Contents

EniG. Chemistry Assistant version 2.0

We believe that you will find Chemistry Assistant to be easy to understand and use. Armed with a basic knowledge of how Windows programs work and some elementary understanding of the mathematic function, you should be able to easily take advantage of most of the features of the program.

Contents

About Chemistry Assistant

Introduction

Status

Install and uninstall

Author

Parts of the Chemistry Assistant

Display Window

Keyboard

Menu

Toolbar

How to use Chemistry Assistant

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants

Example tasks

Display results

Number format

Angle measure

Troubleshoot

Copyright © 2000 by EniG.


INTRODUCTION

Chemistry Assistant is an expression calculator for fast calculation of molecular weight of compounds by simple entry of chemical formula. The program translates the texts with chemical element symbols or without them into a mathematical expression and calculates them.

There is an intelligent routine which translates the symbols of elements written in small letters into correct chemical formula. The result of the translation will be entered into the entry field and calculated, or the programme will report error. The appearance of mathematical expression, which is the result of the translation, can be seen if the mouse pointer is held over the tasks field. The right mouse button has several often used anions and molecules.

The Chemistry Assistant contains a list with task history, storing all the recent inputs and results. All of the calculations can be saved and recalled again. The calculator also provides a list of common physical constants and performs various conversions between English and metric units.

System requirements: 32-bit PC with Windows 95, 98 or Windows NT operating system.

The author will appreciate to hear your comments, suggestions and bugs you may encounter.

For example, when calculate the relative molecular weight of a sodium(II) sulfate you type na2so4 and smart translator analyze and translate lower case typed chemical formula in correct form and calculates them.

na2so4 = Na2SO4

Na2SO4 = Na*2+S+O*4

Na*2+S+O*4 = 22.98977*2 + 32.066 + 15.9994*4

22.98977*2 + 32.066 + 15.9994*4 = 142.043

See also

Entering expression

Author


STATUS

EniG. Chemistry Assistant is FREEWARE software product.

You can use this program freely for private or business purposes, or distribute it to others, provided you do not gain any financial profits from it and provided you do not change the content of the files.

The program cannot be distributed for commercial purposes without prior consent from the author.

See also

Author

Install and uninstall


INSTALL AND UNINSTALL

Short web form

Distribution package

The distribution package (chemas20.zip) contains the following files:

Astronom.con	- astronomy constants
ChemAs.exe	- the calculation program itself
ChemAs.hlp	- help file for the program
Example.tsk	- sample calculations that can be loaded
File_id.diz	- short program description
Readme.txt	- program description

In order for the program to work, you need to have the files MSVBVM50.DLL and COMDLG32.OCX in the ../Windows/System directory. Those files are core libraries for programs written in Visual Basic 5.0.

Install short web form

Download Chemistry Assistant, and unpack (unzip) the files into a directory of your choice. Create a shortcut to the program in the Windows start menu, or on your desktop. There is no additional installation procedure.

You'll also need the files msvbvm50.dll and comdlg32.ocx, which are not in the package, but if you don't have them already, you can download them in a ZIP format from:

http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/toys/msvbvm50.zip

http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/toys/comdlg32.zip

and unzip in the ../Windows/System directory.

Uninstall short web form

Simply delete the files from disk.

Self-install package

Install self-install package

On the other hand, you can download a self-install copy of Chemistry Assistant with all the files needed. Unzip the files into a temporary directory and run setup program (setup.exe) from either the Windows Explorer or the Run option from the Start Menu.

Uninstall self-install package

Activate the Control Panel, double click Add/Remove Programs, and double click on the Chemistry Assistant list box entry.

_________________

Should you find any bugs, or in case you have any good ideas on improvements, please contact me by e-mail:

eni@ktf-split.hr

Enjoy!

The author shall not be responsible for any damages, direct or indirect, which may result from the use of this software.

See also

Status

Author


AUTHOR

Program:	EniG. Chemistry Assistant
Version:	2.0
Platform:	Win95/98/NT
Date:	July 2000.
Author:	Eni Generalic
Address:	Faculty of Chemical Technology
	Teslina 10/V, 21 000 Split, Croatia
E-mail:	eni@ktf-split.hr
URL:	http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/
Copyright © 1998 - 2000 by EniG. All rights reserved.


DISPLAY WINDOW

There are three main components of the display:

- Status line

- History area

- Input line

Status line

Status line is displayed across the top of the screen. Each item on the status line is one of the following:

- Number format

AUTO mode displays numbers exactly as you enter them and answers to 14 significant decimal places.

SCI mode displays a number as a mantissa – with one digit to the left of the decimal point and the user-specified number of decimal places – and the exponent

FIX mode displays numbers rounded to a user specified number of decimal places (default is 2)

F5 key is the switch between different number formats

- Memory

The MEM sign appears when a number is stored in the memory

F6 key stores the new result in the memory

F7 key recalls the value stored in the memory

- Angle measure

Controls the units in which angular measurements are interpreted: radians, degrees or grads.

RAD – The angle unit is set to radians

DEG – The angle unit is set to degrees

GRAD – The angle unit is set to grads

F8 key is the switch between different units of angle measurement

History area

The history area shows input data and answers to last two calculations. All the expressions you create are stored on a scrolling list for later recall. Pres [?] button to display the task history and you can scroll through the history. The last expression is placed on the top of the history.

