frequently use lists of names, months, or days of the week in your worksheet, you can let XCell do some of the work for you by using the autofill feature.

XCell's default autofill lists contain frequently used series of text, such as months and days of the week. When you enter one of the elements in these lists and drag the autofill handle, XCell enters the rest of the data from the list as needed to fill the range you mark.

Once XCell has recognized the text as an item from an autofill list, pressing TAB puts the next list item in the next cell to the right, or ENTER puts the next list item in the next cell below.

Using AutoFill Lists

Adding AutoFill Lists

Deleting AutoFill Lists

Worksheet Data Types

Entering Constant Values


Adding AutoFill Lists

To add a new autofill list:

1.	Select AutoFill List... from the Data menu to display the AutoFill Lists dialog box.

By default, a new, empty line is selected in the Lists list box.

2.	Type your new autofill list in the Current List list box, separating each item with a semi-colon.

3.	Click Add.

Select the empty row at the end of the list and then type your new list in the Current List list box.

Note   Values recognized as data cannot be used as autofill list items, such as 1973;1974, 1a;1b, 1%;2%.

Using AutoFill Lists

Deleting AutoFill Lists


Deleting AutoFill Lists

To delete an autofill list:

1.	Select AutoFill List... from the Data menu to display the AutoFill Lists dialog box.

2.	Select the list you want to edit or delete from the Lists list box.

3.	Click Delete.

Using AutoFill Lists

Adding AutoFill Lists


Validating Data

Another means of limiting data entry is to specify a validation rule for a cell. A validation rule consists of a formula to test and text to display if the validation fails. If the formula returns True, the value is entered. If the formula returns a text string, the string is displayed and the value is not entered. If the formula returns False, the value is not entered and the validation text is displayed in an error dialog box.

For example, you can limit the range of values a user can enter in a cell by creating a rule that fails if the user enters a number under 100 and displays the message "Enter a value greater than 100."

You can use relative references in validation rules. These references are considered to be relative to the active cell. This allows a validation rule to be properly applied to an entire range.

To create a validation rule:

1.	Select the cell for which you want to create a validation rule.

2.	Select Validation Rule from the Format menu to display the Validation Rule dialog box.

3.	Enter a validation formula in the Rule text box.

4.	Enter text to be displayed if the data fails the validation test in the Text box.

5.	Click OK.

This illustration shows the validation rule created for cell A1.

This illustration shows the message displayed when the data entered in cell A1 fails the validation rule.

Limiting Data Entry

The Validation Formula

Worksheet Data Types


The Validation Formula

The validation formula follows basically the same rules as those for defined names. It must also be a worksheet formula that evaluates to True or False. Following are a number of examples of validation formulas.

SUM(A6:A7) > A5

AND(A6>1, A6 <100)

IF (A7>1,A7<100,A7>0)

OR(ISLOGICAL (A7), A7=1,A7=0)

Validating Data


Worksheet Data Types

Cells can contain two types of information: constant values and formulas.

Constant values are numbers, including dates and times, logical values, error values, and text.

Formulas are groups of constant values, cell references, names, functions, and operators that result in a new value when calculated or evaluated.

Entering Constant Values

Entering Formulas

Entering Functions


Entering Constant Values

Numbers. Numeric entries can contain numeric characters (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0) and the special characters (e.g., +, -, (, ), /, $, %, ., E, and e).

Negative numbers can be preceded by a minus sign or enclosed in parentheses.

Commas can be included in numeric entries as thousands separators.

Numeric entries containing leading dollar signs are formatted as currency.

Numeric entries containing trailing percent signs are formatted as percentages.

XCell accepts numeric entries as fractions. If the fraction contains a leading integer (e.g., 1 1/3) it can be entered directly. If there is no leading integer, the fraction should be preceded by a zero (e.g., 0 2/3).

Numbers larger than the cell in which they are entered are converted to scientific notation unless a specific format is applied.

Dates and Times. Dates and times are automatically recognized by XCell. They are entered in the cell as values and automatically formatted. The following date and time formats are automatically recognized.

Entered	Format Assigned

3/15/94	m/d/yy

15-Mar-94	d-mmm-yy

15-Mar	d-mmm

Mar-94	mmm-yy

9:55 PM	h:mm AM/PM

9:55:33 PM	h:mm:ss AM/PM

21:55	h:mm

21:55:33	h:mm:ss

3/15/94 21:55	m/d/yy h:mm

Text. Text is any set of characters that XCell does not recognize as a number, date, or time.

Text that is wider than a cell ordinarily spills over into the cell immediately to the right. You can specify that text should wrap within the cell by enabling word wrap in your alignment format settings.

Logical and Error Values. Logical and error values are not normally entered directly in cells; they are usually the result of a formula. However, entering these values can be useful for testing formulas.

The logical values that can be entered are TRUE and FALSE. The error values that can be entered are #N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #NULL!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, and #NAME?.

Worksheet Data Types

Entering Formulas

Cell References


Entering  Formulas

Formulas are the basic building blocks for analyzing and calculating worksheet data. A formula is a string containing numbers, operators, worksheet functions, cell references, and names. A formula can contain as many as 1024 characters.

When you manually enter a formula in a worksheet, you must begin the entry with an equal sign (=). XCell recognizes this entry as a formula.

Numbers in formulas can be followed by a percent sign (%). Numbers with trailing percent signs are treated as percentages (e.g., 100% is evaluated as 1).

If text is encountered when a number is expected, the text is converted to a number. For example, the formula 1 + "3" returns 4, because "3" is converted to a number. If the text cannot be converted to a valid number (e.g., 1 + "Text"), #VALUE! is returned.

Likewise, if a number is encountered when text is expected, the number is converted to text. The formula "The number is "&3 converts to the text string "The number is 3".

The value TRUE always converts to 1; while FALSE converts to 0. If a number is encountered when a logical value is expected, a zero is converted to FALSE. All other numbers are converted to TRUE. If text is encountered when a logical value is expected, "TRUE" is converted to TRUE; "FALSE" is converted to FALSE. All other text returns #VALUE!.

Dates and times are recognized and converted to their serial values. For example, "10/10/94" - "10/1/94" equals 9.

Limiting Formula Entry

Displaying Formulas

Entering Constant Values

Formula Operators

Cell References

Worksheet Errors

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Using Names

Calculating Worksheets


Formula  Operators

When creating formulas, XCell provides a set of operators for specifying the type of calculation or evaluation to be performed on the formula data. The following table lists the formula operators.

Operator Type	Operator	Description

Arithmetic	+	Addition

-	Subtraction

/	Division

*	Multiplication

%	Percentage

^	Exponentiation

Text	&	Concatenation

Comparison	=	Equal to

>	Greater than

<	Less than

>=	Greater than or equal to

<=	Less then or equal to

<>	Not equal to

Reference	:, .., .	Range - produces a reference that includes all the cells between the two references (e.g., A1:A5 includes cells A1 and A5 and all cells in between).

,	Union - produces one reference that includes the two references (e.g., A1:A10,C1:C10).

Entering Formulas

Operator Precedence


Operator Precedence

When combining operators in a formula, XCell uses a specific order of precedence to calculate the formula. The following table lists the order of precedence for formula operators.

Operator	Description

( )	Parentheses

:, .., .	Range

,	Union

-	Negation (single operand)

%	Percentage

^	Exponentiation

* and /	Multiplication and Division

+ and -	Addition and Subtraction

&	Text concatenation

= < > <= >= <>	Comparison

Operators of like precedence are evaluated left to right. Parentheses should be used when it is necessary to change the order of evaluation. The following example illustrates how the result of a formula can be altered by adding parentheses to change the order of precedence.

Formula	Result

1+2*37	75

(1+2)*37	111

As illustrated in the previous table, the multiplication operator (*) has higher precedence than the addition operator (+). It is evaluated first unless parentheses are used to force the addition to take place first.

Entering Formulas

Formula Operators


Cell  References

A reference identifies a cell by referring to the row and column coordinates of the cell. References are based on the row and column headings. For example, A1 refers to the cell at the intersection of row 1 and column A. References can be used in formulas to access data from a worksheet.

A range of cells is specified by placing a colon (:) between two cell references. For example, the reference A1:C3 refers to the range anchored by cells A1 and C3. The range includes all cells in columns A, B, and C of rows 1, 2, and 3.

Entering Formulas

Absolute and Relative References

References to Other Worksheets

References to Multiple Worksheets

External References

Automatically Entering Cell References

Using Names


Absolute and Relative   References

There are two types of cell references: relative and absolute.

Relative references point to a cell based on its relative position to the current cell. When the cell containing the reference is copied, the reference is adjusted to point to a new cell with the same relative offset as the originally referenced cell.

Absolute references point to a cell at an exact location. When the cell containing the formula is copied, the reference does not change. Absolute references are designated by placing a dollar sign ($) in front of the row and column that is to be absolute.

References can be part absolute and part relative. These are called mixed references. The following table lists the reference types.

Reference	Type

A1	Relative reference pointing to cell A1.

$A$1	Absolute reference pointing to cell A1.

$A1	Absolute column reference, relative row reference pointing to cell A1.

A$1	Relative column reference, absolute row reference pointing to cell A1.

The reference operators can be used to specify multiple ranges in the same reference. For example, A1:C1,A10:C10 specifies the three cells A1, B1, and C1 and the three cells A10, B10, and C10. The formula =SUM(A1:C1,A10:C10) adds the values in all six cells.

Cell References

References to Other Worksheets

References to Multiple Worksheets

External References

Automatically Entering Cell References


References to Other Worksheets

You can reference cells in other worksheets.

To reference a worksheet in the same workbook, use the following syntax:

Sheet3!A1

Cell References

Absolute and Relative References

References to Multiple Worksheets

External References

Automatically Entering Cell References


References to Multiple   Worksheets

You can also refer to multiple worksheets, or ranges in multiple worksheets. The following example references cell A1 in Sheet1 and cell A1 in Sheet2.

Sheet1C:Sheet2!A1

Important   Worksheets must be referenced in index order. For example, the reference to the sheet indexed 1 must come before the reference to the sheet indexed 2. Remember that the worksheet index is usually different that the sheet name that appears on the sheet tab. Worksheets are indexed from left to right, beginning with 1.

The following syntax references the range A1 to B2 in Sheet1 and the range A1 to B2 in Sheet2.

Sheet1:Sheet2!A1:B2

You can also reference multiple worksheet ranges in a different workbooks by referencing the workbook name at the beginning of the syntax.

[F1Book1]Sheet1:Sheet2!A1

[F1Book2]Sheet1:Sheet2!A1:B2

Cell References

Absolute and Relative References

References to Other Worksheets

External References

Automatically Entering Cell References

Solving Circular References


External   References

References can point to cells in other workbooks. This type of reference is called an external reference. An external reference is created by placing a workbook name in brackets, followed by the worksheet name and an exclamation point, and finally a cell reference. The following table shows examples of external references.

Reference	Type

[Sales]Sheet1!A1	Relative reference pointing to cell A1 in the first worksheet of a workbook titled Sales.

[FY91]Sheet2!$A$1	Absolute reference pointing to cell A1 in the second worksheet of a workbook titled FY91.

[Q1]Sheet1:Sheet2!$A1	Absolute column reference, relative row reference pointing to cell A1 in the first and second worksheets in a workbook titled Q1.

[Store1]Sheet1:Sheet4!A1:F1	Relative row and column reference, pointing to the range A1 to F1 in a workbook titled Store1.

Cell References

Absolute and Relative References

References to Other Worksheets

References to Multiple Worksheets

Automatically Entering Cell References

Solving Circular References


Automatically Entering Cell   References

Cell references can be automatically entered as you enter a formula.

To automatically enter a cell reference:

1.	Enter the formula to the point of the range reference.

2.	With the mouse, select the cell or range you want to reference.

The reference of the range you select is automatically placed in the formula.

When you enter a cell reference in this manner, XCell assumes it is a relative reference.

Cell References

Absolute and Relative References

References to Other Worksheets

References to Multiple Worksheets

External References

Solving Circular References


Worksheet   Errors

When a formula cannot be properly calculated, an error is returned in the cell. The following table lists the errors that can be generated.

Error	Cause

#ARRAY_FORMULA!	XCell read in a file that contained an array formula. Since this feature is not supported in XCell, this error value is placed in the cell which used to contain the array formula.

#DIV/0!	Divide by zero. May be caused by a reference to a blank cell or a cell containing zero.

#N/A	No value is available. May be caused by inappropriate values in the formula or a reference to a cell containing the #N/A value.

#NAME?	Name is not recognized. May be caused by a user-defined name that is not defined.

#NULL!	Null intersection. An intersection of two ranges was defined that does not intersect.

#NUM!	Number problem. May be caused by inappropriate numbers in functions, an iteration that cannot solve for a value, or a formula that results in a number too large or too small to represent.

#REF!	Reference error. May be caused by referring to a cell that was deleted.

#VALUE!	Wrong argument type. May be caused by entering text where a number was expected, or supplying a range to an operator or function that was expecting a single value.

Entering Formulas

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Understanding Functions


Built-In Worksheet   Functions

XCell contains a set of built-in worksheet functions that provide the ability to perform complex calculations with very little work.

Worksheet functions:

calculate and evaluate data

can be used alone or in a formula

are entered directly in the worksheet

Like formulas, worksheet functions return data to the cell in which they are entered.

Each function performs a specific calculation. The SQRT function is an example of a built-in function. With this function, you can easily calculate the square root of a number. The following example calculates the square root of 118:

=SQRT(118)

For further information on each of the worksheet functions built-in to XCell, see Worksheet Functions.

Understanding Functions

Entering Functions

Nesting Functions

Entering Arguments

Syntax Errors

Calculating Worksheets


Understanding   Functions

Most worksheet functions are composed of keywords and arguments. Every worksheet function contains a keyword, but not all functions require arguments.

The keyword identifies the function and tells the worksheet what type of calculation or evaluation is performed. Each function keyword is unique.

Arguments provide the data for the function to calculate or evaluate. The arguments for a function immediately follow the function keyword and are enclosed in parentheses.

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Entering Functions

Nesting Functions

Entering Arguments

Syntax Errors

Using Names

Calculating Worksheets


Entering   Functions

When entering functions in a worksheet, all functions are preceded by an equal sign (=). The leading equal sign tells the worksheet that the following information is to be evaluated or calculated.

The function keyword follows the equal sign. It can be entered in lowercase or uppercase characters. After the function is entered, the worksheet records the function keyword in uppercase characters, regardless of how it was entered.

If a function requires multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by commas. Some functions contain optional arguments. If you omit an optional argument, a default value is assumed for the argument.

Functions that do not require arguments still require a set of parentheses following the function keyword.

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Understanding Functions

Nesting Functions

Entering Arguments

Syntax Errors


Nesting   Functions

A function can be used as an argument for another function. When a function is used in this manner, you are nesting functions. The nested function must return the appropriate type of data for the function in which it is nested. You must also provide the necessary arguments for the nested function.

In the following example, the AVERAGE function is used as an argument for the SUM function. In this case, AVERAGE is nested in SUM.

=SUM(5.23, 6.82, AVERAGE(2.45, 5.62, 7.74), 8.95, 9.01)

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Understanding Functions

Entering Functions

Entering Arguments

Syntax Errors


Entering   Arguments

The arguments for a function can be:

Numerical values

Logical values

Text strings

Error values

References to cells or ranges

For most arguments, you can substitute a cell or range reference for the data required by an argument. For example, if an argument requires a number, you can substitute a reference to a cell that contains a number. The number in the referenced cell is used in the calculation of the function. The data in the referenced cell must be appropriate for the argument for which it is used.

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Understanding Functions

Entering Functions

Nesting Functions

Syntax Errors


Syntax   Errors

If the worksheet function you enter contains syntax errors, XCell does not allow the function to be entered. You must correct the errors before proceeding with other tasks.

Built-In Worksheet Functions

Understanding Functions

Entering Functions

Nesting Functions

Entering Arguments


Using   Names

User-defined names are an easy way to identify a cell, a group of cells, a value, or a formula. For example, the formula "= Sales - Expenses" is much clearer than "=A10 - A6".

You can also use names to identify constants and formula expressions. For example, you might define the name LightSpeed as 186000. You could then use the name LightSpeed in all your formulas. Or, you could define the name SqRtTwo as the formula SQRT(2).

To define names:

1.	If you are naming a range, select it.

2.	Choose Defined Name from the Insert menu.

3.	Enter the name you want to define.

4.	Enter the formula that describes the name.

If this is a range, enter a range reference. If this is a formula, enter the formula.

5.	Click Add to add the new name to the list.

You can delete any name from the list by selecting it in the list and clicking Delete.

XCell has a set of built-in names. These names are used by the print functions. The built-in names are listed in the following table.

Built in Name	Purpose

Print_Area	Defines the print area used during printing. This name can contain one or more ranges (e.g., A1:C3,A11:C13).

Print_Titles	Defines the row and column titles that are printed on each new page. Entire rows and columns must be selected when you define this name.

Cell References


Calculating   Worksheets

XCell calculates cells in natural order. In natural order calculation, formulas are calculated in such a way that all dependencies are calculated before their dependents. This ensures that the formula results are always correct.

When a worksheet is edited, formula references are adjusted so they point to the correct cells. Then, XCell determines the natural order of the formulas.

When a change is made to a cell, the formulas are recalculated to keep all worksheets in the workbook current, ensuring that data is always valid.

Setting Automatic Recalculation

Solving Circular References


Setting Automatic   Recalculation

Normally, automatic recalculation is enabled. In this mode, the worksheet is recalculated each time a cell is changed and system processing is idle.

For moderately sized worksheets, recalculation operations happen in a fraction of a second. But for large worksheets or situations where many cells are changed by code, this reorganization and recalculation process can slow system processing.

In these situations, it is sometimes desirable to disable automatic recalculation while your code operates on the worksheet. Automatic recalculation can be disabled in the recalc options dialog. After the completion of an operation, automatic recalculation can be enabled and the worksheet updated.

Calculating Worksheets

Solving Circular References


Solving Circular   References

There are some circumstances where a formula refers to its own cell, either directly or indirectly. This is called a circular reference. To solve a formula that contains a circular reference, iteration must be used. Iteration is the process of repeatedly calculating a worksheet until a specific condition is met.

The following example includes a circular reference.

Suppose your small business has 10,000 shares of stock owned by four shareholders. You decide to let a fifth shareholder enter your partnership. In return for his investment, you give him 10 percent of the company. How many more shares will the company have to issue to give the new investor 10% of the company?

The following illustration shows the results of this example as it is entered in a worksheet.

The formulas in B2 and B3 create a circular reference in this example worksheet.

The first worksheet shows the formula text, the second worksheet shows the results of the formulas.

Calculating Worksheets

Setting Automatic Recalculation


Cut, Copy, and Paste Methods

Ranges of data can be edited using one of several editing methods. XCell automatically adjusts cell references when cells are moved. Thus, the integrity of worksheet formulas remains intact.

XCell maintains its own internal clipboard and also supports text on the Windows clipboard. The internal clipboard is more flexible than the Windows clipboard. The internal clipboard retains formulas and allows cell references to be adjusted when cells are pasted. The Windows clipboard only holds text and formatting; cell references are not maintained by the Windows clipboard.

Copying Data

Copying Ranges

Inserting Cells, Rows, and Columns

Clearing and Deleting Cells, Rows, and Columns


Copying Data Interactively
Copying Data

You can copy data by dragging the copy handle of a selection. The copy handle is the small knob in the lower right corner of a selection. When you copy data using the copy handle, the pointer changes to a small crosshair.

