Help Index
CDCHECK Help Index

How to ...

play audio CD's

run performance tests

save test results

change sounds

How do I ...

run the transfer rate test

run the access time test

change CDs

What does the ...

data/results display look like

data range look like

Glossary

Terms and Acronyms

Commands

File Menu

View Menu

Audio Menu

Performance Menu

Options Menu

Help Menu


File Menu Commands

The File menu offers the following commands:

New	Create a new document.
Open	Open an existing document.
Save	Save active document .
Save as	Save active document under a new name.
Print	Print active document.
Print Preview	Display the full page.
Printer Setup	Change printer settings.
Reread Data	Read drive and CD data.
Exit	Exit CDCHECK application.


View Menu Commands

The View menu offers the following commands:

Toolbar	Show/hide toolbar.
Status bar	Show/hide status bar.


Audio Menu Commands

The Audio menu offers the following commands:

Play CD	Opens the Audio dialog box. The dialog box lets you play audio tracks from a CD
Audio Test	Opens the Audio Test dialog box. The dialog box lets you run different sound tests with the companion CD.


Audio dialog box
Audio Dialog Box (Audio Menu)

The Audio dialog box offers the following options for playing Audio CDs:

The Scrollbar lets you move "anywhere" on the CD. However, one single x-coordinate unit (pixel) means several seconds on the CD (depending on the length of the CD).

Use the Track box to specify which track you want to play.

Click

to open the left channel and lock the right channel.

to open both channels.

to open the right channel and lock the left channel.

to play the current track (after pauses as well).

to pause playback.

to stop playback of the CD.

to eject the CD (if the drive supports automatic eject).

Help button:	to show this help screen.

Close button:	to exit dialog box.


Performance Menu Commands

The Performance menu offers the following commands for running Performance Tests:

Settings	Opens the Settings dialog box to prepare settings for performance tests.
Transfer Rate	Starts a Transfer rate test.
Access Time	Starts an Access time test.


Performance Settings command
Settings Command (Performance Menu)

This command opens the Settings dialog box

Shortcut

Key:	Ctrl+E


Performance Transfer rate command
Transfer Rate (Performance Menu)

This command runs a transfer rate test.

Shortcut

Toolbar:

Key:	Ctrl+T


Performance Access time command
Access Time (Performance Menu)

This command runs an access time test.

Shortcut

Toolbar:

Key:	Ctrl+Z


Performance Settings dialog box
Performance Settings Dialog Box (Performance Menu)

The dialog box contains the following settings:

Test from Sector A  n Steps	Specifies starting sector A and the number n of test steps for the transfer rate test (a test step comprises reading 16 sectors).
Test Sectors A through E	Specifies the test range for Random and Min/Max access time tests (from beginning of A to the end of E sector).
Number of Steps for: - 2/3 Test - Random Test - Min/Max Test	Specifies the number n of test steps to be made for the access time test.  - 2/3           n * 2 sectors, - Random       n sectors, - Min/Max  n * 2 sectors.
Test name	Specify a name of up to 10 characters for the test. You can create a total of 10 test records per document.
Comments	You can enter up to 256 characters of information about the test.
Default	Overwrites all values with programmed default values.
Help	Displays the Help screen.
Cancel	Exits the dialog box, discarding changes made to settings.
OK	Exits the dialog box, keeping changes made to settings.
Shortcut

Key:	Ctrl+E


Options Menu Commands

The Options menu offers the following commands:

Sound On	Turns sounds on / off while the program is running.
Save Tests	Specifies whether test results are saved to a document.
Save Settings	Specifies whether program settings (color, font etc.) are saved to the INI file.
Color Palette	Allows setting of colors and displays a submenu.
Defaults	Sets colors, font, window size and position back to default values.


Options Sound On command
Options Sound On Command (Options Menu)

This command turns sounds on/off.


Options Save Tests command
Options Save Tests Command (Options Menu)

This command enables/disables the Save Tests option.


Options Save Settings command
Options Save Settings Command (Options Menu)

This command enables/disables the Save Settings option.


Options Font command
Options Font Command (Options Menu)

This command opens the Font dialog box for selecting a font.


Options Defaults command
Options Defaults Command (Options Menu)

This command sets colors, font, window size and position back to default values.