When the answer exceeds the normal display capacity, it is automatically shown in scientific notation with 14-digit mantissa and exponents of 10 up to 308.

Input line

There are four ways to insert an expression onto the input line:

- Type the expression directly onto the input line

- Use an expression from the history

- Load expression from the disk

- Use copy and paste an expression from another programs

To edit an existing expression, go on the input line, use the arrow keys to position the cursor where you want to insert the character, function or constant, and entering that.

When you have finished entering your expression, pres ENTER or click [=] button.

If the first character in the expression is # that is a command. With such expressions it is possible to change the number format or the angle measurement. For scientific mode with 3 decimal places enter #sci3 in input line.

Examples

2+5-3.25 = 10.25

H2SO4 = 98.079

5! = 120

log1000 = 3

alog3 = 1000

x^2 + x –2 = 0	x1=1; x2=-2

See also

Entering expression

Keyboard

Menu

Toolbar


KEYBOARD

Enter the number, chemical formulae, functions and operator just as you speak.

To use your numeric keypad to enter numbers and operators, press NUM LOCK.

You enter a positive number by pressing the appropriate digit keys and, if necessary, the decimal point key [.].

Inverse functions can be inserted by clicking the left mouse button on a [INV] button then on the button associated with function.

Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the character - before the number.

Enter the mantissa as the positive or negative number, and then click [EXP] button or just type E or e and type exponent as the positive or negative number.

Every function that is supported by Chemistry Assistant can be inserted by clicking on the button with function name or type its name on the physical keyboard. Some functions are not associated with the buttons, but every function can be called by typing its name.

If the first character in the expression is # that is a command. With such expressions it is possible to change the number format or the angle measurement. For scientific mode with 3 decimal places enter #sci3 in input line.

To work with numbers stored in memory:

-	Click MS to store a number. When you store a number in memory, an MEM appears in the Status line on the display.

-	The number stored in the memory can be seen as a ToolTip text if the mouse pointer is held over the MEM sign.

-	To recall a stored number, click [MR].

-	If you store another number in memory, it replaces the number currently in memory.

-	To clear the memory, click [INV] + [C].

-	To add the displayed number to the number already in memory, click [M+]. Click [MR] to insert the new number.

-	To subtract the displayed number to the number in memory, click [INV] + [M+]

-	Clear memory

Store a zero in memory or click [INV] + [C] = [AC] - clear memory and all statistical data

You must not enclose arguments in parentheses, except if arguments contain math operators.

Select the component you entered and then click the [(...)] button. Chemistry Assistant encloses the selected text in brackets or, if there is no selected text, encloses the whole expression in the input line.

Expand Chemistry Assistant can be used as a classic pocket scientific calculator. As a classic calculator Chemistry Assistant works only with the result of the last expression. If input line isn’t empty, first the expression in the input line is calculated and then calculates the function from the Classic calculator.

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations


MENU

This section describes the function of each menu item. Many menu items are shown with a keyboard shortcut. When such a shortcut is available, you may use the keyboard combination instead of choosing it in the menu.

File menu

Edit menu

Insert menu

View menu

Help menu

See also

Display Window

Keyboard

Toolbar


FILE MENU

New	CTRL+N

Clears display and all tasks stored in task history.

Open	CTRL+O

Opens the tasks file and calculates them. The program reads and calculates line by line, ignoring all that appears after the equal sign (=).

Save As	CTRL+S

All of the calculations can be saved and recalled again. The program saves complete task history with its results.

Print	CTRL+P

Prints the task history with the belonging results.

Exit	CTRL+Q

Close Chemistry Assistant.

See also

Edit menu

Insert menu

View menu

Help menu


EDIT MENU

Cut	CTRL+X

Copies the selected text to the clipboard or, if nothing is selected, copies the whole expression in the input line, and then clears it from the input line.

Copy	CTRL+C

Copies the selected text to the clipboard for pasting into other applications or, if nothing is selected, copies the last result from display to clipboard.

Paste	CTRL+V

Copies the text from the clipboard and places it in the input line.

Delete	SHIFT+DEL

Deletes the selected text or, if nothing is selected clear the input line.

Select All	CTRL+A

Chemistry Assistant selects the whole expression in the input line.

Clear Display 	CTRL+Y

Clears display.

See also

File menu

Insert menu

View menu

Help menu


INSERT MENU

The insert menu contains several often-used anions and molecules. This menu can be displayed as a pop-up menu after right clicking anywhere on the calculator keyboard.

List of anions and molecules in insert menu:

H2O	NO2	SO3
OH	NO3	SO4
CN	NH3	PO4
CH2	NH4	CrO4
CO3		Cr2O7
See also

File menu

Edit menu

View menu

Help menu


VIEW MENU

Expand ChemAs	F9

Use this option if you want to enlarge the dimension of the calculator. When the Expand ChemAs in View menu is unchecked the calculator goes back to its normal size.

Show Display only	F12

Use this option if you want to hide the calculator's keyboard and show Display only.

F12 key is the switch between different dimensions of the Chemistry Assistant.

Classic Calculator

Chemistry Assistant can be used as a classic pocket scientific calculator. As a classic calculator Chemistry Assistant works only with the result of the last calculation.