The above illustration demonstrates how you can copy the number in A1 to the cells below when the copy handle is dragged downward.

Copying Ranges


Copying   Ranges

To Copy a Range of Data:

1.	Position the pointer on the border of the selection you want to copy.

When placed on the selection border, the pointer changes to an arrow.

2.	Press the CTRL key.

3.	With the pointer on the selection border, click and drag the range.

An outline of the selected range moves as you drag the pointer.

4.	Release the mouse button at the location where you want to place the copied range.

The original range is not moved. The following illustration shows the steps required to copy a range.

The pointer appears an arrow when positioned on a selection border.

When you click and drag a selection border while pressing CTRL, the highlighted area moves to indicate the placement of the copied range.

The data in the range is copied to its new location when you release the mouse button.

Copying Data


Search Combo Box
Select from the list whether you want to search by row order or by column order.


Look In Combo Box
Select from the list whether you want to search for the string in cell formulas or values. Although you can locate formula and value data, you are not allowed to replace it. You are only allowed to replace data that actually appears within a cell.


Match Case Check Box
Click here if you want the search to match case.


Match Bytes Check Box
Click here if you want the search to match bytes. (DBCS versions of XCell only.)


Find Entire Cells Only Check Box
Click here if you want to search for a cell that contains the entire search string.


Find Next Button
Click here to find the next occurrence of the search string in the worksheet.


Close Button
Click here to cancel the search and exit the dialog.


Replace Button
Click here to invoke the Replace dialog.


Replace Button2
Click here to replace this instance and search for the next instance of the string.


Replace All Button
Click here to replace all instances of the search string.


Replace With Text Box
Enter the replacement string here.


Using Drag-and-Drop Functionality to Move or Copy   Data

You can use XCell's drag-and-drop functionality to move or copy data internally (within XCell applications) and externally.

Using Drag and Drop within XCell

You can use XCell's drag-and-drop functionality to easily copy or move data, objects, and charts to other locations within the active worksheet.

To use drag and drop within XCell:

1.	Select the cells that contain the data, object, or chart you want to move or copy.

2.	To move the selection, point to it, and then hold down the mouse button. When the pointer appears,  drag the pointer to the new location. In order to place the selection on an area of the sheet that is not visible, move the cursor to the edge of  sheet and scroll to the appropriate location. Once the pointer is at the appropriate location, release the mouse button.

To copy the selection, hold down the CTRL key, point to the selected information, and then hold down the mouse button. When the pointer appears, drag the pointer to the new location, and then release both the mouse button and the CTRL key.

Using Drag and Drop with Other Applications

You can easily drag text and Windows metafile pictures onto a XCell worksheet from other Windows applications, such as Excel.

Note   The drag-and-drop functionality will only work with applications that support Windows CF_TEXT and CF_METAFILEPICT data. The mouse pointer will change to [image] to indicate that the data cannot be placed in the selected location.

To drag information from another application and drop it into XCell:

1.	Arrange the application windows so that the source and destination documents are open and visible. You must be able to see the information you want to drag and the XCell worksheet you want to place it on.

2.	Select the information you want to move or copy.

3.	To move the information, point to the selected information, and then hold down the mouse button. Drag the pointer to the new location, and then release the mouse button. The pointer will change to [image] to indicate a move.

To copy the information, point to the selected information, and then hold down the mouse button. When the pointer appears, drag the pointer to the new location, hold down the CTRL key and then release the mouse button.  .

To drag data from XCell to another application:

1.	Arrange the application windows so that the source and destination documents are open and visible. You must be able to see the data on the XCell worksheet.

2.	Select the information you want to move or copy. You can only move or copy CF_TEXT format from XCell.

3.	To move the information, point to the selected information, and then hold down the mouse button. When the pointer appears, drag the pointer to the new location, and then release the mouse button. The pointer will change to [image] to indicate a move.

To copy the information, hold down the CTRL key, point to the selected information, and then hold down the mouse button. When the pointer appears, drag the pointer to the new location, and then release both the mouse button and the CTRL key. The pointer will change to [image] to indicate a copy.

NOTE   When dragging information out of XCell, be careful when approaching the margin area, as the margins will scroll as you drag.


Inserting Cells, Rows, and Columns in the Workbook Designer
Inserting Cells, Rows, and  Columns

To insert new cells:

1.	Select one of the following, depending on what you want to insert.

Range. Select a range of cells in the size and position you want to insert new cells.

Row. Select the row where you want the new row inserted by clicking on the row heading. Select as many rows as you want to insert. To select additional row headings, hold down SHIFT when you click on the heading. For example, to insert 3 rows, select three rows.

Column. Select the column where you want the new column inserted by clicking on the column heading. Select as many columns as you want to insert. To select additional column headings, hold down SHIFT when you click on the heading. For example, to insert 3 columns, select three columns.

2.	Select Insert from the Edit menu.

If you insert a range or columns, any existing data is shifted right. If you insert columns, any existing data is shifted down.


Clearing and Deleting Cells, Rows, and   Columns

You can delete or clear cells, rows, or columns. Deleting cells removes the cells and shifts the surrounding data to fill the space. Clearing cells leaves the cells, but deletes the data.

To delete cells:

1.	Select the cells, rows, or columns you want to delete.

2.	Select Delete from the Edit menu.

If you delete a range or columns, any data to the right of the deleted cells is shifted left. If you delete rows, any existing data below the deleted rows is shifted up.

To clear cells:

1.	Select the cells, rows, or columns you want to clear.

2.	Select Clear from the Edit menu to display the Clear dialog box.

3.	Select All, Formats, or Values, depending on what you want to clear from the cell. All clears the value and its formatting. Formats leaves the value, but clears any formatting. Values clears only the value.

4.	Click OK.

Inserting Cells, Rows, and Columns


Sorting Data in Worksheets

Select Sort... from the Data menu to display the sort dialog.

The Sort dialog box allows you to sort the data in the currently selected range. The dialog box allows you to specify sort keys, whether those sort keys are ascending or descending, and whether data is sorted by rows or columns.


Formatting Worksheets

XCell supports a rich set of data formatting capabilities. When a worksheet is first created, all cells use the General format. As you enter data in the worksheet, XCell determines the type of data and applies the appropriate format (e.g., if you enter a date, a date format is applied).

Built-in Number Formats

Custom Formatting

Aligning Data

Changing Row Heights and Column Widths

Fixing Rows and Columns

Setting Cell Borders and Colors

Formatting Row and Column Headings

Setting Row and Column Text


Built-in Number Formats

You can apply a number of built-in number formats by highlighting a range of cells and selecting the format from the Format menu.

The following table lists the built-in number formats and the result after the format is applied to a positive, negative, and decimal number.

Category	Format	3	-3	.3

All	General	3	-3	.3

Currency	$#,##0_);($#,##0)	$3	($3)	$0

$#,##0_);[RED]($#,##0)	$3	($3)	$0

$#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00)	$3.00	($3.00)	$0.30

$#,##0.00_);[RED]$(#,##0.00)	$3.00	($3.00) 	$0.30

Fixed	0	3	-3	0

0.00	3.00	-3.00	0.30

#,##0	3	-3	0

#,##0.00	3.00	-3.00	0.30

#,##0_);(#,##0)	3	(3)	0

#,##0_);[RED](#,##0)	3	(3) 	0

#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)	3.00	(3.00)	0.30

#,##0.00_);[RED](#,##0.00)	3.00	(3.00) 	0.30

Percent	0%	300%	-300%	30%

0.00%	300.00%	-300.00%	30.00%

Fraction	# ?/?	3	-3	2/7

# ??/??	3	-3	3/10

Scientific	0.00E+00	3.00E+00	-3.00E+00	3.00E-01

Custom Formatting


Custom Formatting

In addition to the built-in formats, you can define custom formats. Each custom format can have as many as four sections: one for positive numbers, one for negative numbers, one for zeros, and one for text. Each section is optional; the sections are separated by semicolons. The following example shows a custom format:

#,###;(#,###);0;"Error: Entry must be numeric"

To define a custom number format:

1.	Select a range of cells to be formatted.

2.	Choose Custom Number from the Format menu  to display the Custom Format dialog box.

3.	Enter a format built from the custom format characters described in the table below.

The following table lists the format symbols that can be used in a custom format string.

Format Symbol	Description

General	Displays the number in General format.

0	Digit placeholder. If the number contains fewer digits than the format contains placeholders, the number is padded with 0's. If there are more digits to the right of the decimal than there are placeholders, the decimal portion is rounded to the number of places specified by the placeholders. If there are more digits to the left of the decimal than there are placeholders, the extra digits are retained.

#	Digit placeholder. This placeholder functions the same as the 0 placeholder except the number is not padded with 0's if the number contains fewer digits than the format contains placeholders.

?	Digit placeholder. This placeholder functions the same as the 0 placeholder except that spaces are used to pad the digits.

. (period)	Decimal point. Determines how many digits (0's or #'s) are displayed on either side of the decimal point. If the format contains only #'s left of the decimal point, numbers less than 1 begin with a decimal point. If the format contains 0's left of the decimal point, numbers less than 1 begin with a 0 left of the decimal point.

%	Displays the number as a percentage. The number is multiplied by 100 and the % character is appended.

, (comma)	Thousands separator. If the format contains commas separated by #'s or 0's, the number is displayed with commas separating thousands. A comma following a placeholder scales the number by a thousand. For example, the format 0, scales the number by 1000 (e.g., 10,000 would be displayed as 10).

E- E+ e- e+	Displays the number as scientific notation. If the format contains a scientific notation symbol to the left of a 0 or # placeholder, the number is displayed in scientific notation and an E or an e is added. The number of 0 and # placeholders to the right of the decimal determines the number of digits in the exponent. E- and e- place a minus sign by negative exponents. E+ and e+ place a minus sign by negative exponents and a plus sign by positive exponents.

$ - + / ( ) : space	Displays that character. To display a character other than those listed, precede the character with a back slash (\) or enclose the character in double quotation marks (" "). You can also use the slash (/) for fraction formats.

\	Displays the next character. The backslash is not displayed. You can also display a character or string of characters by surrounding the characters with double quotation marks (" ").

The backslash is inserted automatically for the following characters: ! ^ & ` (left quote) ' (right quote) ~ { } = < >

* (asterisk) 	Repeats the next character until the width of the column is filled. You cannot have more than one asterisk in each format section.

_ (underline)	Skips the width of the next character. For example, to make negative numbers surrounded by parentheses align with positive numbers, you can include the format _) for positive numbers to skip the width of a parenthesis.

"text"	Displays the text inside the quotation marks.

@	Text placeholder. If there is text in the cell, the text replaces the @ format character.

m	Month number. Displays the month as digits without leading zeros (e.g., 1-12). Can also represent minutes when used with h or hh formats.

mm	Month number. Displays the month as digits with leading zeros (e.g., 01-12). Can also represent minutes when used with the h or hh formats.

mmm	Month abbreviation. Displays the month as an abbreviation (e.g., Jan-Dec).

mmmm	Month name. Displays the month as a full name (e.g., January-December).

d	Day number. Displays the day as digits with no leading zero (e.g., 1-2).

dd	Day number. Displays the day as digits with leading zeros (e.g., 01-02).

ddd	Day abbreviation. Displays the day as an abbreviation (e.g., Sun-Sat).

dddd	Day name. Displays the day as a full name (e.g., Sunday-Saturday).

yy	Year number. Displays the year as a two-digit number (e.g., 00-99).

yyyy	Year number. Displays the year as a four-digit number (e.g., 1900-2078).

h	Hour number. Displays the hour as a number without leading zeros (e.g., 1-23). If the format contains one of the AM or PM formats, the hour is based on a 12-hour clock. Otherwise, it is based on a 24-hour clock.

hh	Hour number. Displays the hour as a number with leading zeros (e.g., 01-23). If the format contains one of the AM or PM formats, the hour is based on a 12-hour clock. Otherwise, it is based on a 24-hour clock.

m	Minute number. Displays the minute as a number without leading zeros (e.g., 0-59). The m format must appear immediately after the h or hh symbol. Otherwise, it is interpreted as a month number.

mm	Minute number. Displays the minute as a number with leading zeros (e.g., 00-59). The mm format must appear immediately after the h or hh symbol. Otherwise, it is interpreted as a month number.

s	Second number. Displays the second as a number without leading zeros (e.g., 0-59).

ss	Second number. Displays the second as a number with leading zeros (e.g., 00-59).

AM/PM am/pm A/P a/p 	12-hour time. Displays time using a 12-hour clock. Displays AM, am, A,  or a for times between midnight and noon; displays PM, pm, P, or p for times from noon until midnight.

[h]	Outputs total number of hours.

[m] 	Outputs total number of minutes.

[s] 	Outputs total number of seconds.

s.0, s.00, s.000, ss.0, ss.00, ss.000 	Outputs fractional part of second.

[BLACK]	Displays cell text in black.

[BLUE]	Displays cell text in blue.

[CYAN]	Displays cell text in cyan.

[GREEN]	Displays cell text in green.

[MAGENTA]	Displays cell text in magenta.

[RED]	Displays cell text in red.

[WHITE]	Displays cell text in white.

[YELLOW]	Displays cell text in yellow.

[COLOR n]	Displays cell text using the corresponding color in the color palette. n is a color in the color palette.

[conditional value]	Each format can have as many as four sections: one each for positive numbers, negative numbers, zeros, and text. Using the conditional value brackets ([ ]), you can designate a different condition for each section. For example, you might want positive numbers displayed in black, negative numbers in red, and zeros in blue. The following string formats a number for these conditions:[>0] [BLACK]General; [<0] [RED]General; [BLUE]General

The following table shows some examples of custom number formats and numbers displayed using the custom formats.

Format	Cell Data	Display

#.##	123.456	123.46

0.2	.2

#.0#	123.456	123.46

123	123.0

#,##0"CR";#,##0"DR";0	1234.567	1,235CR

0	0

-123.45	123DR

#,	10000	10

"Sales="0.0	123.45	Sales=123.5

-123.45	-Sales=123.5

"X="0.0;"x="-0.0	-12.34 	x=-12.3

$* #,##0.00;$* -#,##0.00	1234.567	$ 1,234.57

-12.34	$ -12.34

000-00-0000	123456789	123-45-6789

"Cust. No." 0000	1234	Cust. No. 1234

;;;	Anything	(Not Displayed)

"The End"	123.45	The End

-123.45	-The End

text	text

m-d-yy	2/3/94	2-3-94

mm dd yy	2/3/94	02 03 94

mmm d, yy	2/3/94	Feb 3, 94

mmmm d, yyyy	2/3/94	February 3, 1994

d mmmm yyyy	2/3/94	3 February 1994

hh"h" mm"m"	1:32 AM	01h 32m

h.mm AM/PM	14:56	2.56 PM

hhmm "hours"	3:15	0315 hours


Aligning   Data

XCell allows you to specify how data is aligned within a cell. The standard alignment places text along the left edge of the cell and numbers along the right edge of the cell. Logical and error values are centered.

To align text:

1.	Select the cells whose contents you want to align.

2.	Choose Alignment from the Format menu to display the Alignment dialog box.

In this dialog box, you can specify the horizontal and vertical alignment of data in the selected cells. In addition, you can specify whether long strings of data can wrap to multiple lines within the cell.


Changing Row Heights and Column   Widths

The width of columns and the height of rows can be changed.

Sizing Rows and Columns

Fixing Rows and Columns

Formatting Row and Column Headings


Sizing Rows and   Columns

When you position the pointer on the right edge of a column heading or the bottom edge of a row heading, the pointer changes to a double arrow to indicate that the row or column can be resized. Simply click and drag to resize the column or row.

If multiple rows are selected when you resize a row, all selected rows are resized as you drag a row border. Multiple columns can be resized in the same manner.

Double-click on the bottom border of a row heading to automatically adjust the height of all cells in the row to accommodate the largest font size in the row. Double-click on the right side of a column heading to automatically adjust the width of all cells in the column to accommodate the largest entry.

You can also set the size of a selected group of columns or rows to match the size of an existing row or column. First, select the group of rows or columns you want to resize, including the row or column whose size you want to match. Then, click the right border of the column header or the bottom border of the row whose size you want to match. The selected rows are resized to match the size of the row or column you clicked.

Changing Row Heights and Column Widths


Fixing Rows and Columns

Rows and columns in a worksheet can be fixed so that they do not scroll when you perform worksheet scrolling. Fixed rows remain stationary when you perform vertical scrolling; fixed columns remain stationary when you perform horizontal scrolling. Fixing rows and columns allows you to place titles in your worksheet that are always displayed, as shown in the following illustration.

Columns A and B in the are fixed in this worksheet. When horizontal scrolling is performed, columns A and B do not scroll.

When fixing rows and columns, you specify the starting row or column to fix and the number of rows or columns to fix. Rows and columns preceding the fixed area are not displayed in the worksheet. For example, if you fix rows 4 through 6, rows 1, 2, and 3 are not displayed.

To fix rows or columns:

1.	Select the rows or columns you want to fix by clicking on the column or row header. To select multiple rows or columns, hold down SHIFT while you click.

2.	Choose Fix Rows (or Columns) from the Sheet menu, depending on what you have selected.

Note   Data contained in fixed rows and columns cannot be edited. You must perform any data editing in these rows and columns prior to fixing. If you attempt to select a cell in a fixed row or column, the entire row or column is selected, as shown in the following illustration.


Setting Cell Borders and Colors

Cells and ranges can be formatted with borders, colors, and patterns.

Borders can be applied to the top, bottom, left, and right sides of a cell. You can select the type and color of line used for the border. When adding a border to a range, you can place a border around the outside of the range.

When applying colors and patterns to a cell or range, you specify the pattern and foreground and background colors used to fill the cells.

To format cells:

1.	Select the cells you want to format.

2.	To change cell borders, choose Border from the Format menu to display the Borders dialog box. To change cell colors and patterns, choose Pattern from the Format menu to display the Pattern dialog box.


Formatting Row and Column Headings

In addition to formatting worksheet cells, many aspects of row and column headings can be formatted. Worksheet headings contain three areas: the row headings, column headings, and the box in the top left corner of the worksheet where the row and column headings intersect. The following illustration highlights these three areas.

Selecting Row and Column Heading Areas

Sizing Row and Column Headings

Setting Row and Column Text


Selecting Row and Column Heading   Areas

To select headings, press CTRL+SHIFT and click the heading area.

Formatting Row and Column Headings

Selecting Row and Column Heading Areas

Sizing Row and Column Headings


Sizing Row and Column   Headings

To change the size of column headings, click and drag the bottom edge of the top left corner.

To change the size of row headings, click and drag the right edge of the top left corner.

The following illustration shows interactive resizing of the column headings. Click on the pointer, guide, and resized worksheet for more information.

Formatting Row and Column Headings

Selecting Row and Column Heading Areas


Pointer
When the pointer is placed on an edge of the top left corner, it appears as a double arrow.


Guide
A guide follows the pointer as you click and drag the header border. The guide indicates the placement of the header border when you release the mouse.


Resized
When you resize column headings, you also set the height of the top left corner. Likewise, when you resize row headings, you set the width of the top left corner.


Setting Row and Column   Text

Like other column and row header attributes, the text displayed in header cells can be changed.

To change the text for a row or column header:

1.	Double-click on the header for which you want to enter text to display the Header Name dialog box.

2.	Enter one or more lines of text to serve as the header name, as shown in the following illustration.

3. 	Click on the OK button.

The header text is displayed, as shown in the following illustration.

The row header area has been resized to display the new header text.

Formatting Row and Column Headings


Reading and Writing   Files

XCell can read and write a number of file formats. The following table lists the formats and the associated file name extensions.