Options Color Palette menu commands
Options Menu Color Palette Commands (Options Menu)

The Options Color Palette submenu offers the following commands, which display the Color dialog boxes for setting colors:

Text	Choose color for text.
Shade	Choose color for shading of text bar.
Background	Choose color for background bar.
Data range	Choose color for data range bar.
Transfer rate	Choose color for transfer rate bar.
2/3 Access	Choose color for access time bars 1/3-> <-2/3.
Random Access	Choose color for random access bars.
Min/Max Access	Choose color for Min <-> Max access time bars.


Options Color Palette command Data range
Options Color Palette Command Data Range (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the data bars.


Options Color Palette command Transfer rate bar
Options Color Palette Command Transfer Rate (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the transfer rate bars.


Options Color Palette command Access time bar 2/3
Options Color Palette Command 2/3 Access Time (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the 2/3 access time bars.


Options Color Palette command Access time bar Random
Options Color Palette Command Random Access Time (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the random access time bars.


Options Color Palette command Access time bar Min/Max
Options Color Palette Command Min/Max Access Time (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the Min/Max access time bars.


Options Color Palette command Background
Options Color Palette Command Background (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for the display area background.


Options Color Palette command Shade
Options Color Palette Command Shading (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for shaded font.


Options Color Palette command Texts
Options Color Palette Command Text (Options Menu)

This command displays the Color dialog box for text.


Help Menu Commands

The Help menu offers the following commands:

Index	List of Help topics.
Using Help	Displays the controls of the Help system
About CDCHECK	Displays program information, version number and copyright


File New command
New Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to create a new document in CDCHECK.

To open an existing document, choose the Open command.

Shortcut

Toolbar:

Key:	Ctrl+N


File Open command
Open Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to open an existing document, the old document is lost.

To create a new document, choose the New command.

Shortcut

Toolbar:

Key:	Ctrl+O


File Open dialog box
Open File Dialog Box (File Menu)

The following options for opening documents are available:

File Name

Enter or select desired document name. The listbox displays documents with the corresponding file extension.

File Format

Specify desired document format.

Drives

Select the drive.

Directories

Select directory.

Network... (only on network computers)

Assign a network connection to a drive.


File Save command
Save Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to save the active document in the specified directory using the current name. If you are saving the document for the first time, the Save As dialog box opens up so that you can give your document a name. To save a document with a different name, choose the Save As command.

Shortcut

Toolbar:

Key:	Ctrl+S


File Save As command
Save As Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to save the current document with a new name. The Save As dialog box appears.

To save the document with the same name, choose the Save Command.


File Save As Dialog Box

The following options are available for saving a document with a new name, or saving a new document:

File Name

Enter a document name in DOS format. If you don't specify an extension, the default extension is used.

Drives

Select the drive.

Directories

Select the directory.

Network... (only on network computers)

Assign a network connection to a drive.


Medium Reset command
Reread Data Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to read the drive and CD data.

For example, you can use this command when you're not certain whether you changed CDs or whether the data is up to date.

Shortcut

Key:	Ctrl+R


File 1, 2, 3, 4 command
1, 2, 3, 4 Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to reopen one of the four previous opened documents.


File Exit command
Exit Command (File Menu)

Choose this command to exit the CDCHECK program. If you made changes to the document and haven't saved yet, a dialog box appears, prompting you to save the changes.

Shortcut

Mouse:	Double-click the program's Control menu button.

Key:	Alt+F4


View Toolbar command
Toolbar Command (View Menu)

Choose this command to show or hide the toolbar.

For information about how to use the toolbar, please see Toolbar.


Toolbar

The toolbar is displayed at the top border of the application. Click on the Toolbar icons to perform the corresponding actions.

Click

to open a new document.

to open an existing document.

to save the active document

(if new, enter name for document).

to start a transfer rate test.

to start an access time test.

to print the active document.

to open an information dialog box about CDCHECK.

to open context-sensitive Help system.


View Status Bar command
Status Bar Commando (View Menu)

Choose this command to show or hide the status bar.

For information about how to use the status bar, please see Status Bar.


Status Bar

The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom border of the application.

A description of the clicked menu items or icons appears at the left border of the status bar. To view a description of the items without running them, click the item and hold down the mouse button. Then drag the mouse to the display area (still holding down the mouse button) and release the mouse button.