SI Units	CTRL+U

Table with SI Units are based on the seven base units of the International System of Units: m (meter), kg (kilogram), s (second), A (ampere), K (kelvin), cd (candela), and mol (mole).

Physical Constants	F11

Displays the table with over forty physical constants and you may insert them by double click of the chosen constant.

Custom Constants

Displays the table with prefixes SI units or, if loaded, displays your own custom constants.

New Custom Constants

Load new custom constants from the disk and change the table with prefix SI units.

Number format	CTRL+F

Changes the displayed number formats and the unit of angle measurement.

Function separator

Use this option if you want to enable/disable the colon as function separator.

Always on top	CTRL+T

Including this option Chemistry Assistant will be visible even when it is not active.

See also

File menu

Edit menu

Insert menu

Help menu


HELP MENU

Help Topics	F1

Chemistry Assistant also contains a detailed help file with syntax, usage, and examples for all of the supported functions. This help file opens on the contents page. Help is available at any time by pressing the F1 key.

"Tool Tips" are also available for buttons on the tool bar and keyboard by hovering over the button in question for more than 1 second.

Example

Loads and calculates the example task stored in the example.tsk file.

Splash screen

Displays the introduce splash screen of the current version of Chemistry Assistant.

About

Displays a dialog in which some information about the current version of Chemistry Assistant is shown.

See also

File menu

Edit menu

Insert menu

View menu


TOOLBAR

The toolbar allows quick access to some of the most useful features of Chemistry Assistant. The toolbar has 10 tool buttons, the function of which is provided in a ToolTip as the cursor is held over the button for a few seconds.

New

Clears complete task history.

Open

Opens the tasks file and calculates them.

Save

The program saves complete task history with its results.

Print

Prints the task history with the belonging results.

Cut

Copies the selected text to the clipboard or, if nothing is selected, copies the whole expression in the input line, and then clears it from the text box.

Copy

Copies the selected text or, if nothing is selected, the last result to the clipboard.

Paste

Copies text from the clipboard and places it in the input line.

Delete

Deletes the selected text or, if nothing is selected, clears the input line.

Number format

Changes the displayed number formats and the unit of angle measurement.

Expand ChemAs

Changes dimension of the calculator.

See also

Display Window

Keyboard

Menu


ENTERING EXPRESSION

Type your expression into the calculator just as you talk. Examples are available from Help menu (see Example tasks). Click on an example in task history to see its calculation.

There are four ways to insert an expression onto the input line:

- Enter the expression directly onto the input line

- Use an expression from the history

- Load expression from the disk

- Use copy and paste an expression from another programs

To edit an existing expression, go on the input line, use the mouse or the arrow keys to position the cursor where you want to insert the character, function or constant, and enter that.

When you finish entering your expression, pres ENTER or click [=] button.

Positive numbers

Enter a positive number by pressing the appropriate digit keys and, if necessary, the decimal point key [.].

Negative numbers

Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the character – before the number.

Mantissa and exponents

Enter the mantissa as the positive or negative number, and then click [EXP] button or just type E or e and type exponent as the positive or negative number.

Functions

Every function that is supported by Chemistry Assistant can be inserted by clicking on button with function name or type its name on the physical keyboard. All supported functions are not assigned on buttons. To view the complete list of the function, go to Math and trigonometry functions.

Function arguments do not have to be put in brackets, unless if it is defined as mathematical expressions.

Chemical formulae

The element symbols can be written in lowercase letters with the number of atoms after symbol, and the the program will translate them. If elements in chemical formula are properly capitalized smart case converter, leave them as you type. For indicating hydration you must use a + sign and leading number before formula is correct (CuSO4+5H2O).

Constants

Expand Chemistry Assistant, select constant tab and click the constant which you want to insert into expressions. You can load custom constants from the disk.

Power and root

Enter the number as the positive or negative number, and then click [^] button or just type ^ and type power as the positive or negative number.

Short key for power is CTRL+Number rising to power [^], (3CTRL2 = 3^2).

The root is obtained by raising the number to the reciprocal value of the root (1/x); for example, third root of 8 is 8^(1/3)=2. Short key for root is CTRL+SHIFT+Number or ALT+Number (54ALT3 = cube root of a 54 or 54^(1/3))

Enter data from the history

You can also enter data onto the input line from history:

1. Press [?] button to display the task history.

2. Scroll the list until the data you want to copy to the input line is visible.

3. Click the left button of the mouse

Rules for typing expression

There are few rules for typing expression into the Chemical Assistant:

-	Spaces are irrelevant, for example s i n   45 is equal sin45

-	Currency signs are ignored

-	If you type a function without argument, the last result becomes a function argument

-	If the first character in the expression is a math operator then the last result is put in before the math operator

-	All types of parentheses are correct, for example 25.3/(K3[Fe(CN)6])

-	It is not necessary to enclose the function argument into parentheses, except if arguments contain math operators, for example log100 or sin(pi/2)

-	For indicating hydration you must use a + sign, for example CuSO4+5H2O

-	It is correct to type the leading number before formula: 3CO2 is equal 3*(CO2)

-	It is correct to type the leading number before parenthesis or function: 3(5.6-2.3) is equal 3*(5.6)-2.3) or 4log125 is equal 4*log125

-	Use standard calculator notation for scientific notation, for example 1e-5 is 0.00001; 1e+3 or 1e3 is 1000

Smart case conversion

The element symbols can be written in lowercase letters, and the intelligent routine in the program will try to translate them and will show the result of translation - or it will report an error. If elements in a chemical formula are properly capitalized, the smart case converter leaves them as you have typed.