Format	Extension	Description

Formula One 3	.VTS	XCell's native format.

Excel 5 or 7	.XLS	Excel 5.0 or 7.0 format.

Excel 4.0	.XLS	Excel 4.0 format.

Tabbed Text	.TXT	Tab-delimited text file including number formatting information.

Tabbed Text (Values Only)	.TXT	Tab-delimited text without formatting information.

HTML	.HTM	HTML format including text formatting . (Write-only format.)

HTML (Data Only)	.HTM	HTML format without graphics. (Write-only format.)

Since XCell has some features not supported by Excel, files saved in the VTS file format cannot be read by Excel. The XLS format is based on records where each record represents a unique feature or property of the workbook.

If the file you save contains features not supported by Excel, they are removed when the workbook is saved as an XLS file. Likewise, Excel contains features not supported by XCell. Unsupported features are ignored when XCell loads an Excel worksheet or workbook.

Important   If you load an Excel file that contains features not supported by XCell, such as charts or function arrays, those features are ignored. If the imported file is then written from XCell as an Excel file and subsequently read by Excel, those features are omitted and irretrievable.

XCell cannot read password protected Excel files. If you intend to read files from Excel, they should not be password protected.


Writing out a Worksheet File in HTML   Format

XCell users can save a worksheet in HTML format by selecting the Write item from the File Menu.

The Save File dialog then gives you the option of saving in two HTML formats:

HTML - HTML format including data formatting, font and color information.

HTML (Data Only) - HTML format includes data formats, but excludes font and color information.


Working With  Objects

XCell provides the ability to create objects in a worksheet. Among the objects you can create are charts, lines, rectangles, ovals, arcs, polygons, push buttons, check boxes, and drop down list boxes. As with other worksheet elements, XCell provides a wide range of options for formatting and manipulating the appearance of objects you create.

Creating Objects

Naming Objects

Moving, Sizing, and Arranging Objects

Formatting Objects


Creating   Objects

XCell provides several methods for creating objects in worksheets.

Objects to be created.

You can set the mode of the mouse to allow object drawing at any time.

Drawing Objects

Naming Objects

Formatting Objects


Drawing   Objects

The Drawing toolbar contains buttons that allow you to create and edit objects. The following table describes the buttons on the toolbar.

Button	Name	Description

Worksheet tool	Performs standard worksheet editing. Also selects objects for editing. Press CTRL when selecting buttons, check boxes, and drop down list boxes.

Polygon editing mode	Toggles between normal polygon editing and polygon point editing. When polygon point editing is enabled, the points of a polygon can be moved.

Line tool	Draws lines.

Rectangle tool	Draws rectangles and squares.

Oval tool	Draws ovals and circles.

Arc tool	Draws arcs.

Polygon tool	Draws polygons.

Button tool	Draws push buttons.

Check box tool	Draws check box objects.

List box tool	Draws drop down list box objects.

Chart tool	Charts the selected range of data.

Drawing objects is as simple as point, click, and drag.

To draw an object:

1.	Select the tool for the object you want to draw.

The pointer appears as a small cross when positioned in the worksheet.

2.	Position the pointer at the point where you want to begin drawing.

3.	Click and drag to draw the object.

An outline of the object you are drawing appears and moves as you drag the mouse.

4.	Release the mouse button to set the object.

Note   When drawing an object, press ALT to align the object to the cell grid.

Creating Objects


Naming   Objects

Objects can be named after they are created. Object names do not take the place of object identification numbers. Rather, object names are used as a supplement to identification numbers, making it easier to track and manipulate objects.

To name an object:

1.	Select the object you want to name.

2.	Choose Name from the Object menu to display the Object Name dialog box.

3.	In the entry field, enter the name to assign to the object.

Note   After an object is named, you must press CTRL to select it at run time.

Creating Objects

Moving, Sizing, and Arranging Objects

Formatting Objects


Selecting   Objects

To select an object:

1.	Position the pointer on the object you want to select.

The pointer appears as an arrow when positioned on an object.

2.	Click the object.

When the object is selected, selection handles appear at the edges of the bounding box that surrounds the object.

Note   For check boxes, list boxes, and buttons that have been named you must press CTRL when selecting the object. In addition, in a worksheet at run time, you must press CTRL to select arcs, lines, ovals, polygons, and rectangles that have been named.

To select multiple objects, press SHIFT as you select the objects. For objects that have been named, you must press CTRL+SHIFT to select multiple objects.

You can choose Select All from the Objects menu to select all the objects in a worksheet.

Selecting Check Box and List Box Items


Moving, Sizing, and Arranging   Objects

After an object is created, you can change both the position and size of the object.

Positioning Objects

Arranging Overlapping Objects

Arranging Objects and Object Order


Positioning   Objects

To resize and reposition an object:

1.	Select the object to be moved or sized.

Note   To select a named button, check box, or list box, you must press CTRL when selecting the object.

When you select an object, selection handles appear along the bounding box that surrounds the object.

2.	If moving the object, position the pointer anywhere in the area occupied by the object. If resizing the object, position the pointer on one of the selection handles.

When positioned in the object area, the pointer appears as an arrow. When positioned on a selection handle, the pointer appears as a two-headed arrow, indicating the direction in which the object can be resized.

3.	Click and drag to move or resize the object.

An outline of the object moves with the pointer as you drag the mouse.

Note   When moving or resizing an object, you can align the object to the worksheet grid by pressing ALT as you click and drag.

4.	Release the mouse to set the object at its new position or at its new size.

Moving, Sizing, and Arranging Objects

Arranging Overlapping Objects

Arranging Objects and Object Order


Arranging Overlapping   Objects

When you have multiple objects on a worksheet, they appear to be drawn on the same plane. However, when two objects overlap, the previously drawn object is covered by the latter-drawn object. You can change the order of object layering in a worksheet by sending an object behind other objects or bringing an object to the front of other objects.

To arrange objects:

1.	Select the object you want to move.

2.	Choose Bring to Front or Send to Back from the Object menu. The object is moved in the direction you specify.

Moving, Sizing, and Arranging Objects

Positioning Objects

Arranging Objects and Object Order


Arranging Objects and Object   Order

When you use Bring To Front and Send To Back commands from the Object menu, you alter the order of the object list maintained by the worksheet.

Moving, Sizing, and Arranging Objects

Positioning Objects

Arranging Overlapping Objects


Formatting   Objects

Many elements of objects can be formatted including:

fill patterns and colors; line colors; and widths and styles for arcs, lines, ovals, polygons, and rectangles

the lists of items contained by drop down list boxes

the text displayed by check boxes or push buttons

Creating Objects

Formatting Colors and Patterns

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes

Formatting Buttons

Selecting Check Box and List Box Items

Setting Values

Setting Values by Cell Reference

Editing Polygons


Formatting Colors and   Patterns

To set the fill colors and patterns for graphical objects – arcs, ovals, polygons, and rectangles – use the following methods:

To set fill colors and patterns for selected objects:

Choose Pattern from the Object menu. The Pattern dialog box is displayed from which you can make your pattern and color choices.

To format lines for selected objects:

Choose Line Style from the Object menu. The Line Style dialog box is displayed from which you can choose line attributes for the selected objects.

The following table shows the line styles that can be applied to line objects and the borders of arcs, ovals, polygons, and rectangles:

Line styles

Solid

Dashed

Ditted

Dash-ditted

Dash-dit-ditted

None

Solid lines can be 1/2 point, 1 point, 2 points, or 3 points in weight. Styled lines can only be 1/2 point in weight.

Formatting Objects

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes

Formatting Buttons

Editing Polygons


Formatting List   Boxes

List boxes can be formatted by setting or changing the cell they reference (whether a selection appears in the referenced cell as a value or text) and specifying the list of selections in the list box.

To set or edit list box items:

1.	Select a list box

2.	Choose Options from the Object menu to display the Options dialog box.

3.	Enter or edit the list of items contained by the list box. The items must be entered as a semicolon-delimited list.

The following illustration shows the Options dialog box. Click on the items for more information.

The following illustration shows a list box in a worksheet.

Formatting Objects

Formatting Check Boxes

Formatting Buttons

Selecting Check Box and List Box Items

Setting Values

Setting Values by Cell Reference


Cell
Indicates the cell referenced by the list box.


Assign As Text
Check this box to if you want numeric items in the list box to be text.


Items
The items that appear in the list box are displayed as a semicolon-delimited list in the Options dialog box.


Formatting Check   Boxes

The text displayed by a check box can be set either through the Workbook Designer or programmatically.

To edit check box text:

1.	Select a check box.

2.	Choose Options from the Object menu to display the Options dialog box. In this dialog box, you can enter and edit the text displayed by the check box.

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Buttons

Selecting Check Box and List Box Items

Setting Values

Setting Values by Cell Reference


Formatting   Buttons

To edit button text:

1.	Select a button.

2.	Choose Options from the Object menu to display the Options dialog box. In this dialog box, you can enter and edit the text displayed on the button.

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes


Selecting Check Box and List Box   Items

XCell provides a variety of methods for checking or unchecking check box objects and selecting items from drop down list box objects.

At run time, items can be checked or selected using the mouse.

By assigning a cell to an object, you can set the value in the cell by making a selection from the object. Likewise, if you enter a value that is in the list associated with a list box, you can change the value displayed in the list box. The cell reflects the value to which the object is set, regardless of the method used to set the value.

When you check or uncheck a check box, or select an item from list box, you set the value in the assigned cell.

For a check box, the value of the assigned cell is True if the object is checked or False if unchecked.

In a list box, you can choose to have the value of the assigned cell set to the number or the text of the selected item. Items in a list box are numbered consecutively, starting with 0 (e.g., the first item is item 0, the second item is item 1, and so on). -1 means that no item is selected in the list box.

Creating Objects

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes

Setting Values

Setting Values by Cell Reference


Setting  Values

To set the value of a check box or list box, the object itself cannot be selected and the pointer must be in normal worksheet editing mode.

To set the value of a check box, position the pointer anywhere in the check box area and click. The check box toggles between checked and unchecked states.

To set the value of a list box, position the pointer anywhere in the list box area and click. The list of items contained by the list box is displayed. If the list area is not large enough to display all the items, you may have to click the scroll areas to view the entire list. Then, click the item you want to select.

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes


Setting Values by Cell   Reference

For both check boxes and list boxes, you can specify a cell that references the object. The referenced cell works in two ways:

If you select an item from the object, the value or text of that selection is displayed in the referenced cell. For example, if you uncheck a check box, FALSE is placed in the cell the check box references.

If you enter a valid value in the referenced cell, the current selection of the object reflects the cell value. For example, if you enter 0 in the cell, a list box that references the cell displays its first item as the current selection.

If multiple objects reference the same cell, making a selection in one object makes the same selection in all objects that reference the cell.

The cell reference for an object can be set in the Options dialog box, displayed by choosing Options from the Object menu when the object is selected.

For list boxes only, you can specify whether the value or text of the selection is displayed in the cell.

Formatting List Boxes

Formatting Check Boxes


Editing   Polygons

When editing polygons, there are two editing modes:

Normal Polygon Editing. This mode allows you to resize and move polygons. Editing of polygon points is not allowed in this mode.

Polygon Point Editing. This mode allows you to reposition polygon points, thus changing the shape of the polygon. Use the polygon editing mode button in the toolbar to toggle between the polygon editing modes. The following illustration shows a selected polygon when normal polygon editing and polygon point editing modes are enabled. Click on the selection handles for more information.

To reshape a polygon:

1.	Select the polygon to be reshaped.

2.	Make certain that polygon editing mode is enabled.

When polygon editing mode is enabled, selection handles appear at each point along the border of the selected polygon.

3.	Position the pointer on the polygon point that you want to move.

4.	Click the point and drag the mouse.

An outline of the lines adjoining the point move as you drag the polygon point.

5. 	Release the mouse button to place the point at its new location.


Normal Polygon Editing
When normal polygon editing mode is enabled, the selection handles appear at the edges of the bounding box that surrounds the polygon.

In this mode, the polygon can be resized and moved.


Polygon Point Editing
When polygon point editing mode is enabled, a selection handle appears at each point along the border of the polygon.

In this mode, the polygon points can be repositioned and the polygon can be moved.


Working with Chart   Objects

The following illustration shows an example of a chart on a worksheet.

To chart data:

1.	Select a range of data to be charted.

2.	Click the chart button in the Tool bar.

3.	Draw a rectangle where you want to place the chart.

The Chart Wizard appears to assist you in designing the chart appearance.

4.	Make any necessary selections from the Chart Wizard and click Finished.

Using the Chart Wizard

Chart Options

Referencing Data on Another Worksheet


Using the Chart   Wizard

The tabs within the Chart Wizard guide you through most common design decisions required when you create or modify a chart. The Chart Wizard is displayed automatically when you draw a new chart on a worksheet. You can also display the Chart Wizard at any time to assist you in formatting an existing chart.

Important   Each chart type has individual requirements as to how the data must be laid out. Separate formatting options are also available for different chart types. You should read your First Impression User's Guide to familiarize yourself with the requirements of various chart types.

To access the Chart Wizard:

1.	Double-click on the chart to activate it.

2.	Right-click the chart to display the shortcut menu.

3.	Choose Wizard from the menu.

The Chart Wizard provides four tabs that control various design aspects such as choosing a chart type, setting chart options, controlling chart layout, and specifying chart and axis titles. You can navigate through these tabs by clicking on the tab at the top of the dialog box, or by using the navigation buttons at the bottom of the dialog box.

Click on the following illustration to display additional information about the Chart Wizard.

Working with Chart Objects


Using the Chart   Wizard

The tabs within the Chart Wizard guide you through most common design decisions required when you create or modify a chart. The Chart Wizard is displayed automatically when you draw a new chart on a worksheet. You can also display the Chart Wizard at any time to assist you in formatting an existing chart.

Important   Each chart type has individual requirements as to how the data must be laid out. Separate formatting options are also available for different chart types. You should read your First Impression User's Guide to familiarize yourself with the requirements of various chart types.

To access the Chart Wizard:

1.	Double-click on the chart to activate it.

2.	Right-click the chart to display the shortcut menu.

3.	Choose Wizard from the menu.

The Chart Wizard provides four tabs that control various design aspects such as choosing a chart type, setting chart options, controlling chart layout, and specifying chart and axis titles. You can navigate through these tabs by clicking on the tab at the top of the dialog box, or by using the navigation buttons at the bottom of the dialog box.

Click on the following illustration to display additional information about the Chart Wizard.

Working with Chart Objects


Using the Chart   Wizard

The tabs within the Chart Wizard guide you through most common design decisions required when you create or modify a chart. The Chart Wizard is displayed automatically when you draw a new chart on a worksheet. You can also display the Chart Wizard at any time to assist you in formatting an existing chart.

Important   Each chart type has individual requirements as to how the data must be laid out. Separate formatting options are also available for different chart types. You should read your First Impression User's Guide to familiarize yourself with the requirements of various chart types.

To access the Chart Wizard:

1.	Double-click on the chart to activate it.

2.	Right-click the chart to display the shortcut menu.

3.	Choose Wizard from the menu.

The Chart Wizard provides four tabs that control various design aspects such as choosing a chart type, setting chart options, controlling chart layout, and specifying chart and axis titles. You can navigate through these tabs by clicking on the tab at the top of the dialog box, or by using the navigation buttons at the bottom of the dialog box.

Click on the following illustration to display additional information about the Chart Wizard.

Working with Chart Objects


Using the Chart   Wizard

The tabs within the Chart Wizard guide you through most common design decisions required when you create or modify a chart. The Chart Wizard is displayed automatically when you draw a new chart on a worksheet. You can also display the Chart Wizard at any time to assist you in formatting an existing chart.

Important   Each chart type has individual requirements as to how the data must be laid out. Separate formatting options are also available for different chart types. You should read your First Impression User's Guide to familiarize yourself with the requirements of various chart types.

To access the Chart Wizard:

1.	Double-click on the chart to activate it.

2.	Right-click the chart to display the shortcut menu.

3.	Choose Wizard from the menu.

The Chart Wizard provides four tabs that control various design aspects such as choosing a chart type, setting chart options, controlling chart layout, and specifying chart and axis titles. You can navigate through these tabs by clicking on the tab at the top of the dialog box, or by using the navigation buttons at the bottom of the dialog box.

Click on the following illustration to display additional information about the Chart Wizard.

Working with Chart Objects


In the Gallery Tab, select the type of chart you wish to design. Two radio buttons control whether 2D chart or 3D chart types are displayed.


In the Style Tab, select a style for the chart type you have selected. Each style is a predefined set of display options such as series labels, stacking, and bar gap.


In the Layout Tab, specify an optional chart title, footnote, chart legend position, and whether the series data in the charted range should be charted along rows or columns. The chart preview image on this tab shows you how the chart will look with these modifications.


In the Axes Tab, enter optional axis titles for any or all axes on your chart. The chart preview image on this tab shows you how the chart will look with the addition of the axis title.


Displays Wizard Help.


Aborts changes.


Displays previous tab.


Displays next tab.


Applies modifications.


Additional Chart Formatting

The Chart Wizard provides a quick and easy method for applying some of the most common formatting options to your chart. Additional formatting options are available by using the First Impression dialog boxes. These dialog boxes are displayed by double-clicking on chart elements in an activated chart object, or by selecting items from the First Impression shortcut menu. Consult your First Impression documentation for more information.

To access First Impression dialog boxes:

1.	Double-click on the chart object to activate it.

2.	Right-click on the chart to display the shortcut menu.

3.	Make a selection from the menu.

Important   One of the options on the First Impression shortcut menu is Edit Chart Data. This displays First Impression's Data Grid View tool. In this tool you can modify the size and content of the chart's data source. Any changes you make in the Data Grid View tool are reflected in the chart, but are NOT reflected in the worksheet. Also, if you use the Data Grid View tool to edit the chart data and then recalculate the workbook in XCell while the chart still references a range in the worksheet, the worksheet data overwrites your changes. To prevent this, set the chart's formula to an empty string (" ") before using the Data Grid View tool to edit the data.

Using the Chart Wizard


Chart   Options

Within XCell, you can control whether or not users can edit the chart and change the source data range for a chart using the Object Options dialog box.

To edit chart options:

1.	Select the chart.

2.	Choose Options from the Object menu to display the Object Options dialog box.

Uncheck the AllowUserChanges check box to prevent users from formatting the chart.

The Formula box lists the formula identifying the source data range for the chart.

Referencing Data on Another Worksheet


Referencing Data on Another   Worksheet

You can also display a chart on one worksheet that references data on a separate worksheet.

To create a chart on a separate worksheet:

1.	Select the chart tool.

2.	Draw the chart on a worksheet.

3.	Choose Options from the Object menu to display the Object Options dialog box.

4.	Enter the formula referencing the data source on the other spreadsheet.

The worksheet shown in the following illustration provides summary information about inventory data stored on the worksheets named Region 1 and Region 2.

The cells B4 through D17 contain formulas that sum information from the worksheets Region 1 and Region 2.

The following worksheet displays the chart for the inventory data.

The data source formula for this chart object is Summary!A3:D17.

Chart Options


Printing   Worksheets

To print the active sheet:

1.	Choose Print from the File menu to display the Print dialog box.

2.	Make any necessary adjustments to the settings and click OK.

Specifying Print Areas

Specifying Row and Column Print Titles

Specifying Headers and Footers

Specifying Page Breaks

Setting Printing Orientation


Specifying Print   Areas

XCell prints the entire active worksheet unless you specify the ranges you want to print. To specify the areas you want to print, you must set the Print_Area name to reflect the worksheet area to be printed.