In the middle of the status bar you see the status display for audio CDs (Ready, Playback ...)

At the right border of the status bar is a display indicating whether one of the following keys is pressed:

Light	Description

CAP	The Caps Lock key is pressed.

NUM	The Num Lock key is pressed.

SCRL	The Scroll Lock key is pressed.


Index command
Index Command (Help Menu)

Choose this command to open the Help index. You can get to all the Help topics from this screen.

You can get to this screen from any item in Help by pressing the Contents button.


Using Help command
Using Help Command (Help Menu)

Choose this command to get help running the Help system.


About CDROM command
About CDCHECK Command (Help Menu)

Choose this command to display information about the program, the version number and copyright information.


Context Help Command

Choose this command to get help on a specific object of CDCHECK. When you press the Context Help button on the toolbar, the mouse pointer takes on the shape of this button. Move this mouse pointer to a specific object (menu item) and press the mouse button to display a help screen on the object.

Shortcut

Key:	Shift+F1


Title Bar description
Title Bar

The title bar is displayed at the top of the program window. It contains the name of the program and the name of the active document.

To move the program window, click on the title bar. Hold down the mouse button and move the window to its new location.

The title bar contains the following elements:

Program Control-menu box

Document Control-menu box

Maximize button

Minimize button

Name of program

Name of document

Restore button

For a description of these elements and the basics of operating or changing an application window, please check your Windows documentation.


Play CD command
Play CD Command (Audio Menu)

Choose this command to open the Audio dialog box.

Shortcut

Key:	Ctrl+C


Audio test command
Audio test Command (Audio Menu)

Choose this command to open the Audio test dialog box.

Shortcut

Key:	Ctrl+A


Playing Audio CDs

Choose the "Play CD..." menu item from the Audio menu to open the Audio dialog box.

This dialog box lets you play audio tracks from a CD.

(The companion CD contains several test tracks for testing audio quality. However, you need to call these tracks from the Audio test dialog box.)

In the Track box you can move to a specific track, use the scroll bar to move to any location on the CD.

The Play button starts playback at the set position.


Running Performance Tests

Choose Settings from the Performance menu to display the Settings dialog box.

You make the necessary settings for the Transfer Rate test and the Access Time test in this dialog box.

The values you set for Sector Limits and Number of Steps can influence the tests.

You can display and save up to 10 tests simultaneously in a document. Each test has a Name (e.g, name of drive) and a Comment field, in which you can enter up to 256 characters of text (e.g., test conditions, computer configuration). Name and Comment already have entries, but you can overwrite them. A Test Record in the document consists of the data from the dialog box, the results from the transfer rate and access time tests.

Choose the Transfer Rate Test or Access Time Test menu item to start a test. When you run a test, the record selected in the Settings dialog box is used. If you run several tests, one after the other, the old test results will be overwritten. To save all the tests, choose a new test record from the 10 possible records in the Settings dialog box before you start each test. Choose a Test Record in the listbox for the Test Names.


Saving Test Results

You can save the test results together with their settings. No document (file) is loaded when you start up the program. When you run tests, the results are written to an unnamed document. You can save this document to a file with a name that you specify (Save Command or Save As Command).  Choose the Open Command to load an existing document from a file. The current data on the screen will be overwritten by data from this file. Any tests that you start will now be written to this document. To write to a new document, choose the New command to open it.


Transfer Rate Test

During the test, the program reads n times 16 consecutive sectors (16 * 2048 = 32768 bytes) starting at sector x by means of Absolute Read. The sum of bytes read divided by the duration of the test gives us the transfer rate in kilobytes/second.

You can set the values for n and x in the Settings dialog box.

You cannot run a transfer test while audio tracks are being played!


Access Time Test

There are three different tests:

1/3-> <-2/3:

In this test, the program reads n sectors of 2048 bytes upwards starting at the end of the first third of the data range using Absolute Read. Each sector read is followed by a step of 13 sectors up. This is intended to simulate a head movement from the inner edge towards the outer edge.

After that, the program uses Absolute Read to read n sectors downward starting at the end of the second third of the data range. Each sector read is followed by a step of 13 sectors down. This is intended to simulate a head movement from the outer edge towards the inner edge.

The total number of read operations is n * 2.

Random:

CDCHECK uses Absolute Read to read n sectors of 2048 bytes between the initial sector and the end sector. The program uses a random number generator to determine the sector number.