The appearance of mathematical expression, which is the result of the translation, can be seen if the mouse pointer is held over the tasks field.

Implied multiplication

When you enter an expression, you press [×] button or * key to specify multiplication. For certain expressions, Chemical Assistant assumes that multiplication is intended and you do not need to specify it. This is the case in the following situations:

- A number followed by a chemical element, for example 2H2O is equal 2*(H2O)

- A number followed by an opening parenthesis, for example 2(8-5) is equal 2*(8-5)

- A number followed by a prefix function, for example 2sin45 is equal 2*sin(45)

See also

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants


BASIC CALCULATIONS

Operations with the same precedence are performed from left to right, with operations enclosed in parentheses performed first. If parentheses are nested, the operations enclosed in the innermost set of parentheses are performed first.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication, use the following arithmetic operators:

Operator	Sign	Meaning	Example
+	plus sign	Addition	8+3
–	minus sign	Subtraction / Minus sign	5–2
*	asterisk	Multiplication	3*3
/	forward slash	Division	3/3
%	percent sign	Percent	20%750
^	caret	Power	3^2

Negative numbers are obtained by putting the character – before the number, (2*-3 = -6.)

Enter the number as the positive or negative number, and then click [^] button or just type ^ and type power as the positive or negative number. Also, you can type a double multiplication ** which will be replace by rising to power ^, (2**3 = 2^3 = 8).

Shortcut key for power is CTRL+Number rising to power, (3CTRL2 is equal 3^2).

The root is obtained by raising the number to the reciprocal value of the root (1/x); for example, third root of 8 is 8^(1/3)=2.

Shortcut key for root is CTRL+SHIFT+Number or ALT+Number (54ALT3 is equal cube root of a 54 or 54^(1/3))

The [(...)] button will put the selected text or, if nothing is selected, the whole expression into parentheses in the entry field.

All of the calculations can be saved and recalled again, or a new task can be read from disk. The program reads and calculates line by line, ignoring all that appears after the equal sign =.

Examples

2+5-3.25 = 10.25

8+7+(42-16)*3 = 90

8+7+[(42-16)-7]*3 = 72

5*-7 = -35

7e-6/3e-9 = 2333.3333333333

5%40 = 2

8**3 = 8^3 = 512

2^-3 = 0.125

See also

Entering expression

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants


MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATIONS

Chemistry Assistant translates the chemical formula into mathematical text, and replaces the element symbols with their atomic weight. The appearance of mathematical expression, which is the result of the translation, can be seen if the mouse pointer is held over the tasks field.

The element symbols can be written in lowercase letters, and the intelligent routine in the program will try to translate them and will show the result of translation - or it will report an error.

The right mouse button has several often-used anions and molecules.

- for indicating hydration using [+] sign CuSO4+5H2O

- leading number is correctly typed before formula: 3CO2

- it is also possible to use all types parentheses to define the chemical formula

The relative molecular weight of the substance will be defined as the sum of relative atomic weights of the elements, multiplied by the number of atoms in the formula of this substance.

Any atom in periodic system can be used in the chemical formula. The symbol of the atom is a capital letter if it consists of only one character, such as S for Sulfur or N for Nitrogen. If the symbol consists of two characters then only the first one is a capital letter, such as Si for Silicon or Na for Sodium.

For example, when manual calculating the relative molecular weight of lead(II) nitrate, you must type the correct chemical formula

Pb(NO3)2

Make a list of each element and the number of atoms of each element present in the substance:

Pb×1

N×1×2

O×3×2

Go to periodic table and determine the relative atomic weights of each element, and multiply by the number of atoms in the formula:

Pb	207.2×1 = 207.2

N	14.00674×2 = 28.01348

O	15.9994×6 = 95.9964

Sum of weights of the each elements give relative molecular weight of the lead(II) nitrate.

Pb(NO3)2 = 207.2 + 28.01348 + 95.9964 = 331.2

Since the relative atomic weight of lead given above only has 1 decimal place, accuracy cannot be determined beyond that point.

When calculating the relative molecular weight of a copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, type

cuso4+5h2o

And the smart converter will translate this text in the correct chemical formula

CuSO4+5H2O

If the chemical formula contains a mathematical operator (such as +, *, /, ...), smart converter will automatic add the parentheses in the expression

(CuSO4)+5*(H2O)

The next step is the change of chemical symbols with the molecular weight for each element

(63.546+32.066+15.9994*4)+5*(1.00794*2+15.9994)

The last step is calculate this created mathematical expression

(63.546+32.066+15.9994*4)+5*(1.00794*2+15.9994) = 249.686

and display task and results

(CuSO4)+5*(H2O)

249.686

Examples

h2so4 = H2SO4

H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4

H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4

1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98,079

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants


MATH AND TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS

Every function that is supported by Chemistry Assistant can be inserted by clicking on button with function name or type its name on the physical keyboard. All supported functions are not assigned on buttons.