To set the print area:

1.	Select the ranges to print.

2.	Choose Set Print Area on the Sheet menu.

Specifying Row and Column Print Titles

Specifying Headers and Footers

Specifying Page Breaks


Specifying Row and Column Print   Titles

You can specify row or column titles that you want printed on each page of your worksheet. If you select a row, it is printed at the top of each page. If you select a column, it is printed at the left edge of each page. You can select multiple rows or columns, but they must be adjacent.

Important   When setting print titles, you must select entire rows and columns.

The Print_Titles name holds the row and column titles specification.

To set print titles:

1.	Select the rows or columns to use as print titles.

2.	Choose Print Titles on the Sheet menu.

Specifying Print Areas

Specifying Headers and Footers

Specifying Page Breaks


Specifying Headers and   Footers

Headers and footers are printed at the top and bottom of each page. The header and footer definition is accessible in the Page Setup dialog box.

Headers and footers can contain text and special formatting codes. The following table lists the special formatting codes. Header and footer codes can be entered in upper or lower case.

Format Code	Description

&L	Left-aligns the characters that follow.

&C	Centers the characters that follow.

&R	Right-aligns the characters that follow.

&D	Prints the current date.

&T	Prints the current time.

&F	Prints the workbook name.

&A	Prints the worksheet name.

&P	Prints the page number.

&P+number	Prints the page number plus number.

&P-number	Prints the page number minus number.

&&	Prints an ampersand.

&N	Prints the total number of pages in the document.

Codes and text are, by default, centered unless &L or &R is specified.

The following font codes must appear before other codes and text or they are ignored. The alignment codes (e.g., &L, &C, and &R) restart each section; new font codes can be specified after an alignment code.

Format Code	Description

&B	Use a bold font.

&I	Use an italic font.

&U	Underline the header.

&S	Strikeout the header.

&O	Ignored.

&H	Ignored.

&"fontname"	Use the specified font.

&nn	Use the specified font size - must be a two digit number.

Specifying Print Areas

Specifying Row and Column Print Titles

Specifying Page Breaks


Specifying Page Breaks

Both horizontal and vertical page breaks can be specified on a worksheet.

Page breaks are always placed adjacent to the active cell. When using methods, page breaks can be placed adjacent to the active cell or a cell that you specify.

Horizontal (row) page breaks are placed adjacent to the top edge of the active or specified cell.

Vertical (column) page breaks are placed adjacent to the left edge of the active or specified cell.

To set page breaks:

1.	Select the cell adjacent to which you want to place page breaks.

2.	Choose Set Page Breaks from the Sheet menu.


Setting Printing   Orientation

Worksheet pages can be printed with a portrait or landscape orientation.

To set printing orientation:

Choose Print Setup from the File menu and set the printing orientation in the Print Setup dialog box.


Previewing Worksheets Before Printing

Select Print Preview from the File menu, a preview of the printed pages will then be displayed.


 Specifications

The following table lists the technical specifications for XCell.

Specifications

Maximum worksheet size	16,384 Rows by 256 Columns

Column width	0 to 255 characters

Row height	0 to 409 points

Text length	255 characters

Formula length	1024 characters

Number precision	15 digits

Largest positive number	9.99999999999999E307

Largest negative number	-9.99999999999999E307

Smallest positive number	1E-307

Smallest negative number	-1E-307

Maximum number of iterations	32,767

Maximum number of colors	56

Maximum number of available colors	Limited by display card and monitor

Maximum number of fonts per sheet	256

Maximum number of selected ranges	2048

Maximum number of names per sheet	16384

Maximum length of name	255

Maximum number of function arguments	30

Maximum length of format string	255

Maximum number of tables	Limited by system resources (Windows and memory)

Excel file format version	Excel 4.0, 5.0, and 7.0


Main   Toolbar

The buttons on the Main Toolbar provide easy access to some of the most common XCell menu items. Click on a button for more information.


File  Menu

Items on the File menu allow you to create new files, open existing files, save files, preview and print files, and modify your page and print setup settings. Click on a menu item for more information.


Edit   Menu

The items on the Edit menu allow you to cut, copy, paste, and clear data; insert and delete cells; and go to a specific location in the worksheet. Click on a menu item for more information.


View   Menu

Items on the View menu allow you to toggle the display of various tool bars and control basic formatting information for the workbook. Click on a menu item for more information.


Data   Menu

The items on the Data menu allow you to control worksheet calculation, create defined names, sort data, and create autofill lists. Click on a menu item for more information.


Format   Menu

Items on the Format menu allow you to format worksheet elements. Click on a menu item for more information.


Object   Menu

The items on the Object menu allow you to format and manipulate objects on a worksheet. Click on an item for more information.


Help   Menu

The items on the Help menu provide information about XCell.


Using Help
Select Using Help to display general Windows help information.


 ABS

Description

Returns the absolute value of a number.

Syntax

ABS ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Remarks

An absolute value does not display a positive or negative sign.

Examples

These functions both return 1:

ABS(–1)

ABS(1)


 ACOS

Description

Returns the arc cosine of a number.

Syntax

ACOS ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The cosine of the angle. The cosine can range from 1 to -1.

Remarks

The resulting angle is returned in radians (from 0 to p). To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/PI( ).

Examples

This function returns 1.05:

ACOS(.5)

This function returns 1.77:

ACOS(–.2)

See Also

COS


 ACOSH

Description

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.

Syntax

ACOSH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number 	Any number equal to or greater than 1.

Examples

This function returns .62:

ACOSH(1.2)

This function returns 1.76:

ACOSH (3)

See Also

ASINH

ATANH

COSH


 ASC

Description

Returns a copy of text in which the double-byte characters (if any) have been converted to single-byte. Any double-byte characters that do not have single-byte equivalents are left in their original form.

Syntax

ASC (text)

Parameter	Description

text	The text containing double-byte characters which is converted to single-byte.

See Also

DBCS


 ADDRESS

Description

Creates a cell address as text.

Syntax

ADDRESS ( row, column, ref_type [, a1] [, sheet] )

Parameter	Description

row	The row number for the cell address.

column	The column number for the cell address.

ref_type	The cell reference type. Following are the valid values for this argument.

Value	Description

1 	Absolute

2 	Absolute row, relative column

3 	Relative row, absolute column

4 	Relative

a1	The reference format. This argument must be TRUE( ) to represent an A1 reference format; XCell does not support the R1C1 reference format.

sheet	The name of an external worksheet view control. Omitting this argument assumes that the reference exists in the current spreadsheet.

Examples

This function returns $F$5:

ADDRESS(5, 6, 1)

This function returns SALES!F5:

ADDRESS(5, 6, 4, TRUE(), "SALES.")

See Also

COLUMN

OFFSET

ROW


 AND

Description

Returns True if all arguments are true; returns False if at least one argument is false.

Syntax

AND ( logical_list )

Parameter	Description

logical_list	A list of conditions separated by commas. You can include as many as 30 conditions in the list. The list can contain logical values or a reference to a range containing logical values. Text and empty cells are ignored. If there are no logical values in the list, the error #VALUE! is returned.

Examples

This function returns True because both arguments are true:

AND(1+1=2, 5+5=10)

This function returns False:

AND(TRUE(), FALSE())

See Also

NOT

OR

ROW


 ASIN

Description

Returns the arcsine of a number.

Syntax

ASIN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The sine of the resulting angle, ranging from -1 to 1.

Remarks

The resulting angle is returned in radians (ranging from -pi/2 to pi/2). To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/pi().

Examples

This function returns –1.57:

ASIN(–1)

This function returns .41:

ASIN(.4)

See Also

ASINH

PI

SIN


 ASINH

Description

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

Syntax

ASINH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Examples

This function returns 2.37:

ASINH(5.3)

This function returns -2.09:

ASINH(-4)

See Also

ACOSH

ASIN

ATANH

SINH


 ATAN

Description

Returns the arctangent of a number.

Syntax

ATAN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The tangent of the angle.

Remarks

The resulting angle is returned in radians, ranging from -pi/2 to pi/2. To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/pi( ).

Examples

This function returns 1.29:

ATAN(3.5)

This function returns -1.33:

ATAN(–4)

See Also

ATAN2

ATANH

PI

TAN


 ATAN2

Description

Returns the arctangent of the specified coordinates.

Syntax

ATAN2 ( x, y )

Parameter	Description

 x	The x coordinate.

y	The y coordinate.

Remarks

The arctangent is the angle from the x axis to a line with end points at the origin (0, 0) and a point with the given coordinates (x, y). The angle is returned in radians, ranging from -pi to pi, excluding -pi.

Examples

This function returns 1.11:

ATAN2(3, 6)

This function returns 3.04:

ATAN2(–1, .1)

See Also

ATAN

ATANH

PI

TAN


 ATANH

Description

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.

Syntax

ATANH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	A number between -1 and 1, excluding -1 and 1.

Examples

This function returns .55:

ATANH(.5)

This function returns -.26:

ATANH(–.25)

See Also

ACOS

ASINH

TANH


 AVERAGE

Description

Returns the average of the supplied numbers. The result of AVERAGE is also known as the arithmetic mean.

Syntax

AVERAGE ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of numbers separated by commas. As many as 30 numbers can be included in the list, and the list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers. Text, logical expressions, or empty cells in a referenced range are ignored. All numeric values (including 0) are used.

Examples

This function returns 8.25:

AVERAGE(5, 6, 8, 14)

This function returns 134, the average of the values in the range C15:C17:

AVERAGE(C15:C17)

See Also

MAX

MIN


 CALL

Description

Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library. There are two syntax forms of this function. When CALL is used with REGISTER.ID, as shown in syntax 1, the DLL is loaded and remains loaded until the program is dismissed. When CALL is used alone, as shown in syntax 2, the DLL is loaded, the function is called, and then the DLL is unloaded.

Important   This function is provided for advanced users only. If you use the CALL function incorrectly, you could cause errors that will require you to restart your computer.

Syntax 1

Used with REGISTER.ID

CALL(register_id, argument1, ...)

Syntax 2

Used alone

CALL(module_text, procedure, type_text, argument1, ...)

Parameter	Description

register_id	The value returned by a previously executed REGISTER.ID function.

argument1	The arguments to be passed to the procedure.

module_text	Quoted text or reference specifying the name of the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the procedure.

procedure	Text specifying the name of the function in the DLL in XCell. The function name is case dependent in 32-bit XCell.

type_text	Text specifying the data type of the return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL or code resource. The first letter of type_text specifies the return value. The data types you use for type_text are described in the following table.

Data Type	Description	Pass by	C Declaration

A	Logical (False = 0, True = 1)	Value	short int

B	IEEE 8-byte floating point number	Value	double

C	Null-terminated string (255 characters maximum)	Reference	char *

D	Byte-counted string (first byte contains string length; 255 characters maximum)	Reference	unsigned char *

E	IEEE 8-byte floating point number	Reference	double *

F	Null-terminated string (255 characters maximum)	Reference	char *

G	Byte-counted string (first byte contains string length; 255 characters maximum)	Reference	unsigned char *

H	Unsigned 2-byte integer	Value	unsigned short int

I	Signed 2-byte integer	Value	short int

J	Signed 4-byte integer	Value	long int

L	Logical (False = 0, True = 1)	Reference	short int *

M	Signed 2-byte integer	Reference	short int *

N	Signed 4-byte integer	Reference	long int *

Remarks

For declarations made in C, it is assumed that your compiler defaults to 8-byte doubles, 2-byte short integers, and 4-byte long integers. In the Windows programming environment, all pointers should be far pointers.

Pascal calling conventions are used for all functions called from DLLs. For most C compilers, you must add the –Pascal keyword to the function declaration.

If the return value for your custom function uses a pass-by-reference data type, a null pointer can be passed as the return value. The null pointer is interpreted as the #NUM! error value.

For the F and G data types, a custom function can modify an allocated string buffer. If the return value type code is F or G, the value returned by the function is ignored. The list of function arguments is searched for the first data type that corresponds to the return value type. The current contents of the allocated string buffer is taken for the return value. 256 bytes is allocated for the argument; therefore, a function can return a larger string than it receives.

You can use a single digit (n), with a value from 1 to 9, as the code for data_type. The variable in the location pointed to by the nth argument is modified instead of the return value; this process is referred to as modifying in place. The nth argument must be a pass-by-reference data type. In addition, you must declare the function void. For most C compilers, you can add the Void keyword to the function declaration.

Examples

Syntax 1 (32-bit XCell)

In 32-bit XCell, the following macro formula registers the GetTickCount function from 32-bit Microsoft Windows. GetTickCount returns the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since Microsoft Windows was started.

REGISTER.ID("Kernel32","GetTickCount","J")

Assuming that this REGISTER.ID function is in cell A5, after your macro registers GetTickCount, you can use the CALL function to return the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since Windows was started:

CALL(A5)

Syntax 1 (16-bit XCell)

In 16-bit XCell, the following macro formula registers the GetTickCount function from 16-bit Microsoft Windows. GetTickCount returns the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since Microsoft Windows was started.

REGISTER.ID("User","GetTickCount","J")

Assuming that this REGISTER.ID function is in cell A5, after your macro registers GetTickCount, you can use the CALL function to return the number of milliseconds that have elapsed:

CALL(A5)

Syntax 2 (32-bit XCell)

On a worksheet, you can use the following CALL formula (syntax 2) to call the GetTickCount function:

CALL("Kernel32","GetTickCount","J!")

or

Syntax 2 (16-bit XCell)

On a worksheet, you can use the following CALL formula (syntax 2) to call the GetTickCount function:

CALL("User","GetTickCount","J!")

The ! in the type_text argument forces XCell to recalculate the CALL function every time the worksheet recalculates. This updates the elapsed time whenever the worksheet recalculates.


 CEILING

Description

Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified significance.

Syntax

CEILING ( number, significance )

Parameter	Description

number	The value to round.

significance	The multiple to which to round.

Remarks

Regardless of the sign of the number, the value is rounded up, away from zero. If number is an exact multiple of significance, no rounding occurs.

If the number or significance is non-numeric, the error #VALUE! is returned. When the arguments have opposite signs, the error #NUM! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 1.25:

CEILING(1.23459, .05)

This function returns –150:

CEILING(–148.24, –2)

See Also

EVEN

FLOOR

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC


 CHAR

Description

Returns a character that corresponds to the supplied ASCII code.

Syntax

CHAR ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	A value between 1 and 255 that specifies an ASCII character.

Remarks

The character and associated numeric code are defined by Windows in the ASCII character set.

Examples

This function returns F:

CHAR(70)

This function returns #:

CHAR(35)

See Also

CODE


 CHOOSE

Description

Returns a value from a list of numbers based on the index number supplied.

Syntax

CHOOSE ( index, item_list )

Parameter	Description

index	A number that refers to an item in item_list.

item_list 	A list of numbers, formulas, or text separated by commas. This argument can also be a range reference. You can specify as many as 29 items in the list.

Remarks

index can be a cell reference; index can also be a formula that returns any value from 1 to 29. If index is less than 1 or greater than the number of items in item_list, #VALUE! is returned. If index is a fractional number, it is truncated to an integer.

Examples

This function returns Q2:

CHOOSE(2,"Q1", "Q2", "Q3", "Q4")

This function returns the average of the contents of range A1:A10:

AVERAGE(CHOOSE(1, A1:A10, B1:B10, C1:C10))

See Also

INDEX


 CLEAN

Description

Removes all nonprintable characters from the supplied text.

Syntax

CLEAN ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any worksheet information.

Remarks

Text that is imported from another environment may require this function.

Examples

This function returns Payments Due because the character returned by CHAR (8) is nonprintable:

CLEAN("Payments " & CHAR(8) & "Due")

See Also

CHAR

TRIM


 CODE

Description

Returns a numeric code representing the first character of the supplied string.

Syntax

CODE ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any string.

Remarks

The numeric code and associated string are defined in your computer's character set. The character set used by Windows is the ANSI character set.

Examples

This function returns 65:

CODE("A")

This function returns 98:

CODE("b")

See Also

CHAR


 COLUMN

Description

Returns the column number of the supplied reference.

Syntax

COLUMN ( reference )

Parameter	Description

reference	A reference to a cell or range. Omitting the argument returns the number of the column in which COLUMN is placed.

Examples

This function returns 2:

COLUMN(B3)

This function returns 4 if the function is entered in cell D2:

COLUMN()

See Also

COLUMNS

ROW


 COLUMNS

Description

Returns the number of columns in a range reference.

Syntax

COLUMNS ( range )

Parameter	Description

range	A reference to a range of cells.

Example

This function returns 4:

COLUMNS(A1:D5)

See Also

COLUMN

ROWS


 CONCATENATE

Description

Joins several text strings into one string.

Syntax

CONCATENATE ( text1, text2, .... )

Parameter	Description

text1, text2, ...	Up to 30 text items to be joined into a single text item. The text items can be strings, numbers, or single-cell references.

Remarks

The "&" operator can be used instead of CONCATENATE to join text items.

Examples

The following example returns "Sale Price" it is the same as typing "Sale"&" "&"Price":

CONCATENATE ("Sale ", "Price")

Suppose in an inventory worksheet, C2 contains "extruder1", C5 contains " gaskets", and C8 contains the number 15. The following example returns "Inventory currently holds 15 gaskets for extruder1":

CONCATENATE ("Inventory currently holds ", C8, " ", C5," for ", C2)

See Also

COLUMN

ROWS


 COS

Description

Returns the cosine of an angle.

Syntax

COS ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The angle in radians. If the angle is in degrees, convert the angle to radians by multiplying the angle by PI()/180.

Examples

This function returns .126:

COS(1.444)

This function returns .28:

COS(5)

See Also

ACOS

ASINH

ATANH

COSH

PI


 COSH

Description

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

Syntax

COSH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Examples

This function returns 4.14:

COSH(2.10)

This function returns 1.03:

COSH(.24)

See Also

ASINH

ATANH

COS


 COUNT

Description

Returns the number of values in the supplied list.

Syntax

COUNT ( value_list )

Parameter	Description

value_list	A list of values. The list can contain as many as 30 values.

Remarks

COUNT only numerates numbers or numerical values such as logical values, dates, or text representations of dates. If you supply a range, only numbers and numerical values in the range are counted. Empty cells, logical values, text, and error values in the range are ignored.

Examples

This function returns 2:

COUNT(5, 6, "Q2")

This function returns 3:

COUNT("03/06/94", "06/21/94", "10/19/94")

See Also

AVERAGE

COUNTA

SUM


 COUNTIF

Description

Returns the number of cells within a range which meet the given criteria.

Syntax

COUNTIF ( range, criteria )

Parameter	Description

range	Range of cells you want to count.

criteria	Number, expression, or text that defines which cells are counted.

See Also

AVERAGE

COUNTA

SUM

SUMIF


 COUNTA

Description

Returns the number of nonblank values in the supplied list.

Syntax

COUNTA ( expression_list )

Parameter	Description

expression_list	A list of expressions. As many as 30 expressions can be included in the list.

Remarks

COUNTA returns the number of cells that contain data in a range. Null values (" ") are counted, but references to empty cells are ignored.

Examples

This function returns 4:

COUNTA(32, 45, "Earnings", "")

This function returns 0 when the specified range contains empty cells:

COUNTA(C38:C40)

See Also

AVERAGE

COUNT

PRODUCT

SUM


 DATE

Description

Returns the serial number of the supplied date.