The total number of read operations is n.

Min/Max:

Using Absolute Read, CDCHECK reads the Min-Sector n times, then reads the Max-Sector.

The total number of read operations is n * 2.

You can set the values for n, Min-Sector and Max-Sector in the Settings dialog box.

The data range comprises the number of sectors of the first data track (there are CDs which contained mixed data and audio tracks).

You cannot run any access time tests while audio tracks are being played!


Changing CDs

When you change CDs during program execution, a message box with the error "Drive is open, or no CD in drive!" may appear. This message also appears when no CD is in the drive.

If you then insert another CD, the displays in the data window are automatically updated after a warm-up time of about 5 seconds (depending on CD ROM drive).

You can also have the program read the drive and CD data by choosing the Reread Data command in the File menu.


Structure of the display screen
Structure of the Display Area

The display area has three windows open:

The Data window shows general data about the CD ROM drive, the drivers and the inserted CD.

The Transfer Rate window shows the results of the (up to 10) transfer rate tests.

The Access Time window shows the results of the (up to 10) access time tests.

You can resize the windows or reduce them to icons.

When you start the program, there won't be any test results. That is why both test result windows appear in the form of icons.

When you open a test file or run a new test, CDCHECK automatically restores the test windows.


Changing Sounds

Different sounds occur while the program is running. You can change the sounds by assigning the appropriate parameters to other *.wav files in the CDCHECK.INI file.

If you don't specify a file or the *.wav file does not exist, there won't be any sound for the corresponding place in the program.

These are the only parameters that you should change by hand in the CDCHECK.INI file!

To suppress sounds, remove the check mark next to the Sound On command in the Options menu.

Beginning	Sound at program start.
End	Sound at program end.
Print	Sound at start of printing.
Dialog	Sound before start of a dialog.
DialogCancel	Sound at cancellation of dialog box.
DialogEnd	Sound at end of dialog.
TransferRate	Sound before start of transfer rate test.
TransferRateEnd	Sound after transfer rate test.
AccessTime	Sound before start of access time test.
AccessTimeEnd	Sound after access time test.


Structure of the data display
Structure of Data Window

The Data window offers the following information:

Drive <x>:	Display of the first CD ROM drives x (e.g., "E")
1 DR or <i> DRs	Number i of CDCHECK drives.
Drive data	- Automatic CD eject possible. - HSG, or HSG and RedBook addressing. - Support for Cooked Mode, or Cooked and Raw Modes. - No interleave, or ISO 9660 compatible. - Data only, or Data, Audio and Video. - Audio Channel Manipulation possible. - Support for R/W-Sub channels. - Support for command prefetching.
CD:	Data of the inserted CD: - Length in minutes:seconds,1/1000 seconds. - Start position of first track in seconds,1/1000 seconds. - Total number of sectors on CD. - Number of data sectors. - Size of data range in megabytes (sectors * sector size, cooked). - Number of data tracks (List of data tracks). - Number of audio tracks. - Product code of CD.
Drivers:	Name of installed CD Drive driver. Version number of MSCDEX driver.
Notes:

In Cooked Mode CDCHECK only reads the pure data of a sector.

In Raw Mode the program also reads information data of the sector (more bytes per sector are read).

For the drive data, an X means that the displayed function is supported.

When a CD is changed, the data is updated.


Colors Dialog Box

This dialog box lets you change the foreground color of the specified display area.

Call the dialog box from Options Color Palette <Area>.


Font Dialog Box

Use this dialog box to change the font. Note that the font size remains unchanged.!

Call the dialog box from Options Font.


Audiotest Dialog Box

This dialog box lets you run different audio tests.

Choose and play one of the following test tracks:

− White Noise at -20 dB	White Noise is a sound mixture of

different sound ranges. If you are operating your amplifier in mono,

the noise seems to occur between the speakers.

Unlocalizable noise in the room means that the speakers are

not in phase.

− Sine tone at 1 kHz	Caution, reduce the volume for this test !

   on both channels	With this sound, set the balance control at intermediate position

to pick up a sound in the result from the middle of the two speakers.

− Sine tone at 1 kHz	This test is ideal for checking the speaker wiring (connections).

   on left channel	Only the left channel is audible.