In trigonometric calculations, angles are interpreted as radians (default), degrees or grads, depending on Mode setting (DEG, RAD or GRAD mode).

!	Returns the factorial of a number
abs	Returns the absolute value of a number
acos	Returns the arccosine of a number
acot	Returns the arc cotangent of a number
aln	Returns natural antilogarithm
alog	Returns common antilogarithm
ans	Returns the last result
asin	Returns the arcsine of a number
atan	Returns the arctangent of a number
cos	Returns the cosine of a number
cot	Returns the cotangent of the given angle.
dat	Adding data for statistical analyses
int	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
ln	Returns the natural logarithm of a number
log	Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
mem	Recalls the value stored in the memory
pi	Returns the value of Pi
ppm	Returns the parts per million of a number
ran	Returns a random number
sgn	Returns an integer indicating the sign of a number.
sin	Returns the sine of the given angle
sqrt	Returns a positive square root
tan	Returns the tangent of a number
See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants


Factorial

!

Returns the factorial of a number. The factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* number.

Syntax

x!

x is the nonnegative number you want the factorial of, and must be lower or equal to 170. If number is not an integer, it is truncated.

Examples

1! = 1

1.9! = 1! = 1

0! = 1

5! = 1*2*3*4*5 = 120

-1! = Error

171! = Result is too large!

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


abs

Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.

Syntax

abs(x)

abs x

:abs x

x is the real number of which you want the absolute value.

Examples

abs2 = 2

abs-8 = 8

sqrt(abs(-25)) = 5

sqrtabs-25 = 5

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


acos

Returns the arccosine of a number. The arccosine is the angle whose cosine is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range 0 (zero) to Pi.

Syntax

arccos(x)

arccos x

:arccos x

acos(x)

acos x

:acos x

x is the cosine of the angle you want and must be from -1 to 1.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

acos(0.5) = 1.0472 radians

if the angle unit is set to degrees

acos(0.5) = 120 degrees

if the angle unit is set to grads

acos(0.5) = 66.7 grads

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acot

asin

atan

cos

cot

sin

tan

pi


acot

Returns the arc cotangent of a number. The arc cotangent is the angle whose cotangent is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

Syntax

arccot(x)

arccot x

:arccot x

acot(x)

acot x

:acot x

actg(x)

actg x

:actg x

x is the cotangent of the angle you want.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

acot(2) = 0,4636 radians

if the angle unit is set to degrees

acot(2) = 26,565degrees

if the angle unit is set to grads

acot(2) = 29,5167grads

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

asin

atan

cos

cot

sin

tan

pi


aln

Returns e raised to the power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the natural logarithm. aln is the inverse of ln, the natural logarithm of number. To calculate powers of other bases, use the exponentiation operator (^).

Syntax

aln(x)

aln x

:aln x

exp(x)

exp x

:exp x

x is the exponent applied to the base e.

Examples

aln(1) equals 2.718282 (the approximate value of e)

aln(2) = e^2 or 7.389056

aln(ln(3)) = 3

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

alog

log

ln


alog

Returns 10 raised to the power of number. alog is the inverse of log, the common logarithm of number. To calculate powers of other bases, use the exponentiation operator (^).

Syntax

alog(x)

alog x

:alog x

x is the exponent applied to the base e.

Examples

alog(1) equals 10

alog(2) = 100

alog(log(3)) = 3

alog(1E-5) = -5

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

aln

log

ln


ans

ans is the equivalent to the result of the last expression. You can compose a task file in which each line contains the result computed in the line before.

Syntax

ans

:ans

Examples

5*2 = 10

log(ans^2) = log(10^2) = 2

log(ans^2) = log(2^2) = 0.602

log(10^ans) = log(10^20.602) = 0.602

5*2 = 10

ans/2+ans/3 = 10/2+10/3 = 8.333

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


asin

Returns the arcsine of a number. The arcsine is the angle whose sine is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

Syntax

arcsin(x)

arcsin x

:arcsin x

asin(x)

asin x

:asin x

x is the sine of the angle you want and must be from -1 to 1.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

asin(0.5) = 0.5236 radians

If the angle unit is set to degrees

asin(0.5) = 30 degrees

If the angle unit is set to grads

asin(0.5) = 33.3 grads

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

atan

cos

cot

sin

tan

pi


atan

Returns the arctangent of a number. The arctangent is the angle whose tangent is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

Syntax

arctan(x)

arctan x

:arctan x

atan(x)

atan x

:atan x

atg(x)

atg x

:atg x

x is the tangent of the angle you want.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

atan(1) = 0.7854 radians

If the angle unit is set to degrees

atan(1) = 45 degrees

If the angle unit is set to grads

atan(1) = 50 grads

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

asin

cos

cot

sin

tan

pi


cos

Returns the cosine of the given angle.

Syntax

cos(x)

cos x

:cos x

x is the angle in radians for which you want the cosine.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

cos(1) = 0.540

If the angle unit is set to degrees

cos(45) = 0.707

If the angle unit is set to grads

cos(45) = 0.760

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

asin

atan

cot

sin

tan

pi


cot

Returns the cotangent of the given angle.