Syntax

DATE ( year, month, day )

Parameter	Description

year	A number from 1900 to 2078. If year is between 1920 to 2019, you can specify two digits to represent the year; otherwise specify all four digits.

month	A number representing the month (for example, 12 represents December). If a number greater than 12 is supplied, the number is added to the first month of the specified year.

day	A number representing the day of the month. If the number you specify for day exceeds the number of days in that month, the number is added to the first day of the specified month.

Examples

This function returns 34506:

DATE(94, 6, 21)

This function returns 36225:

DATE(99, 3, 6)

See Also

DATEVALUE

DAY

MONTH

NOW

TIMEVALUE

TODAY

YEAR


 DATEVALUE

Description

Returns the serial number of a date supplied as a text string.

Syntax

DATEVALUE ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	A date in text format between January 1, 1900, and December 31, 2078. If you omit the year, the current year is used.

Examples

This function returns 34399:

DATEVALUE("3/6/94")

This function returns 35058:

DATEVALUE("12/25/95")

See Also

NOW

TIMEVALUE

TODAY


 DAY

Description

Returns the day of the month that corresponds to the date represented by the supplied number.

Syntax

DAY ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	A date represented as a serial number or as text (for example, 06-21-94 or 21-Jun-94).

Examples

This function returns 6:

DAY(34399)

This function returns 21:

DAY("06-21-94")

See Also

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR


DAYS360

Description

Returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months). Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting system is based on twelve 30-day months.

Syntax

DAYS360 (start_date, end_date, [  ] )

Parameter	Description

start_date, end_date	The two dates between which you want to know the number of days.

method	A logical value that specifies whether the European or US method should be used in the calculation. If False (or omitted), the US (NASD) method is used. If True, the European method is used. The default is based on the local translation. It should be correct for your location.

Remarks

start_date and end_date can be text strings using numbers to represent the month, day, and year (for example, "1/30/93" or "1-30-93"), or they can be serial numbers representing the dates.

If start_date occurs after end_date, DAYS360 returns a negative number.

If method is set to False and start_date is the 31st of a month, it becomes equal to the 30th of the same month. If end_date is the 31st of a month and start_date is less than the 30th of a month, the ending date becomes equal to the 1st of the next month, otherwise the ending date becomes equal to the 30th of the same month.

If method is set to True, start_dates or end_dates which occur on the 31st of a month become equal to the 30th of the same month.

Note	To determine the number of days between two dates in a normal year, you can use normal subtraction--for example, "12/31/93"-"1/1/93" equals 364.

Example

DAYS360("1/30/93", "2/1/93") equals 1


 DB

Description

Returns the real depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the fixed-declining balance method.

Syntax

DB ( cost, salvage, life, period [, months] )

Parameter	Description

cost	The initial cost of the asset.

salvage	The salvage value of the asset.

life	The number of periods in the useful life of the asset.

period	The period for which to calculate the depreciation. The time units used to determine period and life must match.

months	The number of months in the first year of the item's life. Omitting this argument assumes there are 12 months in the first year.

Example

This function returns 1451.52:

DB(10000, 1000, 7, 3)

See Also

DDB

SLN

SYD

VDB


 DBCS

Description

Returns a copy of text in which the single-byte characters (if any) have been converted to double-byte characters. Any single-byte characters that do not have double-byte equivalents are left in their original (single-byte) form.

Syntax

DBCS

Parameter	Description

text	The text containing single-byte characters which is converted to double-byte characters.

See Also

ASC


 DDB

Description

Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the double-declining balance method or a declining balance factor you supply.

Syntax

DDB ( cost, salvage, life, period [, factor] )

Parameter	Description

cost	The initial cost of the asset.

salvage	The salvage value of the asset.

life	The number of periods in the useful life of the asset.

period	The period for which to calculate the depreciation. The time units used to determine period and life must match.

factor	The rate at which the balance declines. Omitting this argument assumes a default factor of 2, the double-declining balance factor.

Remarks

The double-declining balance method uses an accelerated rate where the highest depreciation occurs in the first period, decreasing in successive periods.

All arguments for this function must be positive numbers.

Example

This function returns 1457.73:

DDB(10000,1000, 7, 3)

See Also

DB

SLN

SYD

VDB


 DOLLAR

Description

Returns the specified number as text, using currency format and the supplied precision.

Syntax

DOLLAR ( number [, precision] )

Parameter	Description

number	A number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.

precision	A value representing the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point. Omitting this argument assumes the standard number of decimal places for the local currency.

Note

"Local" currency refers to the currency format for the current system, i.e., the one specified in Regional Settings in Control Panel

Remarks

Dollar will return the specified number format as text using currency format for the current system. If you wish to always convert to the USDollar format, regardless of the language of your system, then use the USDOLLAR worksheet function.

Examples

This function returns $1023.79:

DOLLAR(1023.789)

This function returns $500:

DOLLAR(495.301, –2)

See Also

FIXED

TEXT

VALUE


 ERROR.TYPE

Description

Returns a number corresponding to an error.

Syntax

ERROR.TYPE ( error_ref )

Parameter	Description

error_ref	A cell reference.

Remarks

The following error text or numbers can be returned by this function.

Number	Description

1 	#NULL!

2 	#DIV/0!

3 	#VALUE!

4 	#REF!

5 	#NAME?

6 	#NUM!

7 	#N/A

#N/A	Other

Example

This function returns 2 if the formula in cell A1 attempts to divide by zero:

ERROR.TYPE(A1)

See Also

ISERR

ISERROR


 EVEN

Description

Rounds the specified number up to the nearest even integer.

Syntax

EVEN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.

Examples

This function returns 4:

EVEN(2.5)

This function returns 2032:

EVEN(2030.45)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC


 EXACT

Description

Compares two expressions for identical, case-sensitive matches. True is returned if the expressions are identical; False is returned if they are not.

Syntax

EXACT ( expression1, expression2 )

Parameter	Description

expression1	Any text.

expression2	Any text.

Examples

This function returns True:

EXACT("Match", "Match")

This function returns False:

EXACT("Match", "match")

See Also

LEN

SEARCH


 EXP

Description

Returns e raised to the specified power. The constant e is 2.71828182845904 (the base of the natural logarithm).

Syntax

EXP ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number as the exponent.

Examples

This function returns 12.18:

EXP(2.5)

This function returns 20.09:

EXP(3)

See Also

LN

LOG


 FACT

Description

Returns the factorial of a specified number.

Syntax

FACT ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any non-negative integer. If you supply a real number, FACT truncates the number to an integer before calculation.

Examples

This function returns 2:

FACT(2.5)

This function returns 720:

FACT(6)

See Also

PRODUCT


 FALSE

Description

Returns the logical value False. This function always requires the trailing parentheses.

Syntax

FALSE ( )

See Also

TRUE


 FIND

Description

Searches for a string of text within another text string and returns the character position at which the search string first occurs.

Syntax

FIND ( search_text, text [, start_position] )

Parameter	Description

search_text	The text to find. If you specify an empty string (" "), FIND matches the first character in text.

text	The text to be searched.

start_position	The character position in text where the search begins. The first character in text is character number 1. When you omit this argument, the default starting position is character number 1.

Remarks

FIND is case-sensitive. You cannot use wildcard characters in the search_text.

Examples

This function returns 12:

FIND("time", "There's no time like the present")

This function returns 19:

FIND("4", "Aisle 4, Part 123-4-11", 9)

See Also

EXACT

LEN

MID

SEARCH


 FINDB

Description

Searches for a string of text within another text string and returns the byte position at which the search string first occurs.

Syntax

FINDB ( search_text, text [, start_position] )

Parameter	Description

search_text	The text to find. If you specify an empty string (" "), FINDB matches the first byte in text.

text	The text to be searched.

start_position	The byte position in text where the search begins. The first byte in text is byte number 1. When you omit this argument, the default starting position is byte number 1.

Remarks

FINDB is case-sensitive. You cannot use wildcard characters in the search_text.

Examples

This function returns 12:

FINDB("time", "There's no time like the present")

This function returns 19:

FINDB("4", "Aisle 4, Part 123-4-11", 9)


 FIXED

Description

Rounds a number to the supplied precision, formats the number in decimal format, and returns the result as text.

Syntax

FIXED ( number [, precision][, no_commas] )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

precision	The number of digits that appear to the right of the decimal place. When this argument is omitted, a default precision of 2 is used. If you specify negative precision, number is rounded to the left of the decimal point. You can specify a precision as great as 127 digits.

no_commas	Determines if thousands separators (commas) are used in the result. Use 1 to exclude commas in the result. If no_commas is 0 or the argument is omitted, thousands separators are included (for example, 1,000.00).

Examples

This function returns 2,000.500:

FIXED(2000.5, 3)

This function returns 2010:

FIXED(2009.5, –1, 1)

See Also

DOLLAR

ROUND

TEXT

VALUE


 FLOOR

Description

Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified significance.

Syntax

FLOOR ( number, significance )

Parameter	Description

number	The value to round.

significance	The multiple to which to round.

Remarks

Regardless of the sign of the number, the value is rounded down, toward zero. If number is an exact multiple of significance, no rounding occurs.

If number or significance is non-numeric, #NAME? is returned. When the arguments have opposite signs, #NUM! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 1.2:

FLOOR(1.23459, .05)

This function returns –148:

FLOOR(–148.24, –2)

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC


 FV

Description

Returns the future value of an annuity based on regular payments and a fixed interest rate.

Syntax

FV ( interest, nper, payment [, pv] [, type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed interest rate.

nper	The number of payments in an annuity.

payment	The fixed payment made each period.

pv	The present value, or the lump sum amount, the annuity is currently worth. When you omit this argument, a present value of 0 is assumed.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Remarks

The units used for interest must match those used for nper. For example, if the annuity has an 8 percent annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8 percent/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.

Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number. Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.

Examples

This function returns 4,774.55:

FV(5%, 8, –500)

This function returns 531,550.86:

FV(10%/12, 240, –700, 1)

See Also

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

PV

RATE


 HLOOKUP

Description

Searches the top row of a table for a value and returns the contents of a cell in that table that corresponds to the location of the search value.

Syntax

HLOOKUP ( search_item, search_range, row_index )

Parameter	Description

search_item	A value, text string, or reference to a cell containing a value that is matched against data in the top row of search_range.

search_range	A reference to the range (table) to be searched. The cells in the first row of search_range can contain numbers, text, or logical values. The contents of the first row must be in ascending order (for example, –2, –1, 0, 2…, A through Z, False, True). Text searches are not case-sensitive.

row_index	The row in search_range from which the matching value is returned. row_index can be a number from 1 to the number of rows in search_range. If row_index is less than 1, the error #VALUE! is returned. When row_index is greater than the number of rows in the table, the error #REF! is returned.

Remarks

HLOOKUP compares the information in the top row of search_range to the supplied search_item. When a match is found, information located in the same column and supplied row (row_index) is returned.

If search_item cannot be found in the top row of search_range, the largest value that is less than search_item is used. When search_item is less than the smallest value in the first row of the search_range, the error #REF! is returned.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns 22.63:

HLOOKUP("Northeast", B1:E5, 3)

This function returns #REF!:

HLOOKUP("Pacific", B1:E5, 7)

See Also

INDEX

LOOKUP

MATCH

VLOOKUP


 HOUR

Description

Returns the hour component of the specified time in 24-hour format.

Syntax

HOUR ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The time as a serial number. The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.

Remarks

The result is an integer ranging from 0 (12:00 AM) to 23 (11:00 PM).

Examples

This function returns 9:

HOUR(34259.4)

This function returns 23:

HOUR(34619.976)

See Also

DAY

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

WEEKDAY

YEAR


 IF

Description

Tests the condition and returns the specified value.

Syntax

IF ( condition, true_value, false_value )

Parameter	Description

condition	Any logical expression.

true_value	The value to be returned if condition evaluates to True.

false_value	The value to be returned if condition evaluates to False.

Example

This function returns Greater if the contents of A1 is greater than 10 and Less if the contents of A1 is less than 10:

IF(A1>10, "Greater", "Less")

See Also

AND

FALSE

NOT

OR

TRUE


 INDEX

Description

Returns the contents of a cell from a specified range.

Syntax

INDEX ( reference [, row] [, column] [, range_number] )

Parameter	Description

reference	A reference to one or more ranges. If reference specifies more than one range, separate each reference with a comma and enclose reference in parentheses. For example, (A1:C6, B7:E14, F4). If each range in reference contains only one row or column, you can omit the row or column argument. For example, if reference is A1:A15, you can omit the column argument INDEX(A1:A15, 3,, 1).

row	The row number in reference from which to return data.

column	Column number in reference from which to return data.

range_number	Specifies the range from which data is returned if reference contains more than one range. For example, if reference is (A1:A10, B1:B5, D14:E23), A1:A10 is range_number 1, B1:B5 is range_number 2, and D14:E23 is range_number 3.

Remarks

If row, column, and range_number do not point to a cell within reference, #REF! is returned. If row and column are omitted, INDEX returns the range in reference specified by range_number.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns $1415.35:

INDEX(A2:B6, 2, 2)

This function returns $1634.58:

INDEX((A2:B6, D2:E6), 4, 2, 2)

See Also

CHOOSE

HLOOKUP

LOOKUP

MATCH

VLOOKUP


 INDIRECT

Description

Returns the contents of the cell referenced by the specified cell.

Syntax

INDIRECT ( ref_text [, a1] )

Parameter	Description

ref_text	A reference to a cell that references a third cell. If ref_text is not a valid reference, the error #REF! is returned.

a1	The reference format. This argument must be TRUE() to represent an A1 reference format; XCell does not support the R1C1 reference format.

Example

This function returns the contents of the cell that C1 references. If C1 contains "D1," then the contents of D1is returned:

INDIRECT(C1)

See Also

OFFSET


 INT

Description

Rounds the supplied number down to the nearest integer.

Syntax

INT ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any real number.

Examples

This function returns 10:

INT(10.99)

This function returns -11:

INT(–10.99)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

MOD

ROUND

TRUNC


 IPMT

Description

Returns the interest payment of an annuity for a given period, based on regular payments and a fixed periodic interest rate.

Syntax

IPMT ( interest, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed periodic interest rate.

per	The period for which to return the interest payment. This number must be between 1 and nper.

nper	The number of payments.

pv	The present value, or the lump sum amount the annuity is currently worth.

fv	The future value, or the value after all payments are made. If this argument is omitted, the future value is assumed to be 0.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Remarks

The units used for interest must match those used for nper. For example, if the annuity has an 8 percent annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8 percent/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.

Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number. Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.

Examples

This function returns -117.87:

IPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000)

This function returns -117.09:

IPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000, 0, 1)

See Also

FV

PMT

PPMT

RATE


 IRR

Description

Returns internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.

Syntax

IRR ( cash_flow [, guess] )

Parameter	Description

cash_flow	A reference to a range that contains values for which to calculate the internal rate of return. The values must contain at least one positive and one negative value. During calculation, IRR uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of the cash flow. Text, logical values, and empty cells in the range are ignored.

guess	The estimate of the internal rate of return. If no argument is supplied, a rate of return of 10 percent is assumed.

Remarks

The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an investment consisting of payments (specified by negative numbers) and investments (specified by positive numbers).

IRR is calculated iteratively, cycling through the calculation until the result is accurate to .00001 percent. If the result cannot be found after 20 iterations, #NUM! is returned. When this occurs, supply a different value for guess.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns 3.72 percent:

IRR(B1:B6)

This function returns -49.26 percent:

IRR(B1:B3, –20%)

See Also

MIRR

NPV

RATE


 ISBLANK

Description

Determines if the specified cell is blank.

Syntax

ISBLANK ( reference )

Parameter	Description

reference	A reference to any cell.

Remarks

If the referenced cell is blank, True is returned. False is returned if the cell is not blank.

Example

This function returns True if A1 is a blank cell:

ISBLANK(A1)

See Also

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISERR

Description

Determines if the specified expression returns an error value.

Syntax

ISERR ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns any error except #N/A!, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Example

This function returns True if A1 contains a formula that returns an error such as #NUM!:

ISERR(A1)

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISERROR

Description

Determines if the specified expression returns an error value.

Syntax

ISERROR ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns any error value, such as #N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?, or #NULL!, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Examples

This function returns True:

ISERROR(4/0)

This function returns False if A1 contains a formula that does not return an error.

ISERROR(A1)

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISLOGICAL

Description

Determines if the specified expression returns a logical value.

Syntax

ISLOGICAL ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns a logical value, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Example

This function returns True because ISBLANK returns a logical value:

ISLOGICAL(ISBLANK(A1))

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISNA

Description

Determines if the specified expression returns the value not available error.

Syntax

ISNA ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns the #N/A! error, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Example

This function returns True if cell A1 contains the NA ( ) function or returns the error value #N/A!:

ISNA(A1)

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISNONTEXT

Description

Determines if the specified expression is not text.

Syntax

ISNONTEXT ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns any value that is not text, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Examples

This function returns True if cell F3 contains a number or is a blank cell:

ISNONTEXT(F3)

This function returns False:

ISNONTEXT("text")

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISNUMBER

Description

Determines if the specified expression is a number.

Syntax

ISNUMBER ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns a number, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned. If expression returns a number represented as text (for example, "12"), False is returned.

Examples

This function returns True:

ISNUMBER(123.45)

This function returns False:

ISNUMBER("123")

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISREF

ISTEXT


 ISREF

Description

Determines if the specified expression is a range reference.

Syntax

ISREF ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns a range reference, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Example

This function returns True:

ISREF(A3)

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISTEXT


 ISTEXT

Description

Determines if the specified expression is text.

Syntax

ISTEXT ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

If the expression returns text, True is returned. Otherwise, False is returned.

Example

This function returns True:

ISTEXT("2nd Quarter")

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF


 LEFT

Description

Returns the leftmost characters from the specified text string.

Syntax

LEFT ( text [, num_chars] )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string.

num_chars	The number of characters to return. This value must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the number of characters in text, the entire string is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.

Examples

This function returns 2:

LEFT("2nd Quarter")

This function returns 2nd:

LEFT("2nd Quarter", 3)

See Also

MID

RIGHT


 LEFTB

Description

Returns the leftmost byte from the specified text string.

Syntax

LEFTB ( text [, num_chars] )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string.

Num_chars	The number of bytes to return. This value must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the number of bytes in text, the entire string is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.

Examples

This function returns 2:

LEFTB("2nd Quarter")

This function returns 2nd:

LEFTB("2nd Quarter", 3)


 LEN

Description

Returns the number of characters in the supplied text string.

Syntax

LEN ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string. Spaces in the string are counted as characters.

Examples

This function returns 11:

LEN("3rd Quarter")

This function returns 3:

LEN("1-3")

See Also

EXACT

SEARCH


 LENB

Description

Returns the number of bytes in the supplied text string.

Syntax

LENB ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string. Spaces in the string are counted as bytes.

Examples

This function returns 11:

LENB("3rd Quarter")

This function returns 3:

LENB("1-3")


 LN

Description

Returns the natural logarithm (based on the constant e) of a number.

Syntax

LN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any positive real number.

Remarks

LN is the inverse of the EXP function.

Examples

This function returns 2.50:

LN(12.18)

This function returns 3.00:

LN(20.09)

See Also

EXP

LOG

LOG10


 LOG

Description

Returns the logarithm of a number to the specified base.

Syntax

LOG ( number [, base] )

Parameter	Description

number	Any positive real number.

base	The base of the logarithm. Omitting this argument assumes a base of 10.

Examples

This function returns 0:

LOG(1)

This function returns 1:

LOG(10)

See Also

EXP

LN

LOG10


 LOG10

Description

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

Syntax

LOG10 ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any positive real number.