− Sine tone at 1 kHz 	Only the right channel is audible.

   on right channel

− Digital Null 	A signal is taken from the lower recording level of the CD.

Any interference results from your equipment.

You may need to increase the volume.

The following test sounds of the audible frequency spectrum are

perceived differently from person to person:

− Permanent Sound	at 50 Hz, -10 dB

− Permanent Sound	at 100 Hz, -10 dB

− Permanent Sound	at 15 999 Hz, -10 dB

− Permanent Sound	at 17 999 Hz, -10 dB

− Permanent Sound	at 19 999 Hz, -10 dB

Start Button:	Starts playing a test track

Stop Button:	Stops playing a test track


Terms and Acronyms

Access time

Performance feature of a CD ROM drive; specifies how long the drive requires to find and read a sector. Depending on the test (Min-Max sector, random, ascending...), you will get different results in milliseconds. You can compare different drives using these results.

ADPCM Audio (Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation)

Special compression method for audio data; requires CD ROM XA drive and XA controller card.

Audio-CD

See CD types, CD-DA.

Audio Channel Manipulation

Volume of the channels is adjustable.

Audiotest (Data-Becker Test-CD, Track 2-11)

Tracks 2 to 11 of this special CD provide test signals to check the quality of the audio equipment.

Bridge Disc

CD that can be used both in a CD ROM drive and in a CD-I player (e.g., Photo-CD).

Caddy

A caddy is a special plastic case, into which you place a CD ROM before inserting it into the drive. Some systems require use of a caddy.

CD (Compact Disc)

Medium on which data is stored in digital form.

A laser beam in the CD drive scans (reads) the disc.

CD Types

CD+G:	An audio CD, with additional information stored on it, such as text or graphics.

CD-DA:	(Digital Audio) Standard for audio CDs, defined in the Red Book.

CD-EB:	(Electronic Book) 8 centimeter for special players,

contains encycopledias and other reference works.

CD-I:	(Interactive) Standard for the entertainment sector, defined in the Green Book,

incompatible with the CD ROM standard.

CD-MIDI:	Audio CD on which additional MIDI information is stored;

requires special playback devices.

CD-MO:	(Magneto Optical) The technology of CD-MO-(Magneto Optical) drives

is a combination of magnetic and optical methods,

and provides an erasable (multiple recordable) storage medium.

CD-R:	(Recordable) CD that can be recorded once.

CD-ROM:	(Read Only Memory) Standard CD, cannot be inscribed by user.

CD-ROM XA:	(Extended Architecture) Enhancement of the standard in the Yellow Book

Additions:

- effective data compression with ADPCM,

- modified sector format,

- can read different types of data stored in nested form

  (e.g., audio and computer data) simultaneously (interleaving).

CD-WORM,

CD-WO:	(Write Once Read Many ) Generic term for storage media that

can be recorded once.

Channel Bits

Bits on a CD; because of the information structure on the CD, 14 channel bits are required to represent one byte.

CLV

(Constant Linear Velocity) Method of information coding in which the storage media must be read at varying rotation speed.

Cooked Mode

In cooked mode, only the usable data of a sector are read.

A sector in cooked mode is 2048 (Mode 1) or 2336 (Mode 2) bytes long.

Data  Transfer Rate

Performance feature of a CD ROM drive that specifies how many kilobytes per second of the CD can be read. Default values: 150K/Sec, 300K/Sec. and 600K/Sec.

Double-Speed

CD-ROM drives with double rotation speed (data transfer rate of approx. 300K/Sec.)

Driver

Generally, two drivers are required to control a CD ROM drive:

- Hardware driver, drive specific, defines a keyword (driver name)

  in the call parameters

- Software driver (MSCDEX), uses the keyword in the call parameters

EDC,

ECC

(Error Detection Code, Error Correction Code) Error detection and correction in accordance with the Red Book.

Frame

24 byte information unit on a CD. 98 frames make one sector.

High Sierra

Specific data format in which information is stored on CDs (1985).

Continuation of standard in ISO 9660.

HSG Addressing

Addressing of sectors by a logical block number (LBN) in accordance with the High Sierra specifications (see Red Book).

Interleave

Method in which different data formats (audio, video, data) can be recorded in nested form. Different sequential sectors can be read from different files (CD-ROM XA).