Syntax

cot(x)

cot x

:cot x

ctg(x)

ctg x

:ctg x

x is the angle in radians for which you want the cotangent.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

cot(1) = 0.6421

If the angle unit is set to degrees

cot(45) = 1

If the angle unit is set to grads

cot(45) = 1.1708

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

asin

atan

cos

sin

tan

pi


int

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

Syntax

int(x)

int x

:int x

x is the real number you want to round down to an integer.

Examples

int(8.9) = 8

int(8.1) = 8

int(-8.9) = -9

int(-8.1) = -9

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


ln

Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904). ln is the inverse of the exp function.

Syntax

ln(x)

ln x

:ln x

x is the positive real number for which you want the natural logarithm.

Examples

ln(100) = 4.6052

ln(2.7182818) = 1

ln(exp(7)) = 7

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

aln

alog

log


log

Returns the common (base-10) logarithm of a number.

Syntax

log(x)

log x

:log x

x is the positive real number for which you want the base-10 logarithm.

Examples

log(1000) = 3

log(426) = 2.6294

log(1E-5) = -5

log(10^5) = 5

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

aln

alog

ln


mem

Recalls the value stored in the memory.

Syntax

mem

:mem

If you want store another number (last result) in memory, you must enter the command:

#mem

If you want add or subtract result to number into memory, you must enter the command:

#mem+

#mem-

Examples

5*20 = 100

#mem = 100

log mem = 2

#mem+ = 102

mem*3 = 306

#mem- = -204

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


pi

Returns the value of mathematical constant pi, 3.1415926535898, accurate to 14 digits

Syntax

pi

:pi

Examples

pi/2 = 1.57079

sin(pi/2) = 1

If the radius of a circle is Radius, the following formula calculates the area of the circle:

Radius^2 * pi = Area

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

Scientific constants

acos

acot

asin

atan

cos

cot

sin

tan


ppm

Returns the parts per million of a number

Syntax

ppm(x)

ppm x

:ppm x

The required number argument (x) can be any valid numeric expression.

Examples

ppm(450) = 0.00045

ppm(1E6) = 1

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


ran

Returns an evenly distributed random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than x.

Syntax

ran(x)

ran x

:ran x

The required number argument (x) can be any valid numeric expression.

Examples

If you want random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 2

ran(2) = 1,44377934932709

If you want integer random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100

ran(int(100)) = 45

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


sin

Returns the sine of the given angle.

Syntax

sin(x)

sin x

:sin x

x is the angle in radians for which you want the sine.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

sin(1) = 0,84147

if the angle unit is set to degrees

sin(45) = 0.707

if the angle unit is set to grads

sin(45) = 0.649

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

asin

atan

cos

cot

tan

pi


sgn

Returns an integer indicating the sign of a number.

Syntax

sgn(x)

sgn x

:sgn x

The required number argument (x) can be any valid numeric expression.

Return Values

If number is	Sgn returns
Greater than zero	1
Equal to zero	0
Less than zero	-1

Examples

sgn(9.37) = 1

sgn(-25) = -1

sgn(0) = 0

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


sqrt

Returns a positive square root.

Syntax

sqr(x)

sqr x

:sqr x

sqrt(x)

sqrt x

:sqrt x

Number is the number for which you want the square root. If number is negative, sqrt returns the error value.

Shortcut key for square root is CTRL+SHIFT+2 or ALT+2 (25ALT2 is equal square root of a 25 or 25^(1/2) = 5)

Generally, shortcut key for root is CTRL+SHIFT+Number or ALT+Number (54ALT3 is equal cube root of a 54 or 54^(1/3))

Examples

sqrt(9) = 3

sqrt(-25) = Error - negative number!

sqr abs-25 = 5

See also

Math and trigonometry functions


tan

Returns the tangent of the given angle.

Syntax

tan(x)

tan x

:tan x

tg(x)

tg x

:tg x

The required number argument (x) can be any valid numeric expression.

Examples

If the angle unit is set to radians

tan(1) = 1,5574

if the angle unit is set to degrees

tan(45) = 1

if the angle unit is set to grads

tan(45) = 0,8541

See also

Math and trigonometry functions

acos

acot

asin

atan

cos

cot

sin

pi


QUADRATIC EQUATION

Use function [x^2+x=0] for solving the quadratic equation in form: ax^2+bx+c=0:

Displayed results can be:

Example	Result	Description
x^2+x-2=0	x1 = 1; x2 = -2	Two different real results
x^2+2x+1=0	x1 = x2 = --1	Only one result (double)
x^2 + 4x + 8 = 0	x1 = x2=Complex number	Non-real results

Examples

4E-3x^2+3E-2x-2E-2=0

4x^2-3x-2=0

x^2+x-2=0

x^2-4=0

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Statistical analyses

Scientific constants


STATISTICAL ANALYSES

When you analyze data statistically the data you create is stored in the [sum] variable. Use the [sum] function to calculate values such as the mean value, the sample and population standard deviation.

Syntax

In sum function only + or - signs may be used for separating the data!

sum(x1 + x2 + x3+ ...)

sum x1 + x2 + x3+ ...

:sum x1 + x2 + x3+ ...

Adding data for statistical analyses.

dat(x)

dat x

:dat x

Type sum without arguments to view the statistical analysis your data.

sum

:sum

Clear the data from previous calculations through type a

sum 0

or

[INV] + [C] = [AC] - clear memory and sum variable

Returned value

After the statistical analysis a display will appear with the following results:

sum (x1, x2, ...)	Sum of all x values.
n	Number of data
s	Sample standard deviation
Mean	Mean of all x values.