Examples

This function returns 2.41:

LOG10(260)

This function returns 2:

LOG10(100)

See Also

EXP

LN

LOG


 LOOKUP

Description

Searches for a value in one range and returns the contents of the corresponding position in a second range.

Syntax

LOOKUP ( lookup_value, lookup_range, result_range )

Parameter	Description

lookup_value	The value for which to search in the first range.

lookup_range	The first range to search and contains only one row or one column. The range can contain numbers, text, or logical values. To search lookup_range correctly, the expressions in the range must be placed in ascending order (for example, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2..., A through Z, False, True). The search is not case-sensitive.

result_range	A range of one row or one column that is the same size as lookup_range.

Remarks

If lookup_value does not have an exact match in lookup_range, the largest value that is less than or equal to lookup_value is found and the corresponding position in result_range is returned. When lookup_value is smaller than the data in lookup_range, #N/A is returned.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns Detroit:

LOOKUP("North", A2:A7, B2:B7)

This function returns #N/A:

LOOKUP("Alabama", A2:A7, B2:B7)

See Also

HLOOKUP

INDEX

VLOOKUP


 LOWER

Description

Changes the characters in the specified string to lowercase characters. Numeric characters in the string are not changed.

Syntax

LOWER ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any string.

Examples

This function returns 3rd quarter:

LOWER("3rd Quarter")

This function returns john doe:

LOWER("JOHN DOE")

See Also

PROPER

UPPER


 MATCH

Description

A specified value is compared against values in a range. The position of the matching value in the search range is returned.

Syntax

MATCH ( lookup_value, lookup_range, comparison )

Parameter	Description

lookup_value	The value against which to compare. It can be a number, text, or logical value or a reference to a cell that contains one of those values.

lookup_range	The range to search; it contains only one row or one column. The range can contain numbers, text, or logical values.

comparison	A number that represents the type of comparison to be made between lookup_value and the values in lookup_range. When you omit this argument, comparison method 1 is assumed. When comparison is 0, the first value that is equal to lookup_value is matched. When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range can be in any order. When comparison is 1, the largest value that is less than or equal to lookup_value is matched. When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range must be in ascending order (for example, ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2..., A through Z, False, True). When comparison is -1, the smallest value that is greater than or equal to lookup_value is matched. When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range must be in descending order (for example, True, False, Z through A, ...2, 1, 0, -1, -2...).

Remarks

When using comparison method 0 and lookup_value is text, lookup_value can contain wildcard characters. The wildcard characters are * (asterisk), which matches any sequence of characters, and ? (question mark), which matches any single character.

When no match is found for lookup_value, #N/A is returned.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns 5:

MATCH(7600, B2:B7,1)

This function returns 2:

MATCH("D*", A2:A7,0)

See Also

HLOOKUP

INDEX

LOOKUP

VLOOKUP


 MAX

Description

Returns the largest value in the specified list of numbers.

Syntax

MAX ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.

 	The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values. Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers return errors.

.	If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored If there are no numbers in the list, 0 is returned.

Examples

This function returns 500:

MAX(50, 100, 150, 500, 200)

This function returns the largest value in the range:

MAX(A1:F12)

See Also

AVERAGE

MIN


 MID

Description

Returns the specified number of characters from a text string, beginning with the specified starting position.

Syntax

MID ( text, start_position, num_chars )

Parameter	Description

text	The string from which to return characters.

start_position	The position of the first character to return from text.

If start_position is 1, the first character in text is returned. If start_position is greater than the number of characters in text, an empty string (" ") is returned.  If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.

num_chars	The number of characters to return. If num_chars is negative, #VALUE! is returned.

Remarks

If start_position plus the number of characters in num_chars exceeds the length of text, the characters from start_position to the end of text are returned.

Examples

This function returns Expenses:

MID("Travel Expenses", 8, 8)

This function returns 45:

MID("Part #45-7234", 7, 2)

See Also

CODE

FIND

LEFT

RIGHT

SEARCH


 MIDB

Description

Returns the specified number of bytes from a text string, beginning with the specified starting position.

Syntax

MIDB ( text, start_position, num_chars )

Parameter	Description

text	The string from which to return bytes.

start_position	The position of the first byte to return from text.

If start_position is 1, the first byte in text is returned. If start_position is greater than the number of bytes in text, an empty string (" ") is returned.  If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.

num_chars	The number of bytes to return. If num_chars is negative, #VALUE! Is returned.

Remarks

If start_position plus the number of bytes in num_chars exceeds the length of text, the bytes from start_position to the end of text are returned.

Examples

This function returns Expenses:

MIDB("Travel Expenses", 8, 8)

This function returns 45:

MIDB("Part #45-7234", 7, 2)


 MIN

Description

Returns the smallest value in the specified list of numbers.

Syntax

MIN ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.

Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers return errors. If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored. If there are no numbers in the list, 0 is returned

Examples

This function returns 50:

MIN(50, 100, 150, 500, 200)

This function returns the smallest value in the range:

MIN(A1:F12)

See Also

AVERAGE

MAX


 MINUTE

Description

Returns the minute that corresponds to the supplied date.

Syntax

MINUTE ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The time as a serial number. The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.

Remarks

The result is an integer ranging from 0 to 59.

Examples

This function returns 36:

MINUTE(34506.4)

This function returns 48:

MINUTE(34399.825)

See Also

DAY

HOUR

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

WEEKDAY

YEAR


 MIRR

Description

Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.

Syntax

MIRR ( cash_flows, finance_rate, reinvest_rate )

Parameter	Description

cash_flow	A reference to a range that contains values for which to calculate the modified internal rate of return. The values must contain at least one positive and one negative value.

Values that represent cash received should be positive; negative values represent cash paid. During calculation, MIRR uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of cash flow. Text, logical values, and empty cells in the range are ignored.

finance_rate	The interest rate paid on money used in the cash flow.

reinvest_rate	The interest rate received on money reinvested from the cash flow.

Remarks

The modified internal rate of return considers the cost of the investment and the interest received on the reinvestment of cash.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns 5.20 percent:

MIRR(B1:B6, 12%, 8%)

This function returns –40.93 percent:

MIRR(B1:B3, 12%, 8%)

See Also

IRR

NPV

RATE


 MOD

Description

Returns the remainder after dividing a number by a specified divisor.

Syntax

MOD ( number, divisor )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

divisor	Any nonzero number. If divisor is 0, #DIV/0! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 1:

MOD(–23, 3)

This function returns -2:

MOD(–23, –3)

See Also

INT

ROUND

TRUNC


 MONTH

Description

Returns the month that corresponds to the supplied date.

Syntax

MONTH ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The date as a serial number or as text (for example, 06-21-94 or 21-Jun-94).

Remarks

MONTH returns a number ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).

Examples

This function returns 6:

MONTH("06-21-94")

This function returns 10:

MONTH(34626)

See Also

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR


 NA

Description

Returns the error value #N/A, which represents "not available."

Syntax

NA ( )

Remarks

Use NA to mark cells that lack data without leaving them empty. Empty cells may not be correctly represented in some calculations.

Although NA does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.

See Also

ISNA


 NOT

Description

Returns a logical value that is the opposite of its value.

Syntax

NOT ( logical )

Parameter	Description

logical	An expression that returns a logical value such as True or False.

Remarks

If logical is false, NOT returns True. Conversely, if logical is true, NOT returns False.

Examples

This function returns False:

NOT(TRUE())

This function returns False:

NOT(MONTH("12/25/94") = 12)

See Also

AND

IF

OR


 NOW

Description

Returns the current date and time as a serial number.

Syntax

NOW ( )

Remarks

In a serial number, numbers to the left of the decimal point represent the date; numbers to the right of the decimal point represent the time. The result of this function changes only when a recalculation of the worksheet occurs.

See Also

DATE

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR


 NPER

Description

Returns the number of periods of an investment based on regular periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.

Syntax

NPER ( interest, pmt, pf [, fv] [, type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed interest rate.

pmt	The fixed payment made each period. Generally, pmt includes the principle and interest, not taxes or other fees.

pf	The present value, the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is currently worth.

fv	The future value, the balance to attain after the final payment. Omitting this argument assumes a future balance of 0.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Examples

This function returns 36.67:

NPER(12%/12, –350, –300, 16000, 1)

This function returns 36.98:

NPER(1%, –350, –300, 16000)

See Also

FV

IPMT

PMT

PPMT

PV

RATE


 NPV

Description

Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of periodic payments and a discount rate.

Syntax

NPV ( discount_rate, value_list )

Parameter	Description

discount_rate	The rate of discount for one period.

value_list	A list of as many as 29 arguments or a reference to a range that contains values that represent payments and income. During calculation, NPV uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of cash flow. Numbers, empty cells, and text representations of numbers are included in the calculation. Errors and text that cannot be translated into numbers are ignored.  If value_list is a range reference, only numeric data in the range is included in the calculation. Other types of data in the range, such as empty cells, logical values, text, and error values are ignored.

Remarks

The time span NPV uses for calculation begins one period before the first cash flow date and ends when the last cash flow payment is made. This function is based on future cash flows. When your first cash flow occurs at the beginning of the first period, the first value must be added to the NPV result, not supplied as a value in value_list.

Example

This function returns 811.57:

NPV(8%, –12000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 7000)

See Also

FV

IRR

PV


 ODD

Description

Rounds the specified number up to the nearest odd integer.

Syntax

ODD ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.

Examples

This function returns 5:

ODD(3.5)

This function returns 7:

ODD(6)

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

FLOOR

INT

ROUND

TRUNC


 OFFSET

Description

Returns the contents of a range that is offset from a starting point in the spreadsheet.

Syntax

OFFSET ( reference, rows, columns [, height] [, width] )

Parameter	Description

reference	A reference to a cell from which the offset reference is based. If you specify a range reference, #VALUE! is returned.

rows	The number of rows from reference that represents the upper-left cell of the offset range. A positive number represents rows below the starting cell; a negative number represents rows above the starting cell. If rows places the upper-left cell of the offset range outside the spreadsheet boundary, #REF! is returned.

columns	The number of columns from reference that represents the upper-left cell of the offset range. A positive number represents columns right of the starting cell; a negative number represents columns left of the starting cell. If columns places the upper-left cell of the offset range outside the spreadsheet boundary, #REF! is returned.

height	A positive number representing the number of rows to include in the offset range. Omitting this argument assumes a single row.

width	A positive number representing the number of columns to include in the offset range. Omitting this argument assumes a single column.

Remarks

OFFSET does not change the current selection in the worksheet. Because it returns a reference, OFFSET can be used in any function that requires or uses a cell or range reference as an argument.

Examples

This function returns the contents of cell D4:

OFFSET(B1, 3, 2, 1, 1)

This function returns the sum of the values in the range E3:F5:

SUM(OFFSET(A1, 2, 4, 3, 2))


 OR

Description

Returns True if at least one of a series of logical arguments is true.

Syntax

OR ( logical_list )

Parameter	Description

logical_list	A list of conditions separated by commas. You can include as many as 30 conditions in the list. The list can contain logical values or a reference to a range containing logical values. Text and empty cells are ignored. If there are no logical values in the list, the error value #VALUE! is returned.

Example

This function returns True because one of the arguments is true:

OR(1 + 1 = 1, 5 + 5 = 10)

See Also

AND

IF

NOT


 PI

Description

Returns the value of pi (p), which is approximately 3.14159265358979 when calculated to 15 significant digits.

Syntax

PI ( )

Remarks

Although PI does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.

See Also

COS

SIN

TAN


 PMT

Description

Returns the periodic payment of an annuity, based on regular payments and a fixed periodic interest rate.

Syntax

PMT ( interest, nper, pv [, fv] [, type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed periodic interest rate.

nper	The number of periods in the annuity.

pv	The present value, or the amount the annuity is currently worth.

fv	The future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth. When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Remarks

PMT returns only the principal and interest payment, it does not include taxes or other fees.

The units used for interest must match those used for nper. For example, if the annuity has an 8 percent annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8 percent/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.

Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number. Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.

Examples

This function returns -439.43:

PMT(8%/12, 48, 18000)

This function returns -436.52:

PMT(8%/12, 48, 18000, 0, 1)

See Also

IPMT

FV

NPER

PPMT

PV

RATE


 PPMT

Description

Returns the principle paid on an annuity for a given period.

Syntax

PPMT ( interest, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed periodic interest rate.

per	The period for which to return the principle.

nper	The number of periods in the annuity.

pv	The present value, or the amount the annuity is currently worth.

fv	The future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth. When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Remarks

The units used for interest must match those used for nper. For example, if the annuity has an 8 percent annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8 percent/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.

Examples

This function returns -321.56:

PPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000)

This function returns -319.43:

PPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000, 0, 1)

See Also

FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PV

RATE


 PRODUCT

Description

Multiplies a list of numbers and returns the result.

Syntax

PRODUCT ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values. Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers return errors. If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored. All numeric values, including 0, are used in the calculation.

Example

This function returns 24:

PRODUCT(1, 2, 3, 4)

See Also

FACT

SUM


 PROPER

Description

Returns the specified string in proper-case format.

Syntax

PROPER ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any string.

Remarks

In proper-case format, the first alphabetic character in a word is capitalized. If an alphabetic character follows a number, punctuation mark, or space, it is capitalized. All other alphabetic characters are lowercase. Numbers are not changed by PROPER.

Examples

This function returns 3Rd Quarter:

=PROPER("3rd Quarter")

This function returns John Doe:

=PROPER("JOHN DOE")

See Also

LOWER

UPPER


 PV

Description

Returns the present value of an annuity, considering a series of constant payments made over a regular payment period.

Syntax

PV ( interest, nper, pmt [, fv] [, type] )

Parameter	Description

interest	The fixed periodic interest rate.

nper	The number of payment periods in the investment.

pmt	The fixed payment made each period.

fv	The future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth. When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

Remarks

The units used for interest must match those used for nper. For example, if the annuity has an 8 percent annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8 percent/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.

Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number. Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.

Examples

This function returns -17999.89:

PV(8%/12, 48, 439.43)

This function returns 17999.89:

PV(8%/12, 48, -439.43)

See Also

FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

RATE


 RAND

Description

Returns a number selected randomly from a uniform distribution greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1.

Syntax

RAND ( )

Remarks

Although RAND does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.

Example

This function returns a random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10:.

RAND()*10


 RATE

Description

Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity, given a series of constant cash payments made over a regular payment period.

Syntax

RATE ( nper, pmt, pv [, fv] [, type] [, guess] )

Parameter	Description

nper	The number of periods in the annuity.

pmt	The fixed payment made each period. Generally, pmt includes only principle and interest, not taxes or other fees.

pv	The present value of the annuity.

fv	The future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth. When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed.

type	Indicates when payments are due. Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.

guess	Your estimate of the interest rate. If no argument is supplied, a value of 0.1 (10 percent) is assumed.

Remarks

RATE is calculated iteratively, cycling through the calculation until the result is accurate to .00001 percent. If the result cannot be found after 20 iterations, #NUM! is returned. When this occurs, supply a different value for guess.

Example

The following example returns the monthly interest rate of .0067; the annual interest rate (.0067 multiplied by 12) is 8 percent:

RATE(48, –439.43, 18000)

See Also

FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

PV


 REGISTER.ID

Description

Returns the register ID of the specified dynamic link library (DLL) that has been previously registered. If the DLL has not been registered, this function registers the DLL, and then returns the register ID.

Syntax

REGISTER.ID(module_text, procedure, type_text)

Parameter	Description

module_text	The text specifying the name of the DLL that contains the function in XCell.

procedure	The text specifying the name of the function in the DLL in XCell. The function name is case dependent in 32-bit XCell.

type_text	The text specifying the data type of the return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL. The first letter of type_text specifies the return value. If the function or code resource is already registered, you can omit this argument. For a complete list of the data types available, see the type_text parameter of the CALL worksheet function.

Remarks

For declarations made in C, it is assumed that your compiler defaults to 8-byte doubles, 2-byte short integers, and 4-byte long integers. In the Windows programming environment, all pointers should be far pointers.

Pascal calling conventions are used for all functions called from DLLs. For most C compilers, you must add the –Pascal keyword to the function declaration.

If the return value for your custom function uses a pass-by-reference data type, a null pointer can be passed as the return value. The null pointer is interpreted as the #NUM! error value.

For the F and G data types, a custom function can modify an allocated string buffer. If the return value type code is F or G, the value returned by the function is ignored. The list of function arguments is searched for the first data type that corresponds to the return value type. The current contents of the allocated string buffer is taken for the return value. 256 bytes is allocated for the argument; therefore, a function can return a larger string than it receives.

You can use a single digit (n), with a value from 1 to 9, as the code for data_type. The variable in the location pointed to by the nth argument is modified instead of the return value; this process is referred to as modifying in place. The nth argument must be a pass-by-reference data type. In addition, you must declare the function void. For most C compilers, you can add the Void keyword to the function declaration.

Examples

(32-bit XCell)

The following formula registers the GetTickCount function from 32-bit XCell and returns the register ID:

REGISTER.ID("Kernel32", "GetTickCount", "J!")

Assuming that GetTickCount was already registered on another sheet using the preceding formula, the following formula returns the register ID for GetTickCount:

REGISTER.ID("Kernel32", "GetTickCount")

(16-bit XCell)

The following formula registers the GetTickCount function from 16-bit XCell and returns the register ID:

REGISTER.ID("User", "GetTickCount", "J!")

Assuming that GetTickCount was already registered on another sheet using the preceding formula, the following formula returns the register ID for GetTickCount:

REGISTER.ID("User", "GetTickCount")


 REPLACE

Description

Replaces part of a text string with another text string.

Syntax

REPLACE ( orig_text, start_position, num_chars, repl_text )

Parameter	Description

orig_text	The original text string.

start_position	The character position where the replacement begins. If start_position is greater than the number of characters in orig_text, repl_text is appended to the end of orig_text. If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.

num_chars	The number of characters to replace. If this argument is negative, #VALUE! is returned.

repl_text	The replacement text string.

Examples

This function returns "For the year: 1994":

REPLACE("For the year: 1993", 18, 1, "4")

See Also

MID

SEARCH

TRIM


 REPLACEB

Description

Replaces part of a text string with another text string.

Syntax

REPLACEB ( orig_text, start_position, num_chars, repl_text )

Parameter	Description

orig_text	The original text string.

start_position	The byte position where the replacement begins. If start_position is greater than the number of bytes in orig_text, repl_text is appended to the end of orig_text. If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.

num_chars	The number of bytes to replace. If this argument is negative, #VALUE! Is returned.

repl_text	The replacement text string.

Examples

This function returns "For the year: 1994":

REPLACEB("For the year: 1993", 18, 1, "4")


 REPT

Description

Repeats a text string the specified number of times.

Syntax

REPT ( text, number )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string.

number	The number of times you want text to repeat. If number is 0, empty text (" ") is returned.

Remarks

The result of REPT cannot exceed 255 characters.

Example

This function returns error-error-error-:

REPT("error-", 3)


 RIGHT

Description

Returns the rightmost characters from the given text string.

Syntax

RIGHT ( text [, num_chars] )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string.

num_chars	The number of characters to return. The value must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the number of characters in text, the entire string is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.

Examples

This function returns r:

RIGHT("2nd Quarter")

This function returns Quarter:

RIGHT("2nd Quarter", 7)

See Also

LEFT

MID


 RIGHTB

Description

Returns the rightmost bytes from the given text string.

Syntax

RIGHTB ( text [, num_chars] )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string.

num_chars	The number of bytes to return. The value must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the number of bytes in text, the entire string is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.