ISO 9660

Enhanced data format based on HSG (requires at least MSCDEX V2.2).

E.g., hierarchical file system with subdirectories (max. 8 levels).

Interchange/Level 1: Name consists of 8 characters + 3 character extension.

Interchange/Level 2: No restrictions for file names.

Land

Elevation on a CD ROM for information coding (see Pit).

Lead-In / Lead-Out

The innermost 4 millimeters of a CD, immediately preceding the actual data. The lead in contains the table of contents of the CD (TOC).

The conclusion of the data range on a CD. The lead out is located at the outer edge of the CD and is approximately 1 millimeter in width.

Maximum Capacity

650 Meg (74 minute CD) or 553 Meg (63 Minute CD). Depending on the format, other values may occur (e.g., 553 Meg with Mode 1 = 60 min. * 60 sec. * 75 sectors * 2048 usable bytes).

MCI (Media Control Interface)

Standard for manufacturer independent software. Interface under Windows for accessing digital mass storage.

Mode 1 / Mode 2

Different formats for additional error detection bytes per sector.

Mode 1 offers 280 extra correction bytes compared to Mode 2 and is responsible for error sensitive data, such as the data in computer files.

The total length of a sector is always 3234 bytes.

EDC/ECC (Layers 1 and 2) and the control bytes always contain 882 bytes.

The remaining data and control information varies according to format.

Formats:

CD-DA:

2352 Bytes Usable data	EDC/ECC 2. Layer 392 bytes	EDC/ECC 1. Layer 392 bytes	98 Control bytes
CD-ROM Mode 1:

Sync 12 bytes	Header 4 bytes	2048 bytes usable data	EDC 4 bytes	8 bytes	EDC 276 bytes	ECC/ECC 2. layer 392 bytes	EDC/ECC 1. layer 392 bytes	98K
CD-ROM Mode 2:

Sync 12 bytes	Header 4 bytes	2336 bytes usable data	EDC/ECC 2. layer 392 bytes	EDC7ECC 1. layer 392 bytes	98K
CD-ROM Mode 2, XA Form 1 / CD-I:

Sync 12 bytes	Header 4 bytes	Subheader 8 bytes	2048 bytes usable data	EDC       ECC 4 bytes  276 bytes	EDC/ECC 2. layer	EDC/ECC 1. layer	98K
CD-ROM Mode 2, XA Form 2 / CD-I:

Sync 12 bytes	Header 4 bytes	Subheader 8 bytes	2324 bytes usable data	EDC 4 bytes	EDC/ECC 2. layer	EDC/ECC 1. layer	98K
MSCDEX

Software driver, provides the data interface (via Interrupt 2Fh) to the CD ROM drive. To make certain the full range of functions is available, you should have at least version 2.21 of the driver.

Multi Session

CD-Rs that are inscribed in several sessions can be read (not possible with Single Session).

Photo CD

Data on a Photo CD is stored in XA sector format CD-ROM / Mode 2, Form 1.

The Photo CD also integrates Red Book audio or ADPCM audio, graphics and text information as well as branching (access change, e.g., with interactive multimedia applications).

Photo CDs can be read by Photo CD players, CD-I players and CD ROM drives.

Pit

Indentation on a CD ROM for information coding purposes. Pits are between 0.833 and 3.56 thousandths of a millimeter in length and 0.6 thousands of a millimeter in width.

The transition between land and pit is a logical "1". Correspondingly, a particular distance without a change in status is a logical "0".

A pit or land must be between 2 and 11 channel bits in length.

Quatro-Speed

Drives with quadruple transfer rate (approx. 600K/sec).

Rainbow Books

Standards defining the range of functions for CD ROM drives, data formatting and other relevant parameters.

The books are based on each other:

Red Book	defines an Audio CD

(CD-DA = Compact Disc Digital Audio)

Yellow Book	general specification for a CD

Green Book	CD -I (Compact Disc - interactive) and

CD-XA (Compact Disc - extended architecture) formats

Orange Book	CD-WO (Compact Disc - Write Once) and

CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable) formate

(recordable media)

Blue Book	Future CD ROM specification for drives with
a maximum capacity of 6.5 gigabytes.

Raw Mode

In raw mode, data and information bytes of a sector are read (see Mode 1 / 2).

A sector in raw mode is 3234 bytes in length.