The sample standard deviation is defined as

The population standard deviation is defined as

And the arithmetical mean is defined as

Examples

sum(4.3+4.8+4.7+4.7) = 18.5; n=4; s=4.625; Mean=0.221735578260835

dat(4.5) = 4.5

sum = sum(4.3+4.8+4.7+4.7+4.5) = 23; n = 5; s = 4.6; Mean = 0.2

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Scientific constants


SCIENTIFIC CONSTANTS

Chemistry Assistant can be used as common scientific calculator, but it also includes a molecular weight calculator and the tables with various physical and chemical constants.

Clicking the Constants button located on the top expand of Chemistry Assistant or through the View menu item, you get access physical constants table. There are over forty physical constants in the table and you may insert a constant by double click the chosen constant.

The Chemistry Assistants table with SI Units are based on the 7 base units of the International System of Units: m (meter), kg (kilogram), s (second), A (ampere), K (kelvin), cd (candela), and mol (mole).

You select a unit by pressing [SI Units] button, choosing the appropriate category from the Units list (length, area, volume, etc.) and finally selecting the unit. You do this when converting one unit to another.

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses

pi


Example

EXAMPLE TASKS

Chemistry Assistant reads and calculates line by line, ignoring all that appears after the equal sign [=]. The lines which started with # are command lines. With these lines it is possible to change the number format or the angle measurement.

Here are the sample tasks divided in several categories:

Basic calculations

Calculate function

Calculate chemical formula

Combine expressions

= Basic calculations

3+3 = 6

5+ 7+1 0 +2 = 5+7+10+2 = 24

12+(20-8)*3+7 = 55

(8+3 = Missing right bracket ')' !

12+2+8)*3+7 = Missing left bracket '(' !

2+2-9 = -5

.5*,6 = 0.5*0.6 = 0.3

2.5+2.12+-9*.8 = 2.5+2.12-9 =-2.58

27/3 = 9

3*5*7 = 105

9.12E-31*5 = 4.56E-30

9.12E+3+5.1e-1 = 9.12E3+5.1E-1 = 9120.51

5.48E-7/5.972E24 = 9.17615539182853E-32

2**3 = 2^3 = 8

2^3/0 = Cannot divide by zero!

8.12E-5/2 = 0.0000406

8.12E5/2 = 406000

4+5-*-1 = Type mismatch

4++5--7 = 4+5-1*-7 = 16

= Calculate functions

:sin1.5 = 0.997494986604054

:asin = :asin(Last answer) = :asin0.997494986604054 = 1.5

cos2 = :cos2 = -0.416146836547142

:tan5 = -3.38051500624659

:cot2 = -0.457657554360286

:log1000 = 3

alog3 = :alog3 = 1000

5! = 120

:ran100 = 33.9901149272919

:int(:ran100) = 45

:ln123 = 4.81218435537242

:log543E-8 = -5.26520017041115

:log5.43E-8 = -7.26520017041115

:log(5-8) = Logarithm of a negative number!

logabs(5-8) = :log:abs(5-8) = 0.477121254719662

15%60 = 9

15ppm600 = 15*:ppm600 = 0.009

x^2 + x = 0 = x1 = 0; x2 = -1

x^2 + x - 7 = 0 = x1 = 2.19258240356725; x2 = -3.19258240356725

:sum(5.5+5.6+5.56+5.68+5.64) = 27.98; n = 5; s = 5.596; Mean = 6.98569967862918E-02

:dat5.82 = :sum(5.5+5.6+5.56+5.68+5.64+5.82)

dat(1,8*3) = :sum(5.5+5.6+5.56+5.68+5.64+5.82+5.4)

:sum = :sum(5.5+5.6+5.56+5.68+5.64+5.82+5.4) = 39.2; n = 7; s = 0.134164078649987; Mean = 5.6

= Calculate chemical formula

H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98.079

h2o = H2O = 18.0153

cu(no3)2 = Cu(NO3)2 = 63.546+(14.00674+15.9994*3)*2 = 187.556

ch3ch2cooh = CH3CH2COOH = 74.0785

clch2ch2cohcl = ClCH2CH2COHCl = 127.9766

nabio3 = NaBiO3 = 279.9684

hno3 = HNO3 = 63.0129

naso4 = NaSO4 = 119.053

CoAsO4 = 197.8524

wrco3 = WRCO3 = R isn't chemical symbol!