Examples

This function returns r:

RIGHTB("2nd Quarter")

This function returns Quarter:

RIGHTB("2nd Quarter", 7)


 ROUND

Description

Rounds the given number to the supplied number of decimal places.

Syntax

ROUND ( number, precision )

Parameter	Description

number	Any value.

precision	The number of decimal places to which number is rounded.  When a negative precision is used, the digits to the right of the decimal point are dropped and the absolute number of significant digits specified by precision are replaced with zeros. If precision is 0, number is rounded to the nearest integer.

Example

This function returns 123.46:

ROUND(123.456, 2)

This function returns 9900:

ROUND(9899.435, –2)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

ROUNDDOWN

ROUNDUP

TRUNC


 ROUNDDOWN

Description

Rounds a number down.

Syntax

ROUNDDOWN ( number, numberOfDigits )

Parameter	Description

number	Any real number you want to round.

numberOfDigits	The number of decimal places to which number is rounded.  When a negative precision is used, the digits to the right of the decimal point are dropped and the absolute number of significant digits specified by precision are replaced with zeros. If precision is 0, number is rounded down to the nearest integer.

Example

This function returns 3.141:

ROUNDDOWN(3.14159, 3)

This function returns 31400:

ROUNDDOWN(31415.92654, -2)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

ROUNDDOWN

ROUNDUP

TRUNC


 ROUNDUP

Description

Rounds the given number up to the supplied number of decimal places.

Syntax

ROUNDUP ( number, numberOfDigits )

Parameter	Description

number	Any value you want to round up.

numberOfDigits	The number of decimal places to which number is rounded.  When a negative precision is used, the digits to the right of the decimal point are dropped and the absolute number of significant digits specified by precision are replaced with zeros. If precision is 0, number is rounded up to the nearest integer.

Example

This function returns 77:

ROUNDUP(76.9,0)

This function returns 31500:

ROUNDUP(31415.92654, -2)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

ROUND

ROUNDDOWN

TRUNC


 ROW

Description

Returns the row number of the supplied reference.

Syntax

ROW ( reference )

Parameter	Description

reference	A cell or range reference. Omitting this argument returns the row number of the cell in which ROW is entered.

Examples

This function returns 3:

ROW(B3)

See Also

COLUMN

ROWS


 ROWS

Description

Returns the number of rows in a range reference.

Syntax

ROWS ( range )

Parameter	Description

range	A reference to a range of cells.

Examples

This function returns 5:

ROWS(A1:D5)

This function returns 6:

ROWS(C30:F35)

See Also

COLUMNS

ROW


 SEARCH

Description

Locates the position of the first character of a specified text string within another text string.

Syntax

SEARCH ( search_text, text [, start_position] )

Parameter	Description

search_text	The text to find. To search for an asterisk or question mark, include a tilde (~) before the character. The search string can contain wildcard characters. The available wildcard characters are * (asterisk), which matches any sequence of characters, and ? (question mark), which matches any single character.

text	The text to be searched.

start_position	The character position where the search begins. If the number you specify is less than 0 or greater than the number of characters in text, #VALUE! is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a starting position of 1.

Remarks

Text is searched from left to right, starting at the position specified. The search is not case-sensitive. If text does not contain the search string, #VALUE! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 6:

SEARCH("?5", "Bin b45")

This function returns 5:

SEARCH("b", "Bin b45", 4)

See Also

FIND

MID

REPLACE

SUBSTITUTE


 SEARCHB

Description

Locates the position of the first byte of a specified text string within another text string.

Syntax

SEARCHB ( search_text, text [, start_position] )

Parameter	Description

search_text	The text to find. To search for an asterisk or question mark, include a tilde (~) before the character. The search string can contain wildcards. The available wildcard characters are * (asterisk), which matches any sequence of characters, and ? (question mark), which matches any single character.

Text	The text to be searched.

start_position	The byte position where the search begins. If the number you specify is less than 0 or greater than the number of bytes in text, #VALUE! is returned. Omitting this argument assumes a starting position of 1.

Remarks

Text is searched from left to right, starting at the position specified. The search is not case-sensitive. If text does not contain the search string, #VALUE! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 6:

SEARCHB("?5", "Bin b45")

This function returns 5:

SEARCHB("b", "Bin b45", 4)


 SECOND

Description

Returns the second that corresponds to the supplied date.

Syntax

SECOND ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The time as a serial number. The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.

Examples

This function returns 58:

SECOND(.259)

This function returns 46:

SECOND(34657.904)

See Also

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

WEEKDAY


 SIGN

Description

Determines the sign of the specified number.

Syntax

SIGN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Remarks

SIGN returns 1 if the specified number is positive, -1 if it is negative, and 0 if it is 0.

Examples

This function returns -1:

SIGN(–123)

This function returns 1:

SIGN(123)

See Also

ABS


 SIN

Description

Returns the sine of the supplied angle.

Syntax

SIN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The angle in radians. If the angle is in degrees, convert the angle to radians by multiplying the angle by PI( )/180.

Examples

This function returns .85:

SIN(45)

This function returns .89:

SIN(90)

See Also

ASIN

PI


 SINH

Description

Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified number.

Syntax

SINH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Examples

This function returns 1.18:

SINH(1)

This function returns 10.02:

SINH(3)

See Also

ASINH

PI


 SLN

Description

Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the straight-line balance method.

Syntax

SLN ( cost, salvage, life )

Parameter	Description

cost	The initial cost of the asset.

salvage	The salvage value of the asset.

life	The number of periods of the useful life of the asset.

Example

This function returns 1285.71:

SLN(10000, 1000, 7)

See Also

DDB

SYD

VDB


 SQRT

Description

Returns the square root of the specified number.

Syntax

SQRT ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any positive number. If you specify a negative number, the error #NUM! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 3:

SQRT(9)

This function returns 1.58:

SQRT(2.5)

See Also

SUMSQ


 STDEV

Description

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample of supplied values. The standard deviation of a population represents an average of deviations from the population mean within a list of values.

Syntax

STDEV ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.

Example

This function returns .56:

STDEV(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5)

See Also

STDEVP

VAR

VARP


 STDEVP

Description

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire population of values. The standard deviation of a population represents an average of deviations from the population mean within a list of values.

Syntax

STDEVP ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.

Example

This function returns .52:

STDEVP(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5)

See Also

STDEV

VAR

VARP


 SUBSTITUTE

Description

Replaces a specified part of a text string with another text string.

Syntax

SUBSTITUTE ( text, old_text, new_text [, instance] )

Parameter	Description

text	A text string that contains the text to replace. You can also specify a reference to a cell that contains text.

old_text	The text string to be replaced.

new_text	The replacement text.

instance	Specifies the occurrence of old_text to replace. If this argument is omitted, every instance of old_text is replaced.

Examples

This function returns "Second Quarter Results":

SUBSTITUTE("First Quarter Results", "First", "Second")

This function returns "Shipment 45, Bin 52":

SUBSTITUTE("Shipment 45, Bin 45", "45", "52", 2)

See Also

REPLACE

TRIM


 SUM

Description

Returns the sum of the supplied numbers.

Syntax

SUM ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.  Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers return errors. If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.

Examples

This function returns 6000:

SUM(1000, 2000, 3000)

This function returns 4000 when each cell in the range contains 1000:

SUM(A10:D10)

See Also

AVERAGE

COUNT

COUNTA

PRODUCT

SUMSQ


 SUMIF

Description

Returns the sum of the specified cells based on the given criteria.

Syntax

SUMIF ( range, criteria, sum_range )

Parameter	Description

range	The range of cells you want evaluated.

criteria	A number, expression, or text that defines which cells are added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 15, "15", ">15", "cars".

sum_range	The actual cells to sum. These cells are only summed if their corresponding cells in range match the criteria. If this argument is omitted, the cells in range are summed.

See Also

AVERAGE

COUNT

COUNTA

COUNTIF

PRODUCT

SUM


 SUMSQ

Description

Squares each of the supplied numbers and returns the sum of the squares.

Syntax

SUMSQ ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.  Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers return errors. If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.

Example

This function returns 302:

SUMSQ(9, 10, 11)

See Also

SUM


 SYD

Description

Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the sum-of-years method. This depreciation method uses an accelerated rate, where the greatest depreciation occurs early in the useful life of the asset.

Syntax

SYD ( cost, salvage, life, period )

Parameter	Description

cost	The initial cost of the asset.

salvage	The salvage value of the asset.

life	The number of periods in the useful life of the asset.

period	The period for which to calculate the depreciation. The time units used to determine per and life must match.

Example

This function returns 1607.14:

SYD(10000, 1000, 7, 3)

See Also

DDB

SLN

VDB


 TAN

Description

Returns the tangent of the specified angle.

Syntax

TAN ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	The angle in radians. To convert a number expressed as degrees to radians, multiply the degrees by PI( )/180.

Example

This function returns 0.752:

TAN(0.645)

This function returns 1:

TAN(45*PI()/180)

See Also

ATAN

ATAN2

PI

TANH


 TANH

Description

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.

Syntax

TANH ( number )

Parameter	Description

number	Any number.

Examples

This function returns -.96:

TANH(-2)

This function returns .83:

TANH(1.2)

See Also

ATANH

COSH

SINH

TAN


 TEXT

Description

Returns the given number as text, using the specified formatting.

Syntax

TEXT ( number, format )

Parameter	Description

number	Any value, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a value.

format	A string representing a number format. The string can be any valid format string including "General," "M/DD/YY," or "H:MM AM/PM." The format must be surrounded by a set of double quotation marks. Asterisks cannot be included in format.

Examples

This function returns 123.620:

TEXT(123.62, "0.000")

This function returns 10/19/94:

TEXT(34626.2, "MM/DD/YY")

See Also

DOLLAR

FIXED

T

VALUE


 TIME

Description

Returns a serial number for the supplied time.

Syntax

TIME ( hour, minute, second )

Parameter	Description

hour	A number from 0 to 23.

minute	A number from 0 to 59.

second	A number from 0 to 59.

Examples

This function returns .52:

TIME(12, 26, 24)

This function returns .07:

TIME(1, 43, 34)

See Also

HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

SECOND

TIMEVALUE


 TIMEVALUE

Description

Returns a serial number for the supplied text representation of time.

Syntax

TIMEVALUE ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	A time in text format.

Examples

This function returns .07:

TIMEVALUE("1:43:43 am")

This function returns .59:

TIMEVALUE("14:10:07")

See Also

HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

SECOND

TIME


 TODAY

Description

Returns the current date as a serial number.

Syntax

TODAY ( )

Remarks

This function is updated only when the worksheet is recalculated.

See Also

DATE

DAY

NOW


 TRIM

Description

Removes all spaces from text except single spaces between words.

Syntax

TRIM ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string or a reference to a cell that contains a text string.

Remarks

Text that is imported from another environment may require this function.

Example

This function returns Level 3, Gate 45:

TRIM(" Level 3, Gate 45 ")

See Also

CLEAN

MID

REPLACE

SUBSTITUTE


 TRUE

Description

Returns the logical value True. This function always requires the trailing parentheses.

Syntax

TRUE ( )

See Also

FALSE


 TRUNC

Description

Truncates the given number to an integer.

Syntax

TRUNC ( number [, precision] )

Parameter	Description

number	Any value.

precision	The number of decimal places allowed in the truncated number. Omitting this argument assumes a precision of 0.

Remarks

TRUNC removes the fractional part of a number to the specified precision without rounding the number.

Example

This function returns 123.45:

TRUNC(123.456, 2)

This function returns 9800:

TRUNC(9899.435, –2)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

ROUND


 TYPE

Description

Returns the argument type of the given expression.

Syntax

TYPE ( expression )

Parameter	Description

expression	Any expression.

Remarks

The valid values returned by this argument are:

Number	Description

1 	Number

2 	Text string

4	Logical value

16	Error value

Examples

This function returns 1 if cell A1 contains a number:

TYPE(A1)

This function returns 2:

TYPE("Customer")

See Also

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT


 UPPER

Description

Changes the characters in the specified string to uppercase characters.

Syntax

UPPER ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any string.

Remarks

Numeric characters in the string are not changed.

Examples

This function returns 3RD QUARTER:

UPPER("3rd Quarter")

This function returns JOHN DOE:

UPPER("JOHN DOE")

See Also

LOWER

PROPER


 USDOLLAR

Description

Returns the specified number as text using the US Dollar format and the supplied precision. Omitting the precision argument assumes two decimal places.

Syntax

USDOLLAR (number [,precision])

Parameter	Description

number	A number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.

precision	A value representing the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point. Omitting this argument assumes two decimal places.

See Also

DOLLAR


 VALUE

Description

Returns the specified text as a number.

Syntax

VALUE ( text )

Parameter	Description

text	Any text string, a formula that evaluates to a text string, or a cell reference that contains a text string. You can also specify a date or time in a recognizable format (for example, M/DD/YY for dates or H:MM AM/PM for time). If the format is not recognized, #VALUE! is returned.

Examples

This function returns 9800:

VALUE(9800)

This function returns 123:

VALUE("123")

See Also

DOLLAR

FIXED

TEXT


 VAR

Description

Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of values.

Syntax

VAR ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.

Example

This function returns .31:

VAR(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5)

See Also

STDEV

STDEVP

VARP


 VARP

Description

Returns the variance of a population based on an entire population of values.

Syntax

VARP ( number_list )

Parameter	Description

number_list	A list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.

Example

This function returns .27:

VARP(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5)

See Also

STDEV

STDEVP

VAR


 VDB

Description

Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using a variable method of depreciation.

Syntax

VDB ( cost, salvage, life, start_period, end_period [, factor] [, method] )

Parameter	Description

cost	The initial cost of the asset.

salvage	The salvage value of the asset.

life	The number of periods in the useful life of the asset.

start_period	The beginning period for which to calculate the depreciation. The time units used to determine start_period and life must match.

end_period	The ending period for which to calculate the depreciation. The time units used to determine end_period and life must match.

factor	The rate at which the balance declines. Omitting this argument assumes a default of 2, which is the double-declining balance factor.

method	A logical value that determines if you want to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation. Use True to maintain declining balance calculation; use False or omit the argument to switch to straight-line depreciation calculation.

Example

This function returns 1041.23:

VDB(10000, 1000, 7, 3, 4)

See Also

DDB

SLN

SYD


 VLOOKUP

Description

Searches the first column of a table for a value and returns the contents of a cell in that table that corresponds to the location of the search value.

Syntax

VLOOKUP ( search_item, search_range, column_index )

Parameter	Description

search_item	A value, text string, or reference to a cell containing a value that is matched against data in the top row of search_range.

search_range	The reference of the range (table) to be searched. The cells in the first column of search_range can contain numbers, text, or logical values. The contents of the first column must be in ascending order (for example, -2, -1, 0, 2..., A through Z, False, True). Text searches are not case-sensitive.

column_index	The column in the search range from which the matching value is returned. column_index can be a number from 1 to the number of rows in the search range. If column_index is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned. When column_index is greater than the number of rows in the table, #REF! is returned.

Remarks

VLOOKUP compares the information in the first column of search_range to the supplied search_item. When a match is found, information located in the same row and supplied column (column _index) is returned.

If search_item cannot be found in the first column of search_range, the largest value that is less than search_item is used. When search_item is less than the smallest value in the first column of the search_range, #REF! is returned.

Examples

The following examples use this worksheet.

This function returns $28,700:

VLOOKUP("Clark", A2:E9, 4)

This function returns 3961:

VLOOKUP("Lee", A2:E9, 3)

See Also

HLOOKUP

INDEX

LOOKUP

MATCH


 WEEKDAY

Description

Returns the day of the week that corresponds to the supplied date.

Syntax

WEEKDAY ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The date as a serial number or as text (for example, 06-21-94 or 21-Jun-94).

Remarks

WEEKDAY returns a number ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday).

Examples

This function returns 1, indicating Sunday:

WEEKDAY(34399.92)

This function returns 3, indicating Tuesday:

WEEKDAY("06/21/94")

See Also

DAY

NOW

TEXT

TODAY


 YEAR

Description

Returns the year that corresponds to the supplied date.

Syntax

YEAR ( serial_number )

Parameter	Description

serial_number	The date as a serial number or as text (for example, 06-21-94 or 21-Jun-94).

Examples

This function returns 1993:

YEAR(34328)

This function returns 1994:

YEAR("06/21/94")

See Also

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY


Set Column Widths.
Check this box to automatically set the width of each column to be wide enough to display the widest data in the column.


Set Column Names.
Check this box to display field names instead of the standard alphabetic column headings. Even though field names are displayed as the column headings, formulas must still use the standard cell referencing conventions (e.g., A1).


Set Column Formats.
Check this box to have formats for date, time, and currency fields set automatically when data is placed in the worksheet. If you do not check this box, you must set the formats for these columns manually.


Set MaxRow & MaxCol.
Check this box to have the maximum number of worksheet rows and columns set to the number of records and fields returned by the query.


Selection
This control displays a set of cell references identifying the current selection on the current worksheet. Enter a cell reference here to select a new range and move the active cell to the top left cell in the range.


Scale
This control shows the current display scale for the workbook. Enter a number between 10 and 400 to change the display scale.


AutoRecalc
Check this box to immediately recalculate the worksheet if recalculation is necessary. Thereafter, any change to the workbook causes all formulas to be recalculated. Uncheck this box to recalculate the worksheet only if you specifically request a recalculation.


RowMode
Check this box to select an entire row when you click on a cell. Uncheck this box to select only a cell when you click on a cell.


EnableProtection
Check this box to enable protection for all selected sheets. Uncheck this box to disable protection. Enabling protection means that any cells marked as hidden or locked, are actually hidden and locked.


EnterMovesDown
Check this box to cause pressing the enter key to move the active cell down to the next cell. Uncheck this box to prevent the enter key from moving to the next cell.


Mouse Actions
The controls in this section specify whether you can use certain mouse actions to perform certain tasks.

Check the Resize Rows/Cols box to allow rows and columns to be resized by dragging row or column heading borders.

Check the Fill Range box to fill a worksheet range by dragging a selection's copy handle.

Check the Move Range box to move ranges by dragging a cell.


Editing
The controls in this section specify whether you can perform certain editing activities.

Check the Formulas box to allow formulas to be entered.

Check In Cell Editing to allow data to be entered directly into a cell, bypassing the formula bar.

Check the Selections box to allow ranges and objects to be selected with the keyboard or by clicking and dragging the mouse.


Keyboard Actions
The controls in this section specify the behavior of certain keyboard actions.

Check Use Arrows to allow use of the arrow keys to reposition the active cell.

Check Use Tabs to allow use the TAB key to reposition the active cell in a selected range.

Check Use Delete to allow use of the DELETE key to delete records and clear selections. The DELETE key deletes a record if an entire row is selected. The current selection is cleared if less than a row is selected or if data browsing mode is disabled.


FixedCol
Enter the column number of the first column you want to fix in the active worksheet. Fixed columns do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled horizontally. Data in fixed columns cannot be edited.


FixedCols
Enter the number of columns (from FixedCol) you want to fix. Fixed columns do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled horizontally. Data in fixed columns cannot be edited.


FixedRow
Enter the row number of the first row you want to fix in the active worksheet. Fixed rows do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled vertically. Data in fixed rows cannot be edited.


FixedRows
Enter the number of rows (from FixedRow) you want to fix. Fixed rows do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled vertically. Data in fixed rows cannot be edited.


MinRow
Enter the number of the first row that can be displayed in the active worksheet. Rows before the first row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MinCol
Enter the number of the first column that can be displayed in the active worksheet. Columns before the first row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MaxRow
Enter the number of the last displayable row in the active worksheet. Rows beyond the last row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MaxCol
Enter the number of the last displayable column in the active worksheet. Columns beyond the last column are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


Formulas
Check this box to display formula text in cells instead of the values formulas produce. Uncheck the box to display formula results.