Red Book

Definition of data interface and data formats for accessing audio CDs.

Addressing of sectors via minutes:seconds:frames (see HSG Addressing).

Rotation Speed

Because of the information structure on the CD, the rotation speed changes constantly. Each sector is part of a long track leading from the inside of the CD to its outer edge, and each sector on a track is of the same length. Since each sector must be read at the same speed - the read head on a standard CD ROM can use exactly 1/75 of a second - the rotation speed inside the CD surface is less than outside. On the inside the speed is about 200 revolutions/second, on the outer edge its 500 revolutions/second.

R/W Subchannel

With audio CDs, the subchannel can receive additional usable data (64 6-bit words per sector) along with synchronization, control and error correction information (see Subchannels) .

Sector

Smallest data unit that can be read by a CD (see Cooked Mode, Raw Mode, Mode 1 / 2). Sectors contain a total of 3234 bytes and are made up of 98 frames. A sector is the 75th part of a second.

Subchannels

There are 98 control bytes per sector. The individual bits of these bytes are labelled with letters ranging from P to W. The data stream of all first bits results in the P subchannel (display whether audio or data track is beginning), all second bits result in the Q subchannel (time coding, TOC). The third subchannel consists of the 6 bits R through W (R/W Subchannel).

TOC (Table Of Contents)

Table of contents for a CD, located on the Lead-In track.

Track

A track is the equivalent of a musical piece on a CD-DA or a contiguous sequence of data. Up to 99 tracks with at least 300 sectors (at least 4 seconds) can fit on a CD.

Transfer Rate

See Data Transfer Rate.

Uncorrelated

The two noise signals from the left and right channels are recorded separately from each other.

XA Format

See CD Types, CD-XA.


File print command
Print command (File menu)

Use this command to print a document.   This command presents a Print dialog box, where you may specify the range of pages to be printed, the number of copies, the destination printer, and other printer setup options.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+P


Print dialog box

The following options allow you to specify how the document should be printed:

Printer

This is the active printer and printer connection.  Choose the Setup option to change the printer and printer connection.

Setup

Displays a Print Setup dialog box, so  you can select a printer and printer connection.

Print Range

Specify the pages you want to print:

All	Prints the entire document.
Selection	Prints the currently selected text.
Pages	Prints the range of pages you specify in the From and To boxes.
Copies

Specify the number of copies you want to print for the above page range.

Collate Copies

Prints copies in page number order, instead of separated multiple copies of each page.

Print Quality

Select the quality of the printing.  Generally, lower quality printing takes less time to produce.


Print Progress Dialog

The Printing dialog box is shown during the time that <<YourApp>> is sending output to the printer.  The page number indicates the progress of the printing.

To abort printing, choose Cancel.


File print preview command
Print Preview command (File menu)

Use this command to display the active document as it would appear when printed.  When you choose this command, the main window will be replaced with a print preview window in which one or two pages will be displayed in their printed format.  The print preview toolbar offers you options to view either one or two pages at a time; move back and forth through the document; zoom in and out of pages; and initiate a print job.


Print Preview toolbar

The print preview toolbar offers you the following options:

Print

Bring up the print dialog box, to start a print job.

Next Page

Preview the next printed page.

Prev Page

Preview the previous printed page.

One Page / Two Page

Preview one or two printed pages at a time.

Zoom In

Take a closer look at the printed page.

Zoom Out

Take a larger look at the printed page.

Close

Return from print preview to the editing window.


File Print Setup command
Print Setup command (File menu)

Use this command to select a printer and a printer connection.  This command presents a Print Setup dialog box, where you specify the printer and its connection.


Print Setup dialog box

The following options allow you to select the destination printer and its connection.

Printer

Select the printer you want to use.  Choose the Default Printer; or choose the Specific Printer option and select one of the current installed printers shown in the box.  You install printers and configure ports using the Windows Control Panel.

Orientation

Choose Portrait or Landscape.

Paper Size

Select the size of paper that the document is to be printed on.

Paper Source

Some printers offer multiple trays for different paper sources.  Specify the tray here.

Options

Displays a dialog box where you can make additional choices about printing, specific to the type of printer you have selected.

Network...

Choose this button to connect to a network location, assigning it a new drive letter.


File page setup command
Page Setup command (File menu)

not used here.