cuso4+5h20 = (CuSO4)+5*(H20) = 260.4036

= Command and combine expressions

73.9/nano3 = 73.9/(NaNO3) = 0.869465876170411

pb(no3)2+2h2o = (Pb(NO3)2)+2*(H2O) = 367.24044

al(no3)2+2h2o = (Al(NO3)3)+9*(H2O) = 375.133878

#fix3 = numbers rounded to three decimal places

(Cr(NO3)3)+9*(H2O) = 400.148

(Fe(NO3)3)+9*(H2O) = 403.997

#sci1 = scientific mode with one decimal place

(Ni(NO3)2)+6*(H2O) = 2.9 E+02

(Mn(NO3)2)+6*(H2O) = 2.9 E+02

#auto = return to automatic mode

(Ni(NO3)2)+6*(H2O) = 290.79496

(Mn(NO3)2)+6*(H2O) = 287.039609

sin2=0.90929742682568

#fix3

sin2=0.909

#fix3 deg

sin2=0.035

#sci5grad

sin2=3.14108 E-02

#auto rad

Ca(NO3)2 = 164.088

Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63

104.4/(mn(no3)2+6h2o) = 104.4/(Mn(NO3)2+6*(H2O)) = 0.363712870024151

naf = NaF = 41.988173

intnaf = :int(NaF) = 41

lognaf = :log(NaF) = 1.6231269799864

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses


NUMBER FORMAT

You can use number formats to change the appearance of numbers without changing the number behind the appearance. The number display defaults to Auto mode. You can change the display by choosing, in View menu, Number Format, or click on the .00 icon.

The lines which started with # are command lines. With these lines it is possible to change the number format or the angle measurement. For scientific mode with 5 decimal places enter #sci5 in input line.

Only in Fix mode Chemistry Assistant will make differences of the period and comas.

Auto mode	#auto

If you activate this option Chemistry Assistant will automatically determine the number display of the result. The range of real numbers is from -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 with 14 decimal places.

Scientific mode	#scix

Scientific mode displays a number as a mantissa, with one digit to the left of the decimal point and a user-specified number of decimal places, and an exponent. For example, 1234 appears as 1.23400 E+03 in scientific mode with 5 decimal places.

Fix mode	#fixx

Fix mode displays the numbers rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places. A separator (coma or period) separates groups of three digits in real numbers greater than 999.

If the 1000 separator is checked, then the number is shown in decimal format using the period and the commas.

The characters recognized as numbers depend on the options you select in the Regional Settings of Control Panel.

Fix mode sets the display to show the result with max 25-digit.

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions

Quadratic equation

Statistical analyses


ANGLE MEASURE

Radian	#rad

It is usual for scientists and engineers to measure angles in radians.

Radian is the angle at the center of a circle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius. From these definitions, it follows that 1 revolution = 4 right angles = 360° = 2pi radians.

Degree	#deg

The word "degree'' has many meanings in mathematics. The most common meaning is that it is the unit of Angle measure. This unit harks back to the Babylonians, who used a base sixty number system. Likely arises from the Babylonian year, which was composed of 360 days (12 months of 30 days each). The degree is subdivided into 60 Minutes per degree, and 60 Seconds per Minute.

Positive values move counterclockwise (that is, a line at 90° points straight up) and negative values move clockwise (a line at –90° points straight down)

If the values are greater than 360, then 360 is subtracted from them until the value is less than 360. (Entering an angle of 450° or 810° is the same as entering 90°). In other words, the angle is divided by 360 and the remainder is used as the angle.

Grade	#grad

Grade is a unit of angular measure in which the angle of an entire Circle is 400 grads. A Right Angle is therefore 100 grads. A grade is sometimes also called a Gon or a Gradient.

The lines which started with # are command lines. With these lines it is possible to change the number format or the angle measurement. To change the measure angles into degrees, enter #deg in input line.

See also

Entering expression

Basic calculations

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions


TROUBLESHOOT

Chemistry Assistant translates the texts into a mathematical expression and corrects the most common errors you encounter as you enter the expression into input line. The appearance of mathematical expression, which is the result of translation, can be seen if the mouse pointer is held over the tasks field.

Unknown chemical symbol

The program will try to translate the element symbols written in lowercase letters in the correct form. Chemistry Assistant will show the result of translation - or it will report an error.

R2O display R isn't element symbol!

Incorrect argument is entered

If an expression cannot properly evaluate a result, Chemistry Assistant will display an error value.

5/0 display Cannot divide by zero!

log-54 display Log of a negative number!

sqr-54 display Root of a negative number!

asin2 display Argument must be from -1 to 1

Incorrect syntax

Correct the syntax. Insert the correct mathematical syntax into the expression.

5***3 display Syntax error!

5*-*3 display Type mismatch

Match all open and close parentheses

Make sure all parentheses are part of a matching pair. You must not enclose arguments in parentheses

5*(15-6 display Missing right bracket ')' !

15-6)*8 display Missing left bracket '(' !

Enter all required arguments

Some functions have required arguments. Also, make sure you have not entered too many arguments.

dat display No valid data!

Misspelling the name of a function

Correct the spelling. Insert the correct function name into the expression. When you an incorrect function name insert into the expression, the program will try to translate them into element symbol and show the result of translation - or it will report an error.

logr100 display R isn't element symbol!

Result is too large or too small

Entering an expression that produces a number that is too large or too small to be represented in Chemistry Assistant Change the expression so that its result is between –1E307 and 1E307

171! display Result is too large!

45^450 display Overflow

The author will appreciate to hear your comments, suggestions and bugs you may encounter.

See also

Entering expression

Molecular weight calculations

Math and trigonometry functions


INFO

Program:	EniG. Chemistry Assistant
Version:	1.8
Platform:	Win95/98/NT
Date:	March 2000.
Author:	Eni Generalic
Address:	Faculty of Chemical Technology
	Teslina 10/V, 21 000 Split, Croatia
E-mail:	eni@ktf-split.hr
URL:	http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/
Copyright © 1998 - 2000 by EniG. All rights reserved.