GridLInes
Check this box to display grid lines on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the gridlines.


RowHeading
Check this box to display row headings on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the row headings.


Column Heading
Check this box to display column headings on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the column headings.


Zero Values
Check this box to display zeros in cells with zero values. Uncheck this box to display zero value cells as blanks.


Vertical Scroll
Controls the appearance of the vertical scroll bar. Select On to turn the scroll bar on, Off to turn scroll bar off, and Automatic to display scroll bar when the workbook is too tall to display in the control.


Horizontal Scroll
Controls the appearance of the horizontal scroll bar. Select On to turn the scroll bar on, Off to turn scroll bar off, and Automatic to display scroll bar when the workbook is too tall to display in the control.


Selections
Controls how selections are displayed on the active worksheet. Select On to display selections, Off to hide selections, or Automatic to display selections only when the control has focus.


Tabs
Controls the appearance and position of sheet name tabs. Select Top to display the tabs at the top of the workbook, Bottom to display the tabs at the bottom of the workbook, or Off to hide the sheet tabs.


File  Menu

Items on the File menu allow you to create new files, open existing files, save files, preview and print files, modify your print and page setup settings, and exit the application. Click on a menu item for more information.


New
Creates a new workbook file and displays it in the XCell workspace.


Open
Opens a workbook file from disk. Files saved in XCell format (.VTS files), Excel 4.0, 5.0, and 7.0 format (.XLS files), and tabbed text format (.TXT) can be opened.


Close
Closes the active workbook.


Save
Saves the current workbook. Files can be saved in XCell format (.VTS files), Excel 4.0, 5.0, or 7.0 format (.XLS files), HTML format (.HTM), or tabbed text format (.TXT).


Save As
Saves the current workbook under a new name or as a new type.


Print Preview
Displays how the worksheet will print.


Print
Prints the selected worksheets or the entire workbook as a single document.


Page Setup
Displays the Page Setup dialog box. This dialog box allows you to define header and footer text, page margins, page print order, page centering, worksheet-related print options, and scale.


Print Setup
Displays the standard Windows Print Setup dialog box. This dialog box allows you to select the printer to which the worksheet is sent, the page orientation, and paper size.


File List
List of recently opened workbook files. This eliminates the need for you to search for a file you have recently used.


Exit
Closes the XCell application.


Edit   Menu

The items on the Edit menu allow you to cut, copy, paste, and clear data; insert and delete cells; and go to a specific location in the worksheet. Click on a menu item for more information.


Cut
Cuts the current worksheet selection to the clipboard.


Copy
Copies the current worksheet selection to the clipboard.


Paste
Pastes the contents of the clipboard to the current worksheet selection.


Paste Values
Pastes values from the clipboard to the current worksheet selection. Any formatting applied to the values is ignored. In addition, only formula results are pasted; formulas are ignored.


Clear
Displays a dialog box that allows you to clear data or objects from the current selection. You can clear only formats, only values (including formulas), or both formats and values.


Insert
Inserts cells at the location of the current selection. Cells adjacent to the insertion are shifted to make room for the new cells.

If you use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + I, the selected cells are shifted right to make room for the inserted cells. If you use SHIFT + CTRL + I, the selected cells are shifted down.


Delete
Deletes the current selection. Cells adjacent to the deleted cells are shifted to fill the space left by the vacated cells.

If you use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + K, cells to the right of the selected cells are shifted left to fill the space left by the vacated cells. If you use SHIFT + CTRL + K, cells below the selected cells are shifted up.


Copy Right
Data in the leftmost cell of the selected range is copied right to fill the range.


Copy Down
Data in the top cell of the selected range is copied down to fill the range.


Goto
Displays the Goto dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify a cell to display in the worksheet window. The specified cell is made the active cell.


View   Menu

Items on the View menu allow you to toggle the display of various tool bars and control basic formatting information for the workbook. Click on a menu item for more information.


Main Toolbar
Toggles the display of the main toolbar.


Drawing Toolbar
Toggles the display of the drawing toolbar.


Edit Bar
Toggles the display of the formula bar.


Format Bar
Toggles the display of the format bar.


Status Bar
Toggles the display of the status bar.


Options

Displays the Options dialog box as shown in the following illustration. Click on any tab or control for more information.


Mouse Actions
The controls in this section specify whether you can use certain mouse actions to perform certain tasks.

Check the Resize Rows/Cols box to allow rows and columns to be resized by dragging row or column heading borders.

Check the Fill Range box to fill a worksheet range by dragging a selection's copy handle.

Check the Move Range box to move ranges by dragging a cell.


Editing
The controls in this section specify whether you can perform certain editing activities.

Check the Formulas box to allow formulas to be entered.

Check In Cell Editing to allow data to be entered directly into a cell, bypassing the formula bar.

Check the Selections box to allow ranges and objects to be selected with the keyboard or by clicking and dragging the mouse.


Keyboard Actions
The controls in this section specify the behavior of certain keyboard actions.

Check Use Arrows to allow use of the ARROW keys to reposition the active cell.

Check Use Tabs to allow use of the TAB key to reposition the active cell in a selected range.

Check Use Delete to allow use of the DELETE key to delete records and clear selections. The DELETE key deletes a record if an entire row is selected. The current selection is cleared if less than a row is selected or if data browsing mode is disabled.

Check Enter Moves Down to cause pressing the ENTER key to move the active cell down to the next cell.


Show Tab
Options

Displays the Options dialog box as shown in the following illustration. Click on any tab or control for more information.


Formulas
Check this box to display formula text in cells instead of the values formulas produce. Uncheck the box to display formula results.


GridLInes
Check this box to display gridlines on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the gridlines.


RowHeading
Check this box to display row headings on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the row headings.


Column Heading
Check this box to display column headings on the active worksheet. Uncheck this box to hide the column headings.


Zero Values
Check this box to display zeros in cells with zero values. Uncheck this box to display zero value cells as blanks.


Vertical Scroll
Controls the appearance of the vertical scroll bar. Select On to turn the scroll bar on, Off to turn scroll bar off, and Automatic to display scroll bar when the workbook is too tall to display in the control.


Horizontal Scroll
Controls the appearance of the horizontal scroll bar. Select On to turn the scroll bar on, Off to turn scroll bar off, and Automatic to display scroll bar when the workbook is too wide to display in the control.


Selections
Controls how selections are displayed on the active worksheet. Select On to display selections, Off to hide selections, or Automatic to display selections only when the control has focus.


Tabs
Controls the appearance and position of sheet name tabs. Select Top to display the tabs at the top of the workbook, Bottom to display the tabs at the bottom of the workbook, or Off to hide the sheet tabs.


MinRow
Enter the number of the first row that can be displayed in the active worksheet. Rows before the first row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MinCol
Enter the number of the first column that can be displayed in the active worksheet. Columns before the first row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MaxRow
Enter the number of the last displayable row in the active worksheet. Rows beyond the last row are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


MaxCol
Enter the number of the last displayable column in the active worksheet. Columns beyond the last column are not displayed but can be used to hold data and formulas.


Scale
This control shows the current display scale for the workbook. Enter a number between 10 and 400 to change the display scale.


FixedCol
Enter the column number of the first column you want to fix in the active worksheet. Fixed columns do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled horizontally. Data in fixed columns cannot be edited.


FixedCols
Enter the number of columns (from FixedCol) you want to fix. Fixed columns do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled horizontally. Data in fixed columns cannot be edited.


FixedRow
Enter the row number of the first row you want to fix in the active worksheet. Fixed rows do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled vertically. Data in fixed rows cannot be edited.


FixedRows
Enter the number of rows (from FixedRow) you want to fix. Fixed rows do not scroll when the worksheet is scrolled vertically. Data in fixed rows cannot be edited.


Scroll to Last
Check this box to prevent users from scrolling past the last filled row or column on the worksheet.


Data   Menu

The items on the Data menu allow you to control worksheet calculation, create defined names, sort data, and create autofill lists. Click on a menu item for more information.


Recalc
Recalculates the workbook.


Calculation
Displays the Calculation dialog box. This dialog box allows you to enable and disable automatic recalculation and specify iteration values for calculating circular references.


Define Name
Displays the Define Name dialog box. This dialog box allows you to add and delete user-defined names.


Sort
Displays the Sort dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the sorting method and sort keys for data sorting.


AutoFill List
Displays the AutoFill List dialog box. This dialog box allows you to add, delete, or edit autofill lists.


Sheet   Menu

Items on the Sheet menu allow you to set print area, titles, and page breaks; insert and delete worksheets; modify the color palette used by the worksheet; set the worksheet's default font; enable protection; fix rows and columns; and enable or disable compression. Click on a menu item for more information.


Set Print Area
Defines the currently selected range in the active worksheet as the Print_Area user-defined name.


Set Print Titles
Defines the currently selected range in the active worksheet as the Print_Titles user-defined name.


Set Page Breaks
Places a horizontal page break adjacent to the top edge of the active cell and a vertical page break adjacent to the left edge of the active cell. If a row or column is selected, a page break is placed adjacent to the selected row or column.


Remove Page Breaks
This command replaces Set Page Breaks if page breaks are adjacent to the active cell. Removes page breaks adjacent to the top edge and left edge of the active cell.


Insert Sheet
Inserts one or more worksheets. The number and position of inserted worksheets is determined by the number of selected worksheets. This command fails if non-contiguous sheets are selected.


Delete Sheet
Deletes the selected worksheets.


Color Palette
Displays the Color Palette dialog box. This dialog box allows you to edit colors in the color palette, specify a default color, and use the default color palette.


Default Font
Displays the Default Font dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the default font used to display data in worksheets. In addition to setting the font and font size used to display data in a worksheet, the default font affects the widths of worksheet columns. Column widths can be set in units equal to 1/256th of the character 0 (zero) in the default font.


Enable Protection
Enables protection for protected cells in the worksheet. A check next to this command means that protection is enabled. Select the command again to disable protection.


Fix Row + Columns
Fixes the selected columns or rows. Fixed columns and rows do not scroll and cannot be edited. If you select fixed rows or columns, this command is replaced by the Unfix Rows + Columns command.


Format   Menu

Items on the Format menu allow you to format worksheet elements. Click on a menu item for more information.


Alignment
Displays the Alignment dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical alignment of data in the selected range. In addition, you can enable and disable word wrapping.


Font
Displays the Font dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify the font, point size, font style, and color of data in the selected range.


Border
Displays the Border dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify the placement of borders in the selected range. In addition, you can specify the border line style and color.

The check boxes in the Border dialog box are three-state check boxes, allowing "as is" selections to be made.


Pattern
Displays the Pattern dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify the fill pattern and foreground and background colors for the selected fill pattern.


Cell Protection
Displays the Cell Protection dialog box. This dialog box allows you to specify whether the cells in the selected range are locked and/or hidden.


General
Formats data in the selected range with the general format.


Currency (0)
Formats data in the selected range with the currency format and a decimal precision of 0.


Currency (2)
Formats data in the selected range with the currency format and a decimal precision of 2.


Fixed
Formats data in the selected range with the fixed format.


Percent
Formats data in the selected range with the percent format. Numbers with this format are displayed as percentages with a trailing percent sign (%).


Fraction
Formats data in the selected range with the fraction format. Numbers with this format are displayed as fractions.


Scientific
Formats data in the selected range with the scientific format.


M/D/YY
Formats data in the selected range with the short date format. Numbers with this format are displayed as dates.


H:MM AM/PM
Formats data in the selected range with the H:MM AM/PM time format. Numbers with this format are displayed as times.


Custom Number
Displays the Custom Number dialog box. This dialog box allows you to define custom number formats for data in the selected range.


Validation Rule
Displays the Validation Rule dialog box. This dialog box allows you to create or edit the validation rule for the current selection.


Column Width dialog
Displays the Column Width dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the width of the selected columns, specify default column widths, and use the default width.


Row Height
Displays the Row submenu.


Object   Menu

The items on the Object menu allow you to format and manipulate objects on a worksheet. Click on an item for more information.


Pattern
Displays the Pattern dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the fill pattern and colors for the selected objects.


Line Style
Displays the Line Style dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the line style, width, and colors for the selected line object or the border surrounding the selected arcs, ovals, polygons, and rectangles.


Name
Displays the Object Name dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set a name for the selected object.


Options
Displays the Object Option dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the input value cell for selected check boxes and list boxes, the text displayed by check boxes and buttons, and the list of items contained by list boxes.


Bring to Front
Places the selected objects in front of other objects in the worksheet.


Send to Back
Places the selected objects behind other objects in the worksheet.


Select All
Selects all the objects in the worksheet.


Window   Menu

The items on the Window menu allow you to create new views of a workbook and manipulate workbook windows. Click on an item for more information.


New Window
Creates a new view of the active workbook. The view is identified by workbook name:view number. For example Sales:2 indicates the second view of a workbook named sales.


Cascade
Arranges all open windows in a cascading pattern, one on top of the other.


Tile
Arranges all open window side by side so that they share a portion of the XCell workspace.


Arrange Icons
Arranges the icons representing minimized workbooks neatly beginning at the bottom of the XCell workspace.


Window List
Lists all open windows within the XCell workspace. Select a window from the list to make it the active window.


Help   Menu

The items on the Help menu provide information about XCell.


Help Topics
Displays the XCell help file.


About XCell
Displays the About XCellbox with information about this version of XCell.


Main   Toolbar

The buttons on the Main Toolbar provide easy access to some of the most common XCell menu items. Click on a button for more information.


Format Painter
The Format Painter allows you to quickly and easily copy formatting from one selection to another.

1.	Select the range of cells containing the formatting you want to copy.

2.	Click on the Format Painter button.

3.	Select the range to which you want to apply the format.


Drawing   Toolbar

Use the buttons on the Drawing Toolbar to draw or manipulate objects on a worksheet. Click on a button for more information.


Worksheet tool
The worksheet tool performs standard worksheet editing. It also selects objects for editing. Press CTRL when selecting buttons, check boxes, and drop down list boxes.


Polygon editing mode
The polygon editing mode tool toggles between normal polygon editing and polygon point editing mode. When polygon point editing is enabled, the points of a polygon can be moved.


Line Tool
The line tool draws lines.


Rectangle Tool
The rectangle tool draws rectangles and squares.


Oval Tool
The oval tool draws ovals and circles.


Arc Tool
The arc tool draws arcs.


Polygon Tool
The polygon tool draws polygons.


Button Tool
The button tool draws push buttons.


Check Box Tool
The check box tool draws check box objects.


List Box Tool
The list box tool draws drop-down list box objects.


Chart Tool
The chart tool charts the selected range of data.


Format   Bar

Use the buttons on the Format bar to quickly and easily format select worksheet data. Click on a button for more information.


Font Family
Select a font for the currently selected range of data.


Font Size
Select a font size for the currently selected range of data.


Bold
Controls the bold attribute for the currently selected range of data.


Italic
Controls the italic attribute for the currently selected range of data.


Underline
Controls the underline attribute for the currently selected range of data.


Text Color
Select a color for the currently selected range of data.


General Alignment
Applies general alignment to the selected range of data.


Align Left
Left aligns the selected range of data.


Align Center
Centers the selected range of data.


Align Right
Right aligns the selected range of data.


Center Across Cells
Centers the selected data across the number of selected cells. This is useful for straddling heading information across rows or columns.


Fixed and General
Displays a list of common fixed and general formats. Select a format to apply it to the selected range of data.


Currency
Formats data in the selected range with the currency format and a decimal precision of 2.


Percent
Displays a list of common percent formats. Select a format to apply it to the selected range of data.


Fraction
Displays a list of common fraction formats. Select a format to apply it to the selected range of data.


Date and Time
Displays a list of common date and time formats. Select a format to apply it to the selected range of data.


Find
Displays a dialog box that allows you to find data.


Replace
Displays a dialog box that allows you to replace data.


AutoFit Selection
Automatically resizes the column width to display the widest cell.


Hide
Hides the selected row(s) or column(s) from view.


Unhide
Displays the selected row(s) or column(s).


Default Width
Displays the Column Width dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the default column width.


Row Height dialog box
Displays the Row Height dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the height of the selected rows, specify default row heights, and use the default row height.


Default Height
Displays the Row Height dialog box. This dialog box allows you to set the default row height.


Unlock XCell
Enter your registration unlock code here.


Zoom
Allows you to zoom in and out by the specified percentage.


Function Picker
Displays the function picker window.


Undo
Undoes your last action.


Rename
Displays the rename dialog, allowing you to rename the current worksheet.


Autoformat

To format an entire list or other large range that has distinct elements, for example, column and row labels, summary totals, and detail data, you can apply a built-in table design, called an autoformat. The design uses distinctive formats for the various elements of the table.

To autoformat a selection:

1.	Select the cells you want to format.

2.	Select Autoformat from the Format menu.

3.	Select the format you would like to apply.

4.	Click on the OK button.


Evaluation Version

The unregistered version of XCell allows you to evaluate the product for 30 days. After this time if you wish to continue using the product you must register.

Registering XCell

Unlocking XCell


Registering XCell

Registration details can be found in the document REGISTER.DOC, and can be accessed from the XCell under the Start menu.

Alternatively details can be obtained from the XCell web site at:

www.techmarc.ndirect.co.uk

Registration may be performed on-line via the internet or by post or fax. On registration you will receive an unlock code to remove the 30 day evaluation period. You will now also be elligble for free unlimited e-mail technical support and free maintenance releases.

Unlocking XCell


Unlocking XCell

To unlock XCell:

1.	Select Unlock from the Help menu.

2.	Enter your unlock code and click on OK.

If you have entered the unlock code correctly then the message "XCell Unlocked" will be displayed. If you have mistyped the unlock code the message "Invalid Unlock Code" will be displayed and you then need to re-enter the code.


Function Picker

The function picker allows you to easily find and insert a function into a worksheet.

Down the left hand side is displayed the function categories. When a category is selected the corresponding functions are displayed on the right. When a function is highlighted, its syntax and description are displayed at the bottom of the screen.

To insert the selected function, click the OK button.


Formatting Toolbar

The buttons on the formatting Toolbar provide easy access to some of the most common XCell menu items. Click on a button for more information.


Controls Toolbar

The buttons on the formatting Toolbar provide easy access to some of the most common XCell menu items. Click on a button for more information.


Background Color
Set the background color for the selected cells.


Font Color
Sets the font color for the selected cells.


Full Screen
Displays XCell full screen providing the largest work area.


Toolbars
Toggles the selected toolbar on and off.


Insert Objects
Allows the selected object to be inserted into the worksheet.


Spelling
Starts the spell checker.


Tools Menu

Items on the Tools menu allow you to format worksheet elements. Click on a menu item for more information.


mnuAutoformat
Displays the autoformat dialog.


Insert Menu

Items on the Insert menu allow you to format worksheet elements. Click on a menu item for more information.


AutoSum
Auto sums the currently selected columns.


Sort Ascending
Sort the data in ascending order.


Sort Descending
Sort the data in descending order.


Long Date
Formats data in the selected range with the long date format. Numbers with this format are displayed as dates.


Format Painter

If you've already formatted some cells on a worksheet the way you want, you can copy the formatting to other cells using the Format Painter.

1	Select a cell or range that has the formatting you want to copy.

2	Click on the Format Painter  button.

3	Select the cell or range you want to copy the formatting to.


Time
Formats data in the selected range with the time format. Numbers with this format are displayed as times.


Creating a New Workbook

To cerate a new workbook select New from the File menu.